REPRESENTATION OF THE EAST THROUGH THE WEST’S EYES : an Analysis of "Gardens of Water" by Alan Drew From Said’s Perspective.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ... i

PREFACE ... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iii

ABSTRACT ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi

LIST OF TABLES ... ix CHAPTER I ... Error! Bookmark not defined. INTRODUCTION ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.1. Background ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.2. Reason for Choosing the Topic ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.3. Research Questions ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.4. Aims of The Study ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.5. Scope of the Study ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.6. Significance of the Study ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.7. Research Methodology ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.7.1. Research Design ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.7.3. Data Analysis ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.8. Classification of Terms ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.9. Organization of the Paper ... Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER II ... Error! Bookmark not defined. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.1. Orientalism ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.2. Orient and Occident ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.3. Representation ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.4. The Kurds as Ethnic Groups ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.5. Synopsis of the Novel ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.6. The Author ... Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER III ... Error! Bookmark not defined. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.1. Subject of the Study ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.2. Research Questions ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.3. Research Methodology ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.4. Research Procedure ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.5. Data Source ... 29 3.6. Data Presentation ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER IV ... Error! Bookmark not defined. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.1. Representation of Non-Western Culture ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.1.1. Non-Western Characters Attitudes ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.1.2. Representation of Non-Western in Various Events and Setting ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1.3. Representation of Non-Western in Physical Appearance ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.2. Discussion ... Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER V ... Error! Bookmark not defined. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.1. Conclusion ... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.2. Suggestions ... Error! Bookmark not defined. REFERENCE

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

The notion of Orientalism has been spread in the nineteenth century and is mystifyingly used to legitimize colonization and imperialism of Westerners toward East/Orient (Oldmeadow, 2004). Orientalism itself, as Said (2003, p.202) puts it, refers to the Occident‟s imperatives, perspectives, and ideological biases that misleadingly describe and explain the Orients in the form of regularized writings, visions, and studies. In this case, Said uses the term Occident to explain the West, while the term Orient is used to explain the Middle East and Far East. Therefore, Orientalism can be defined as western people‟s representations of the eastern people in which the representations often times regard the eastern people as inferiors.

Regarding the issue of Orientalism, Gifford (1999) says that the authors such as novelists or the poets become the vehicle of the creation and the perpetuation of Orientalism that is commonly served through the construction of binary opposition between the Orient and the Occident. The authors (novelist and poet) have power to spread certain ideology through words in fiction because they can control what

happens in the story and construct a kind of hegemony that align the readers, consciously or unconsciously, to what the authors tell and construct. In the works of fiction by Westerners that represents East (Orient) culture; the westerners are the side who hold the power over it, this is in line with what Said (2003, p.40) believes that the westerns, in Orietalism‟s manner, is the source of knowledge about the Orient due to the fact that they create the Orient, the Oriental and their world. In this way, the western authors can construct, manipulate and control the representation and description of the eastern people, even if they are created in misleading ways.

The term “Orientalism” started to spread since Edward Said published his

book entitled Orientalism in 1978 and has been applied to many aspects of society, philosophy, and culture. Said, in his book concerns on how European Colonialism constructs knowledge, “truth” and beliefs on identities between colonizers and the colonized. The book is written to criticize the objective that West have in seeing the East. In writing the book, Said examines some of British and French scholarly works, political tracts, religious and philological studies, journalistic texts, travel books and works of literature to see how these texts construct and represent the East/Orient. Said found that these representations constitute a Western discourse that has traditionally served hegemonic purposes: to legitimize the imperialism to the government and to

convince the Orient that West will bring them to a „better‟ civilization (Bertens, 2008). The present study tries to see the representation of the East culture in a novel

entitled Gardens of Waters which is constructed by a western author, Alan Drew, within the theoretical framework of Orientalism proposed by Edward Said (1978).

Several studies have been conducted within the theoretical framework of Orientalism. One study had been conducted by Addison (1993) entitled Saving Other

Women from Other Men: Disney’s Aladdin that analyzes the representation of

Arabians in the movie Aladdin which is produced by Disney. She uncovers that many ideologies of Orientalism are presented in the movie. For example is the representation of Aladdin who is illustrated as a non Arab people/occident that comes as a hero to save Jasmine, an Arabian woman from the Barbarian Arab. She also uncovers that in Aladdin, Arabian people are portrayed and stereotyped as bad people. Another study had been conducted by Winegar (2005) entitled Aspects of

Orientalism in J.R.R Tolkien’s The Lord of The Rings. In her study, Winegar finds

that Tolkien often uses some discourses that indicate Orientalist/racist construction to present some terms related to geography in Middle-earth and also the interaction between each races in her novel. This present study tries to see some aspects of orientalism in a novel written by an American author that represents East culture that sets in Turkey.

