PENGARUH PERSAINGAN PARTAI KMT DAN PARTAI DPP TERHADAP UNIFIKASI TAIWAN â CINA.
ABSTRACT
This research examines the dynamic of Taiwan’s for
eign policy that affected
by political rivalry framework between KMT and DPP in T
aiwan toward TaiwanChina unification issue during 20002012. There are three main concepts which are
partisan influencers, zero sum game model, and twolevel game to analyze the
foreign policy disparity between KMT and DPP in Taiwan
domestic. This research
applied qualitative method with descriptiveanalytical approach as an analytic tool
by utilizing secondary data. The result of this research sho
ws that output of Taiwan’s
foreign policy is determined by the ruling party. Disparity b
etween KMT and DPP
generates political rivalry in Taiwan’s domestic which
weakening the process of
negotiation between Taiwan and China, particularly on the
unification of TaiwanChina policy.
Keyword: kmt, dpp, unification, partisan influencers,zero s
um game-model, two-level
game
PENGARUH PERSAINGAN PARTAI KMT DAN PARTAI DPP
TERHADAP UNIFIKASI TAIWAN – CINA
SKRIPSI
Diajukan guna memenuhi salah satu syarat
Untuk memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Ilmu Politik pada
Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Ilmu Politik
Universitas Andalas
Oleh:
INDA MUSTIKA PERMATA
0910853049
JURUSAN ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS
2013
Daftar Isi
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN SKRIPSI .......................................................................
i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN SKRIPSI .......................................................................
ii
Kata Pengantar ..........................................................................................................
iii
ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................................
v
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................
vi
Daftar Isi ....................................................................................................................
vii
Daftar Gambar ...........................................................................................................
ix
Daftar Tabel................................................................................................................
x
Daftar Singkatan ........................................................................................................
xi
BAB I ............................................................................................................................
1
Pendahuluan ................................................................................................................
1
1.1. Latar Belakang............................................................................................... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah .............................................................................................. 5
1.3 Pertanyaan Penelitian ......................................................................................... 6
1.4 Tujuan Penelitian ................................................................................................ 7
1.5 Manfaat Penelitian .............................................................................................. 7
1.6 Studi pustaka ....................................................................................................... 8
1.7 Kerangka Konseptual ........................................................................................ 12
1.7.1 Partai Politik dalam Perumusan Kebijakan Luar Negeri ............................ 12
1.7.2 Zero Sum Game Model.............................................................................. 20
1.7.3 Two Level Games ....................................................................................... 21
1.8 Metodologi........................................................................................................ 23
1.8.1. Batasan Penelitian...................................................................................... 24
1.8.2. Unit analisa dan tingkat analisa ................................................................. 24
1.8.3. Teknik Pengumpulan, Pengolahan, dan Analisa Data ............................... 25
1.9 Sistematika Penulisan....................................................................................... 26
BAB II ........................................................................................................................
28
Sistem Politik Dan Posisi Partai Politik dalam Perumusan Kebijakan Luar
Negeri di Taiwan .......................................................................................................
28
2.1. Sejarah dan Dinamika dalam Sistem Politik Taiwan ................................... 28
2.1.1.Sejarah Politik Taiwan ............................................................................... 30
2.1.2.Bentuk Sistem Politik ................................................................................. 32
2.2. Sistem dan Dinamika Politik Kepartaian di Taiwan .................................... 37
2.3. Perbandingan Partai KMT dan Partai DPP ................................................ 40
2.4. Partai Politik dalam Kebijakan Luar Negeri di Taiwan .............................. 46
BAB III.......................................................................................................................
59
Sikap dan Kebijakan Partai KMT dan Partai DPP Dalam Merespon Persoalan
Unifikasi .....................................................................................................................
59
vii
3.1. Unifikasi ........................................................................................................ 59
3.2. Spektrum Partai DPP terhadap Kemerdekaan............................................. 60
3.3. Spektrum Partai KMT terhadap Unifikasi .................................................... 70
3.4. Dukungan terhadap Partai KMT dan Partai DPP ....................................... 77
3.4.1. Pandangan Partisan terhadap Unifikasi .................................................... 82
BAB IV .......................................................................................................................
85
Pengaruh Persaingan Partai KMT dan Partai DPP terhadap Unifikasi TaiwanCina ............................................................................................................................
