T PD 1402951 Table of content
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ......................................................................................
i
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. iii
KATA PENGANTAR............................................................................................... iv
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH ..................................................................................... v
DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................................ vi
DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................... x
DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................... xiii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................ xv
BAB I
BAB II
PENDAHULUAN ...................................................................................
1
A. Latar Belakang Masalah ...................................................................
1
B. Rumusan Masalah Penelitian ...........................................................
6
C. Tujuan Penelitian ..............................................................................
7
D. Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................
7
E.
8
Struktur Organisasi Tesis ..................................................................
KAJIAN TEORETIS PENDEKATAN PROSES MENULIS SERTA
KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS .......................................................
9
A. Hakikat Menulis ................................................................................
9
1. Menulis Sebagai Alat untuk Berkomunikasi ................................
9
2. Menulis Sebagai Alat untuk Menyampaikan Ide .......................... 10
B. Manfaat, Tujuan, dan Ragam Tulisan ............................................... 11
C. Pembelajaran Menulis di Sekolah Dasar ........................................... 13
D. Pendekatan Proses Menulis ............................................................... 14
1. Pengertian Pendekatan Proses Menulis ........................................ 14
2. Langkah- langkah Kegiatan Pendekatan Proses Menulis ............. 18
3. Keunggulan Pendekatan Proses Menulis ...................................... 24
E.
Menulis Laporan Kunjungan ............................................................. 25
Wawat Karwati, 2016
PENGARUH PEND EKATAN PROSES MENULIS TERHAD AP KEMAMPUAN MENULIS LAPORAN
KUNJUNGAN D AN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA KELAS V SEKOLAH D ASAR
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
vi
1. Bentuk dan Pengertian Laporan Kunjungan ................................. 25
Halaman
2. Unsur- unsur dalam Laporan Kunjungan...................................... 27
3. Tahapan- tahapan dalam Menyusun Laporan Kunjungan ............ 28
4. Penilaian Laporan Kunjungan....................................................... 29
F.
Berpikir Kritis (Critical Thinking) .................................................... 31
1. Pengertian Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis........................................ 31
2. Ciri- ciri Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis ........................................... 35
3. Pentingnya Berpikir Kritis Bagi Siswa ........................................ 36
4. Mengembangkan Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa ................. 37
5. Menulis dan Berpikir Kritis .......................................................... 39
6. Penilaian Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Melalui Pendekatan
Melalui Pendekatan Proses Menulis ............................................. 43
G. Kerangka Berpikir ............................................................................. 45
H. Hasil Penelitian Terdahulu ................................................................ 46
BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN ............................................................... 47
A. Desain Penelitian .............................................................................. 47
B. Partisipan, Waktu, dan Lokasi Penelitian .......................................... 48
C. Populasi dan Sampel.......................................................................... 49
D. Definisi Operasional .......................................................................... 50
E.
Instrumen Penelitian .......................................................................... 51
1. Tes ................................................................................................. 51
2. Observasi....................................................................................... 68
3. Uji Instrumen Penelelitian ............................................................ 72
4. Hasil Uji Instrumen Penelitian ...................................................... 74
a. Uji Validitas Instrumen Tes Kemampuan Menulis Laporan
Kunjungana. ........................................................................... 74
b. Uji Reliabilitas itas Instrumen Tes Kemampuan Menulis
Laporan Kunjungana.............................................................. 75
Wawat Karwati, 2016
PENGARUH PEND EKATAN PROSES MENULIS TERHAD AP KEMAMPUAN MENULIS LAPORAN
KUNJUNGAN D AN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA KELAS V SEKOLAH D ASAR
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
vii
c. Uji Validitas Instrumen Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis ............ 75
d. Uji Reliabilitas Instrumen Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis ....... 75
Halaman
F.