1.2. Reason for Choosing the Topic

In this study, the writer tries to analyze the representation of the East (The Orient) in the novel written by an American author, Alan Drew, entitled Gardens of

Water. The novel is chosen because the setting of the story in the novel is in Turkey

and puts Kurdish as the main characters and as the representative of non-western culture. The author in this novel also uses the point of view of Kurdish characters; Sinan and Irem in representing what happened in the novel rather than using the point of view of Americans. The representation of the characters and the culture might be different in which Alan Drew does not experience the culture by himself, but rather uses his imagination and research in representing it. The novel also brings about binary opposition between the orient and the occident.

In this study, the writer tries to find the representation of non-western culture and characters which are constructed by a western author in the novel. The writer is interested to uncover binary oppositions between the East as the Orient and the West as the Occident that are represented in the text.

1.3. Research Question

1. In what way(s) does the western author represent non western culture in the novel Gardens of Water by Alan Drew?

1.4. Aims of The Study

In conducting the study, the writer tries to:

1. Find out the way(s) in which the western author represents non-western culture in the novel Gardens of Water by Alan Drew.

1.5. Scope of the Study

The study is limited only to investigate the ways culture and characters of non-western people are described and presented in the novel Gardens of Water by Alan Drew. The Orientalism framework theory proposed by Edward Said (1978) will also be used to investigate the ways the author represents non-western characters in the novel.

1.6. Significance of the Study

The results of the study are expected to give some positive impact both on

English Department‟s students and the larger society. Since novel is representative of real life, the analysis of the study also expected to give positive impact as it can give lessons to the readers.

1.7. Research Methodology

1.7.1. Research Design

The study uses qualitative approach due to the data collections are in the form of words or text. Bogdan and Taylor (1975, as cited in Moloeng, 1999) says that qualitative method is a research procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words of people and behaviour that can be analyzed. In addition, Strauss and Corbin (1998) assumes that qualitative approach can be used to uncover and understand what lies behind any phenomenon and the data found is described, analyzed and interpreted. Descriptive text analysis then will be used to interpret the data gained from the novel.

1.7.2. Data Collection

The data are compiled by reading the novel Gardens of Water by Alan Drew (2008). It is because the study mostly deals with narrative text analysis. Several major characters of both non-western and western, events, settings and physical appearance in the novel will be chosen. Each finding will be put in some forms of table. Then, by leaning on the information obtained from reading the novel and literary research, the stury tries to meet the research objectives.

1.7.3. Data Analysis

The data that the writer collected from the novel then will be compiled and categorized in to three general illustrations of the attitudes, various events and settings and physical appearances. Then the data findings which are collected will be analyzed and interpreted using Orientalism theory proposed by Edward Said.

1.8. Classification of Terms

1) Representation : an important process of producing and exchanging meaning between one and other members of culture (Hall, 2003). In this study, the term is employed to see the depiction of the orients/the east characters in the novel.

2) Orientalism : a style of thought based upon an ontological and

epistemological distinction between „the orient‟ and (most of times) „the occident‟. (Edward Said‟s Orientalism,2003)

3) The Orient : the depiction of non-European people (the Eastern), its outlook, places and appearance (Edward Said‟s Orientalism, 2003) which are represented by Westerns. In this study, this term is pinned in to the non-western characters such as the Kurds or the Turks in the novel.

4) The Occident : The Western in the opposite of the Eastern (Edward

Said‟s Orientalism, 2003). In this study this term is pinned in to the western characters in the novel.

1.9. Organization of the Paper

The paper will be organized as follows:

CHAPTER I

This chapter contains background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, scope of the study, significance of the study, clarification of the terms, and organization of the paper.

The chapter covers some related theories which stand as the foundation of the study.

CHAPTER III

This section provides the research methodology, discussing the steps and procedures of the study, and the data resources in conducting the study.

CHAPTER IV

In this part the result of the study will be presented. This chapter contains the research findings and discussion.

CHAPTER V

This last chapter contains the interpretation toward the result of the study in a form of conclusion and suggestion in accordance with the study.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains the methodology of the study which explains the method used in this present study. The purpose of the methodology is to lead the study to find the answer of the research questions. It includes the subject of the study, research question, research methodology, technique of data analysis, source of the data, and data presentation.