85
4.1. Bentuk Perbedaan, Penerapan, dan Dampak Persaingan Partai KMT dan
Partai DPP dalam Menanggapi Persoalan Unifikasi .................................. 85
4.1.1.Perbedaan Politik Partai KMT dan Partai DPP dalam Konteks Unifikasi . 85
4.1.2.Analisa Bentuk Penerapan kebijakan pada kepemimpinan Partai KMT dan
Partai DPP .................................................................................................. 88
4.1.3.Analisa Dampak Persaingan terhadap Pilihan Kebijakan dan Dukungan
Politik Partai KMT dan Partai DPP ............................................................ 90
4.2. Makna Perbedaan dan Pengaruh Persaingan Partai KMT dan Partai DPP
96
4.2.1.Makna Perbedaan Politik Partai KMT dan Partai DPP dalam Konteks
Unifikasi ..................................................................................................... 96
4.2.2.Pengaruh Persaingan dalam Menentukan Kebijakan Luar Negeri ............. 97
4.3. Akibat perbedaan kebijakan dan pandangan Partai DPP dan Partai KMT
terhadap sikap Cina kepada Taiwan .......................................................... 105
4.3.1.Akibat Perbedaan kebijakan terhadap Hubungan dengan Cina dan Perilaku
Unifikasi ................................................................................................... 106
BAB V......................................................................................................................
110
PENUTUP................................................................................................................
110
5.1. Kesimpulan ................................................................................................. 110
5.2. Saran ........................................................................................................... 112
Daftar Pustaka.........................................................................................................
114
viii
Daftar Gambar
Gambar 1. Lima Lembaga Pemerintahan di Taiwan .................................................. 33
Gambar 2. Fase Sistem Kepartaian Taiwan ................................................................ 37
Gambar 3. Jumlah Kursi di Legislatif ......................................................................... 39
Gambar 4. Bagan Aktor Utama dalam Kebijakan Luar Negeri dan keamanan
Nasional Taiwan 1999................................................................................................ 48
Gambar 5. Bagan pertimbangan Cina terhadap Taiwan ............................................. 64
Gambar 6. Persentase Perolehan Suara pada Pemilu Presiden 2000-2012 ................. 90
Gambar 7. Bagan Ilustrasi Zero Sum Game Model .................................................... 93
Gambar 8. Perbedaan Pandangan KMT dan DPP terhadap Hubungan dengan Cina
................................................................................................................................... 106
Gambar 9. Grafik Perdagangan Lintas Selat 1979-2009 .......................................... 109
ix
Daftar Tabel
Tabel 1. Persentase Survey: Etnik terhadap Isu Identitas Na
sional (2002) ................
80
Tabel 2. Koalisi dan Preferensi Partai Politik .......................
......................................
82
Tabel 3. Alasan Perbedaan Pilihan pada Wilayah Utara dan
Selatan di Taiwan ........
83
Tabel 4. Perbedaan Ideologi antara Partai KMT dan Partai
DPP ...............................
86
This research examines the dynamic of Taiwan’s for
eign policy that affected
by political rivalry framework between KMT and DPP in T
aiwan toward TaiwanChina unification issue during 20002012. There are three main concepts which are
partisan influencers, zero sum game model, and twolevel game to analyze the
foreign policy disparity between KMT and DPP in Taiwan
domestic. This research
applied qualitative method with descriptiveanalytical approach as an analytic tool
by utilizing secondary data. The result of this research sho
ws that output of Taiwan’s
foreign policy is determined by the ruling party. Disparity b
etween KMT and DPP
generates political rivalry in Taiwan’s domestic which
weakening the process of
negotiation between Taiwan and China, particularly on the
unification of TaiwanChina policy.
Keyword: kmt, dpp, unification, partisan influencers,zero s
um game-model, two-level
game
PENGARUH PERSAINGAN PARTAI KMT DAN PARTAI DPP
TERHADAP UNIFIKASI TAIWAN – CINA
SKRIPSI
Diajukan guna memenuhi salah satu syarat
Untuk memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Ilmu Politik pada
Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Ilmu Politik
Universitas Andalas
Oleh:
INDA MUSTIKA PERMATA
0910853049
JURUSAN ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS
2013
Daftar Isi
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN SKRIPSI .......................................................................
i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN SKRIPSI .......................................................................
ii
Kata Pengantar ..........................................................................................................
iii
ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................................
v
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................
vi
Daftar Isi ....................................................................................................................
vii
Daftar Gambar ...........................................................................................................
ix
Daftar Tabel................................................................................................................
x
Daftar Singkatan ........................................................................................................
xi
BAB I ............................................................................................................................
1
Pendahuluan ................................................................................................................
1
1.1. Latar Belakang............................................................................................... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah .............................................................................................. 5
1.3 Pertanyaan Penelitian ......................................................................................... 6
1.4 Tujuan Penelitian ................................................................................................ 7
1.5 Manfaat Penelitian .............................................................................................. 7
1.6 Studi pustaka ....................................................................................................... 8
1.7 Kerangka Konseptual ........................................................................................ 12
1.7.1 Partai Politik dalam Perumusan Kebijakan Luar Negeri ............................ 12
1.7.2 Zero Sum Game Model.............................................................................. 20
1.7.3 Two Level Games ....................................................................................... 21
1.8 Metodologi........................................................................................................ 23
1.8.1. Batasan Penelitian...................................................................................... 24
1.8.2. Unit analisa dan tingkat analisa ................................................................. 24
1.8.3. Teknik Pengumpulan, Pengolahan, dan Analisa Data ............................... 25
1.9 Sistematika Penulisan....................................................................................... 26
BAB II ........................................................................................................................