Prosedur Penelitian ............................................................................ 78
G. Analisis Data ..................................................................................... 78
1. Uji Normalitas............................................................................... 80
2. Uji Homogenitas ........................................................................... 81
3. Uji Hipotesis ................................................................................. 82
H. Hipotesis ............................................................................................ 82
BAB IV TEMUAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ........................................................... 84
A. Deskripsi Pendekatan Proses Menulis ............................................. 84
1. Pelaksanaan Penelitian di Kelas Eksperimen................................ 86
2. Pelaksanaan Penelitian di Kelas Kontrol ..................................... 88
B. Data Kemampuan Menulis Laporan Kunjungan ............................... 89
1. Data Kualitatif Kemampuan Menulis Laporan Kunjungan .......... 89
2. Hasil Observasi ............................................................................. 112
3. Data Kuantitatif............................................................................. 113
a. Data Prates dan Pascates Kelas Eksperimen ............................ 113
b. Data Prates dan Pascates Kelas Kontrol................................... 122
c. Data N Gain ........................................................................... 128
C. Uji Pengaruh Pendekatan Proses Menulis Terhadap Kemampuan
Menulis Laporan Kunjunngan ......................................................... 130
1. Pengujian Prasyarat Analisis Data ................................................ 130
a. Uji Normalitas Data ................................................................. 130
b. Uji Homogenitas ...................................................................... 139
2. Uji Hipotesis ................................................................................. 140
D. Data Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis .................................................... 141
1. Data Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Kelas Eksperimen ................. 141
2. Data Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Kelas Kontrol......................... 149
Wawat Karwati, 2016
PENGARUH PEND EKATAN PROSES MENULIS TERHAD AP KEMAMPUAN MENULIS LAPORAN
KUNJUNGAN D AN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA KELAS V SEKOLAH D ASAR
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
viii
3. Data Peningkatan (N Gain)........................................................... 156
Halaman
E.
Uji Pengaruh Pendekatan Proses Menulis Terhadap Kemampuan
Berpikir Kritis.................................................................................... 159
1. Pengujian Prasyarat Analisis Data ................................................ 159
a. Uji Normalitas Data Prates Kelas Eksperimen dan Kelas
Kontrol ............................................................................... 159
b. Uji Normalitas Data N Gain............................................... 162
c. Uji Homogenitas ................................................................ 167
2. Uji Hipotesis ................................................................................. 168
F.
BAB V
Pembahasan Hasil Penelitian............................................................. 169
SIMPULAN DAN SARAN ..................................................................... 171
A. Simpulan ........................................................................................... 171
B. Implikasi Hasil Penelitian.................................................................. 171
C. Rekomendasi ..................................................................................... 172
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .............................................................................................. 173
LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN ....................................................................................... 184
Wawat Karwati, 2016
PENGARUH PEND EKATAN PROSES MENULIS TERHAD AP KEMAMPUAN MENULIS LAPORAN
KUNJUNGAN D AN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA KELAS V SEKOLAH D ASAR
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
ix
Halaman
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ......................................................................................
i
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. iii
KATA PENGANTAR............................................................................................... iv
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH ..................................................................................... v
DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................................ vi
DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................... x
DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................... xiii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................ xv
BAB I
BAB II
PENDAHULUAN ...................................................................................
1
A. Latar Belakang Masalah ...................................................................
1
B. Rumusan Masalah Penelitian ...........................................................
6
C. Tujuan Penelitian ..............................................................................
7
D. Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................
7
E.
8
Struktur Organisasi Tesis ..................................................................
KAJIAN TEORETIS PENDEKATAN PROSES MENULIS SERTA
KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS .......................................................
9
A. Hakikat Menulis ................................................................................
9
1. Menulis Sebagai Alat untuk Berkomunikasi ................................
9
2. Menulis Sebagai Alat untuk Menyampaikan Ide .......................... 10
B. Manfaat, Tujuan, dan Ragam Tulisan ............................................... 11
C. Pembelajaran Menulis di Sekolah Dasar ........................................... 13
D. Pendekatan Proses Menulis ............................................................... 14
1. Pengertian Pendekatan Proses Menulis ........................................ 14
2. Langkah- langkah Kegiatan Pendekatan Proses Menulis ............. 18
3. Keunggulan Pendekatan Proses Menulis ...................................... 24
E.
Menulis Laporan Kunjungan ............................................................. 25
Wawat Karwati, 2016
PENGARUH PEND EKATAN PROSES MENULIS TERHAD AP KEMAMPUAN MENULIS LAPORAN
KUNJUNGAN D AN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA KELAS V SEKOLAH D ASAR
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
vi
1. Bentuk dan Pengertian Laporan Kunjungan ................................. 25
Halaman
2. Unsur- unsur dalam Laporan Kunjungan...................................... 27
3. Tahapan- tahapan dalam Menyusun Laporan Kunjungan ............ 28
4. Penilaian Laporan Kunjungan....................................................... 29
F.