3.1. Subject of the Study

In this study, the writer conducted an analysis of a novel entitled Gardens of

Water written by an American author, Alan Drew. This novel was published in 2008

and presents some issues of Orientalism. The study was conducted by analyzing the representation of non-western culture such as Kurds and Turks in the novel. The writer also analyzed the binary opposition of both orient and occident in the novel using Orientalism framework theory proposed by Edward Said (1978).

3.2. Research Questions

1. Find out the way(s) in which the western author represents non-western culture in the novel Gardens of Water by Alan Drew.

3.3. Research Methodology

This present study is a qualitative study that uses descriptive analysis where the data are in the form of words or text. Bogdan and Taylor (1984, as cited in Moloeng, 1999) says that qualitative study is a research procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words of people and behaviour that can be analyzed.

Using qualitative approach, the writer explores, describes and analyzes the data findings gained from the text in the novel and presented it through descriptive data analysis. This is line with what Satori and Komariah (2009) argue that in qualitative study, the writer should uncover the meaning through exploration of the data since the data is not in form of numbers but in form of words and pictures. In addition to that, Maxwell (1996) says that qualitative study only focuses on certain events or people that emphasized not on numbers, but more on words.

Regarding the qualitative research that is applied in this present study, Alwasilah (2002) argues that there are four basic concepts that should be fulfilled in qualitative study, the first concept is theory. In this present study, the framework theory of Orientalism proposed by Edward Said (1978) is applied to

guide the writer to answer research question of the way the author represents the culture in the novel.

The second basic concept is hypothesis. According to Alwasilah (2002), different from quantitative study, in qualitative study, a hypothesis is only used to make the writer sensitive to the topic which is studied. He adds that hypothesis in qualitative is presented based on some propositions or theories which is applied in the study. Thus, in this present study, since the author of the novel is a western author, and based on the theory of Orientalism proposed by Said (1978), it is believed that there will be some misleading representations of the Kurds in the novel.

Meanwhile, two other basic concepts are methodology and technique. The methodology of this present study, as mentioned earlier is qualitative that uses content analysis technique to analyze the data. Musthafa (2008) mentions that content analysis is used to uncover messages that contained in a literary works. Therefore, content analysis is appropriate in this present study to uncover some messages related to the way the western author represent non western culture in the novel, which is based on an assumption of the framework theory of Orientalism proposed by Said (1978).

 Firstly, reading the novel thoroughly in order to find some textual evidences of the way the author represents non western culture in the novel. The close reading strategy is employed in this part to understand to find any traces of Orientalism that can be found in the story.

 Secondly, highlighting and writing every suspicious word, phrases, utterances or expressions related to the way the author represents the culture of the East and the representation of the West characters in the novel to be served in data presentation.

 Thirdly, categorizing some findings found in the novel in a form of tables to be presented as the textual evidences in analyzing the data and choosing some textual evidences that would be analyzed deeper based on the framework theory of Orientalism proposed by Edward Said (1978).

 Fourthly, analyzing and interpreting the data findings using content analysis technique which is framed within the framework theory of Orientalism proposed by Edward Said (1978) that was already presented in chapter II.

 Finally, the last step is drawing conclusion of the study and giving suggestions related to the further study of the same topics.

3.5. Data Source

The source of the data of this study is gathered from the novel entitled

Gardens of Waters written by Alan Drew, (2008). This novel tells about a life of

two families that have different culture; Kurdish and American, Muslim and Christian that lives in a little city in Turkey. The novel is chosen because the setting of the story in the novel is in Turkey and represents Kurdish as the main characters. Some traces of Orientalism are found such as the distinction between the Kurdish characters and the American characters in the novel. Besides that, the author of the novel is an American and uses the point of view of the Kurd characters in telling what happens in the story. Some selected words, phrases, expression and utterances will be served as textual evidences to answer research question in this study.

3.6. Data Presentation

To accomplish the analysis of the study, the writer presented the data in four different sections in order to answer the research questions related to the ways the western author represents non-western culture in the novel. Those different sections consist of data presentation of non-western’s attitudes, various events, setting and physical appearance. The data presentation is collected and presented in some forms of table, for example, as follows:

Table. 3.1

Example of Non-Western Attitudes

Table 3.2

Example of Representation of Non-Western in Various Events

No Event Textual Evidence Comment/Analysis

No Character(s) Attitudes Textual Evidence Comment/Analysis 1 Sinan Anti-America "I'm going to invite

them," Nilufer said, standing in the hallway now. "No." It was bad enough they lived above him, but he didn't want the Americans inside

his house,

especially on this day.