28
Sistem Politik Dan Posisi Partai Politik dalam Perumusan Kebijakan Luar
Negeri di Taiwan .......................................................................................................
28
2.1. Sejarah dan Dinamika dalam Sistem Politik Taiwan ................................... 28
2.1.1.Sejarah Politik Taiwan ............................................................................... 30
2.1.2.Bentuk Sistem Politik ................................................................................. 32
2.2. Sistem dan Dinamika Politik Kepartaian di Taiwan .................................... 37
2.3. Perbandingan Partai KMT dan Partai DPP ................................................ 40
2.4. Partai Politik dalam Kebijakan Luar Negeri di Taiwan .............................. 46
BAB III.......................................................................................................................
59
Sikap dan Kebijakan Partai KMT dan Partai DPP Dalam Merespon Persoalan
Unifikasi .....................................................................................................................
59
vii
3.1. Unifikasi ........................................................................................................ 59
3.2. Spektrum Partai DPP terhadap Kemerdekaan............................................. 60
3.3. Spektrum Partai KMT terhadap Unifikasi .................................................... 70
3.4. Dukungan terhadap Partai KMT dan Partai DPP ....................................... 77
3.4.1. Pandangan Partisan terhadap Unifikasi .................................................... 82
BAB IV .......................................................................................................................
85
Pengaruh Persaingan Partai KMT dan Partai DPP terhadap Unifikasi TaiwanCina ............................................................................................................................
85
4.1. Bentuk Perbedaan, Penerapan, dan Dampak Persaingan Partai KMT dan
Partai DPP dalam Menanggapi Persoalan Unifikasi .................................. 85
4.1.1.Perbedaan Politik Partai KMT dan Partai DPP dalam Konteks Unifikasi . 85
4.1.2.Analisa Bentuk Penerapan kebijakan pada kepemimpinan Partai KMT dan
Partai DPP .................................................................................................. 88
4.1.3.Analisa Dampak Persaingan terhadap Pilihan Kebijakan dan Dukungan
Politik Partai KMT dan Partai DPP ............................................................ 90
4.2. Makna Perbedaan dan Pengaruh Persaingan Partai KMT dan Partai DPP
96
4.2.1.Makna Perbedaan Politik Partai KMT dan Partai DPP dalam Konteks
Unifikasi ..................................................................................................... 96
4.2.2.Pengaruh Persaingan dalam Menentukan Kebijakan Luar Negeri ............. 97
4.3. Akibat perbedaan kebijakan dan pandangan Partai DPP dan Partai KMT
terhadap sikap Cina kepada Taiwan .......................................................... 105
4.3.1.Akibat Perbedaan kebijakan terhadap Hubungan dengan Cina dan Perilaku
Unifikasi ................................................................................................... 106
BAB V......................................................................................................................
110
PENUTUP................................................................................................................
110
5.1. Kesimpulan ................................................................................................. 110
5.2. Saran ........................................................................................................... 112
Daftar Pustaka.........................................................................................................
114
viii
Daftar Gambar
Gambar 1. Lima Lembaga Pemerintahan di Taiwan .................................................. 33
Gambar 2. Fase Sistem Kepartaian Taiwan ................................................................ 37
Gambar 3. Jumlah Kursi di Legislatif ......................................................................... 39
Gambar 4. Bagan Aktor Utama dalam Kebijakan Luar Negeri dan keamanan
Nasional Taiwan 1999................................................................................................ 48
Gambar 5. Bagan pertimbangan Cina terhadap Taiwan ............................................. 64
Gambar 6. Persentase Perolehan Suara pada Pemilu Presiden 2000-2012 ................. 90
Gambar 7. Bagan Ilustrasi Zero Sum Game Model .................................................... 93
Gambar 8. Perbedaan Pandangan KMT dan DPP terhadap Hubungan dengan Cina
................................................................................................................................... 106
Gambar 9. Grafik Perdagangan Lintas Selat 1979-2009 .......................................... 109
ix
Daftar Tabel
Tabel 1. Persentase Survey: Etnik terhadap Isu Identitas Na
sional (2002) ................
80
Tabel 2. Koalisi dan Preferensi Partai Politik .......................
......................................
82
Tabel 3. Alasan Perbedaan Pilihan pada Wilayah Utara dan
Selatan di Taiwan ........
83
Tabel 4. Perbedaan Ideologi antara Partai KMT dan Partai
DPP ...............................
86