Berpikir Kritis (Critical Thinking) .................................................... 31
1. Pengertian Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis........................................ 31
2. Ciri- ciri Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis ........................................... 35
3. Pentingnya Berpikir Kritis Bagi Siswa ........................................ 36
4. Mengembangkan Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa ................. 37
5. Menulis dan Berpikir Kritis .......................................................... 39
6. Penilaian Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Melalui Pendekatan
Melalui Pendekatan Proses Menulis ............................................. 43
G. Kerangka Berpikir ............................................................................. 45
H. Hasil Penelitian Terdahulu ................................................................ 46
BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN ............................................................... 47
A. Desain Penelitian .............................................................................. 47
B. Partisipan, Waktu, dan Lokasi Penelitian .......................................... 48
C. Populasi dan Sampel.......................................................................... 49
D. Definisi Operasional .......................................................................... 50
E.
Instrumen Penelitian .......................................................................... 51
1. Tes ................................................................................................. 51
2. Observasi....................................................................................... 68
3. Uji Instrumen Penelelitian ............................................................ 72
4. Hasil Uji Instrumen Penelitian ...................................................... 74
a. Uji Validitas Instrumen Tes Kemampuan Menulis Laporan
Kunjungana. ........................................................................... 74
b. Uji Reliabilitas itas Instrumen Tes Kemampuan Menulis
Laporan Kunjungana.............................................................. 75
Wawat Karwati, 2016
PENGARUH PEND EKATAN PROSES MENULIS TERHAD AP KEMAMPUAN MENULIS LAPORAN
KUNJUNGAN D AN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA KELAS V SEKOLAH D ASAR
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
vii
c. Uji Validitas Instrumen Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis ............ 75
d. Uji Reliabilitas Instrumen Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis ....... 75
Halaman
F.
Prosedur Penelitian ............................................................................ 78
G. Analisis Data ..................................................................................... 78
1. Uji Normalitas............................................................................... 80
2. Uji Homogenitas ........................................................................... 81
3. Uji Hipotesis ................................................................................. 82
H. Hipotesis ............................................................................................ 82
BAB IV TEMUAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ........................................................... 84
A. Deskripsi Pendekatan Proses Menulis ............................................. 84
1. Pelaksanaan Penelitian di Kelas Eksperimen................................ 86
2. Pelaksanaan Penelitian di Kelas Kontrol ..................................... 88
B. Data Kemampuan Menulis Laporan Kunjungan ............................... 89
1. Data Kualitatif Kemampuan Menulis Laporan Kunjungan .......... 89
2. Hasil Observasi ............................................................................. 112
3. Data Kuantitatif............................................................................. 113
a. Data Prates dan Pascates Kelas Eksperimen ............................ 113
b. Data Prates dan Pascates Kelas Kontrol................................... 122
c. Data N Gain ........................................................................... 128
C. Uji Pengaruh Pendekatan Proses Menulis Terhadap Kemampuan
Menulis Laporan Kunjunngan ......................................................... 130
1. Pengujian Prasyarat Analisis Data ................................................ 130
a. Uji Normalitas Data ................................................................. 130
b. Uji Homogenitas ...................................................................... 139
2. Uji Hipotesis ................................................................................. 140
D. Data Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis .................................................... 141
1. Data Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Kelas Eksperimen ................. 141
2. Data Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Kelas Kontrol......................... 149
Wawat Karwati, 2016
PENGARUH PEND EKATAN PROSES MENULIS TERHAD AP KEMAMPUAN MENULIS LAPORAN
KUNJUNGAN D AN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA KELAS V SEKOLAH D ASAR
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
viii
3. Data Peningkatan (N Gain)........................................................... 156
Halaman
E.
Uji Pengaruh Pendekatan Proses Menulis Terhadap Kemampuan
Berpikir Kritis.................................................................................... 159
1. Pengujian Prasyarat Analisis Data ................................................ 159
a. Uji Normalitas Data Prates Kelas Eksperimen dan Kelas
Kontrol ............................................................................... 159
b. Uji Normalitas Data N Gain............................................... 162
c. Uji Homogenitas ................................................................ 167
2. Uji Hipotesis ................................................................................. 168
F.
BAB V
Pembahasan Hasil Penelitian............................................................. 169
SIMPULAN DAN SARAN ..................................................................... 171
A. Simpulan ........................................................................................... 171
B. Implikasi Hasil Penelitian.................................................................. 171
C. Rekomendasi ..................................................................................... 172
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .............................................................................................. 173
LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN ....................................................................................... 184
Wawat Karwati, 2016
PENGARUH PEND EKATAN PROSES MENULIS TERHAD AP KEMAMPUAN MENULIS LAPORAN
KUNJUNGAN D AN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA KELAS V SEKOLAH D ASAR
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
ix