"Sinan," Nilufer said.

"It's wrong. They're our neighbors." He shook his head, but she was already coming toward him with a smile on her face. P.11

Sinan denies his offer’s to invite their American neighbor to come to the party. This is because Sinan has a great hatred toward Americans.

1 Earthquake evacuation

People in town said the government would take care of them and when the government didn't they said the military would and now that the military hadn't arrived no one spoke anymore about being cared for. P. 59

"I'm sorry," he said, pressing a handkerchief to his nose. "I'm sorry, but we must bury them now." He poured lemon kolonya over his already soaked handkerchief and pressed it again to his nose. "Where's the government? Where's the Red Crescent?" Touching a mourner's shoulder, he said, "I'm so sorry, but we must do this." P. 71

"Where's the

government?" Nilufer said. "This boy's sick." P.83

This passage shows how powerless is the government of Turkey in evacuating the victims of earthquake. Many times, some

characters are

questioning the help from the government but it never come. In another case, America is coming to help the victims in Turkey. However, there are two possibilities in this textual evidences, the first is the disability of the government to help the victims. And the second is the disability of the Kurds to help themselves, so that they need help from others.

Table 3.3

Example of Representation of Non-Western in Setting

No Setting Textual Evidence Comment/Analysis

1 Turkey “Too many men,” the

man said. He lit a cigarette, the smoke flying away from his face. “Too many men, not enough city” (p.4)

In this textual evidence the author seemingly wants to describe that the population of people in the country is growing, and the

enough to provide the living for the citizens. the problem of population is somehow one of the characteristics of the developing country. Thus, this text wants to imply that Turkey is a developing country.

Table 3.4

Example of Representation of Non-Westerns Physical Appearance

The complete data presentation is available in the appendices section. No Character(s) Physical

Appearance Textual Evidence Comment/Analysis

1 Sinan Sinan is

illustrated as a disabled man

Now Sinan shoved through the crowd to get to the boy, but his foot made it difficult. p.4

This represents a personal character of Sinan as a weak, and basically disabled. This is in contrast with the American character which is illustrated as a normal.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is the conclusion of the present study based on the findings and discussion that have been presented in the previous chapters. The second part is the suggestions for the further study related to the present research.

5.1. Conclusion

This present study is aimed to unearth the ways in which a western author, Alan Drew, represents non-western culture in the novel Gardens of Water. After conducting the study and analyzing the findings, it is discovered that the author represents non-western culture in such ways that confirms Orientalist’s stereotyping.

The stereotyping are evident in the narrative through characters’ attitudes, the different settings and the characters’ external appearances

The author adopts a view that illustrates the non-westerns as anti-America, hypocrite, rude, barbaric and other portrayal that can be considered as the typical negative images and stereotypes that are usually pinned in to the non-western people. They are also presented as a society which adopts patriarchal values that puts women in an unequal position to men. In addition, based on the settings, there are two main

events that are important to the depiction of the East in the novel: the earthquake evacuation and the post-earthquake. From those two events, it is revealed that the East is presented as inferior to the West due to the stereotyping of weak, powerless, slow responsive and dependant people. Meanwhile, in the setting of place, the East is represented as developing country that needs to be helped by the West to manage the country. In physical appearance, the eastern woman is described as wearing hijab/abaya as their Islamic dress-code in which the outfit gives a sense of restricting woman in doing various activities. The author also illustrates the Easterners as dirty

and rough that can be seen in the illustration of Sinan’s family and the Kurdish boys

in Haydaparsa train station.

In conclusion, it can be said that these representations of the East in the novel constitute a pattern of Orientalism that puts the East as inferior to the West. The author also tends to use negative stereotypes in portraying the Eastern characters. As the result, the representation of the East and the portrayals of some stereotypes in the novel is in line with what Said (1978) discovered in his Orientalism. Said argues that western author often times represents the East as the Other as they are the opposite of the West. These representations are the hegemonic discourses that lead to an understanding that the Orients need the Occidents to help and to bring them to a better civilization. These representations are also the dominant style of understanding, describing, and ultimately controlling the Orients.

5.2. Suggestions

The present study has revealed the ways in which the western author represents the non-western culture in the novel Gardens of Waters using the theoretical framework of Orientalism which is proposed by Edward Said (1978). Afterwards, in this section the writer would like to give some suggestions that hopefully would be useful for future studies in the same field. The suggestions can be seen as follows:

1. Regarding the novel, it is would be better to discuss some issues deeper in the novel, such as the issue of oppression towards Eastern women in patriarchal culture in the Middle East.

2. Related to the issue of Orientalism, the writer also recommends other researchers to conduct further researches within the theoretical framework of Orientalism in various literary works such as poems, short stories, or drama scripts.

3. Further study on Orientalism is suggested to not only analyze the works made by western author, but also made by eastern author that also contain the issue of Orientalism.

4. At the last, the writer suggests the Department of English Language and Literature to give more literary theories and practices to the students so they

can have enough understanding and framework theories in doing textual analysis.

Reference

Ade, O. I. (2008). An Introduction to Literature and Literary Criticism. Abuja: National Open University of Nigeria.

Ahmad, N. F. (2007). Orientalism. Retrieved June 20, 2012, from http://staff.undip.ac.id/sastra/fauzan/2009/07/22/orientalisme/

Alwasilah, A. C. (2002). Pokoknya Kualitatif. Jakarta: PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya.

Anselm Strauss, J. C. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research : Techniques and

Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. California: Sage Publications,

Inc.

Baldonado, A. M. (1996). Representation. Retrieved June 11, 2012, from http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Representation.html

Bertens, H. (2008). Literary Theory The Basics 2nd Ed. New York: Routledge. Bresler, C. E. (2007). Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and Practice.

London: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Coyle, J. P. (2002). Literary Terms and Criticism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Dobie, A. B. (2009). Theory into Practice: An Introduction to Literary Criticism.

Boston: Wadsworth Cencage Learning.

Gardner, B. J. (2012). Speaking Voices in Postcolonial Indian Novels from Orientalism to Outsourcing. English Dissertation .

Gifford, J. (1999, June). Reading Orientalism and the Crisis of Epistimology in the Novels of Lawrence Durrel. http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb/vol1/iss2/3 .

Hall, S. (2003). "The Work of Representation". Representation: Cultural

Representation and Signifying Practices. London: Sage Publication.

Hörnqvist, M. (2004). Edward Said and Orientalism. Retrieved May 29, 2012, from UPPSALA UNIVERSITET: http://www.idehist.uu.se/distans/ilmh/pm/said-orientalism01.htm

Hunt, S. (2009). Can West Read? Western Readers, Orientalist Stereotypes, and the Senational Response to The Kite Runner. ECLS Student Scholarship .

Jewell, R. (2011, September 7). Literature: The Language Art. Retrieved May 23,

2012, from Experiencing the Humanities:

http://www.tc.umn.edu/~jewel001/humanities/book/13literature.htm

Macfie, A. L. (2000). Orientalism: A Reader. New York: New York University Press. Moleong, L. J. (1999). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja

Rosdakarya.

Musthafa, B. (2008). Teori dan Praktek Sastra Dalam Penelitian dan Pengajaran. Jakarta: PT Cahaya Insan Sejahtera.

Oldmeadow, H. (2004). The Debate about “Orientalism”. Journeys East: 20th

Century Western Encounters with Eastern Religious Traditions .

Peck, J., & Coyle, M. (2001). Literary Terms and Criticism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

S. R. Moosavinia, N. N. (2011). Edward Said's Orientalism and the Study of the Seld and the Other in Orwell's Burmese Days. Studies in Literature and Language , 103-113.

Sered, D. (1996). Orientalism. Retrieved May 4, 2012, from Emory University-Department of English: http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Orientalism.html Winegar, A. (2005). Aspects of Orientalism in J.R.R Tolkien's The Lord of The

Rings. The Grey Book .

Zeydanlıoglu, W. (2008). 2008. Neo-colonial Mentalities in Contemporary Europe?

Language and Discourse in the Construction of Identities , 155-174.

Gardner, Barbara J., "Speaking Voices in Postcolonial Indian Novels from Orientalism to Outsourcing" (2012). English Dissertations.

Paper 85.

Yana Maliyana,2013

Representation Of The East Through The West’s Eyes: An Analysis Of Gardens Of Water By Alan Drew From Said’s Perspective

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

events that are important to the depiction of the East in the novel: the earthquake evacuation and the post-earthquake. From those two events, it is revealed that the East is presented as inferior to the West due to the stereotyping of weak, powerless, slow responsive and dependant people. Meanwhile, in the setting of place, the East is represented as developing country that needs to be helped by the West to manage the country. In physical appearance, the eastern woman is described as wearing hijab/abaya as their Islamic dress-code in which the outfit gives a sense of restricting woman in doing various activities. The author also illustrates the Easterners as dirty and rough that can be seen in the illustration of Sinan’s family and the Kurdish boys in Haydaparsa train station.

In conclusion, it can be said that these representations of the East in the novel constitute a pattern of Orientalism that puts the East as inferior to the West. The author also tends to use negative stereotypes in portraying the Eastern characters. As the result, the representation of the East and the portrayals of some stereotypes in the novel is in line with what Said (1978) discovered in his Orientalism. Said argues that western author often times represents the East as the Other as they are the opposite of the West. These representations are the hegemonic discourses that lead to an understanding that the Orients need the Occidents to help and to bring them to a better civilization. These representations are also the dominant style of understanding, describing, and ultimately controlling the Orients.

Yana Maliyana,2013

Representation Of The East Through The West’s Eyes: An Analysis Of Gardens Of Water By Alan Drew From Said’s Perspective

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu 5.2. Suggestions

The present study has revealed the ways in which the western author represents the non-western culture in the novel Gardens of Waters using the theoretical framework of Orientalism which is proposed by Edward Said (1978). Afterwards, in this section the writer would like to give some suggestions that hopefully would be useful for future studies in the same field. The suggestions can be seen as follows:

1. Regarding the novel, it is would be better to discuss some issues deeper in the novel, such as the issue of oppression towards Eastern women in patriarchal culture in the Middle East.

2. Related to the issue of Orientalism, the writer also recommends other researchers to conduct further researches within the theoretical framework of Orientalism in various literary works such as poems, short stories, or drama scripts.

3. Further study on Orientalism is suggested to not only analyze the works made by western author, but also made by eastern author that also contain the issue of Orientalism.

4. At the last, the writer suggests the Department of English Language and Literature to give more literary theories and practices to the students so they

Yana Maliyana,2013

Representation Of The East Through The West’s Eyes: An Analysis Of Gardens Of Water By Alan Drew From Said’s Perspective

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

can have enough understanding and framework theories in doing textual analysis.

Yana Maliyana,2013

Representation Of The East Through The West’s Eyes: An Analysis Of Gardens Of Water By Alan Drew From Said’s Perspective

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu Reference

Ade, O. I. (2008). An Introduction to Literature and Literary Criticism. Abuja: National Open University of Nigeria.

Ahmad, N. F. (2007). Orientalism. Retrieved June 20, 2012, from http://staff.undip.ac.id/sastra/fauzan/2009/07/22/orientalisme/

Alwasilah, A. C. (2002). Pokoknya Kualitatif. Jakarta: PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya.

Anselm Strauss, J. C. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research : Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. California: Sage Publications, Inc.

Baldonado, A. M. (1996). Representation. Retrieved June 11, 2012, from http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Representation.html

Bertens, H. (2008). Literary Theory The Basics 2nd Ed. New York: Routledge.

Bresler, C. E. (2007). Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. London: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Coyle, J. P. (2002). Literary Terms and Criticism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Dobie, A. B. (2009). Theory into Practice: An Introduction to Literary Criticism.

Boston: Wadsworth Cencage Learning.

Gardner, B. J. (2012). Speaking Voices in Postcolonial Indian Novels from Orientalism to Outsourcing. English Dissertation .

Gifford, J. (1999, June). Reading Orientalism and the Crisis of Epistimology in the Novels of Lawrence Durrel. http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb/vol1/iss2/3 .

Yana Maliyana,2013

Representation Of The East Through The West’s Eyes: An Analysis Of Gardens Of Water By Alan Drew From Said’s Perspective

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

Hall, S. (2003). "The Work of Representation". Representation: Cultural Representation and Signifying Practices. London: Sage Publication.

Hörnqvist, M. (2004). Edward Said and Orientalism. Retrieved May 29, 2012, from UPPSALA UNIVERSITET: http://www.idehist.uu.se/distans/ilmh/pm/said-orientalism01.htm

Hunt, S. (2009). Can West Read? Western Readers, Orientalist Stereotypes, and the Senational Response to The Kite Runner. ECLS Student Scholarship .

Jewell, R. (2011, September 7). Literature: The Language Art. Retrieved May 23,

2012, from Experiencing the Humanities:

http://www.tc.umn.edu/~jewel001/humanities/book/13literature.htm

Macfie, A. L. (2000). Orientalism: A Reader. New York: New York University Press. Moleong, L. J. (1999). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja

Rosdakarya.

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