DEFENSE MECHANISM OF ANDY DUFRESNE IN STEPHEN KING’S RITA HAYWORTH AND THE SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION.

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THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree at English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities State Islamic University

of Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By: Noerliz Isnaini Reg. Number: A33212086 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA

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Surabaya.

The Advisor: Wahju Kusumajanti, M.Hum

This thesis is conducted to analyze the novel written by Stephen King entitled Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption. This novel tells about Andy Dufresne who was innocence of murdering but Andy has been convicted spending the rest of his life in Shawshank State Prison. This research focuses on the one main character, Andy Dufresne, his defense mechanism and how he shows it. The method of the research is descriptive qualitative because this research is to explain defense mechanism of the main character Andy Dufresne. The data is taken from the novel itself. The researcher uses the theory of Sigmund Freud about defense mechanism as primary theory and uses new criticism as secondary theory to conduct this study. There are nine types of defense mechanism; they are rationalization, intellectualization, displacement, projection, reaction formation, denial, sublimation, repression, and regression. The data itself is analyzed by reading, understanding and identifying the novel.

As the research finished, the researcher finds that Andy Dufresne uses

rationalization, intellectualization, projection, reaction formation, regression and repression. Andy Dufresne performs his defense mechanism to release his anxiety and his frustration. As a result, is Andy able to release his anxiety and his

frustration or not.

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Pembimbing: Wahju Kusumajanti, M.Hum

Tesis ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis novel yang ditulis oleh Stephen King berjudul Rita Hayworth dan The Shawshank Redemption. Novel ini bercerita tentang Andy Dufresne yang di dakwa membunuh, namun Andy telah

menghabiskan sisa hidupnya di Penjara Negara Shawshank. Penelitian ini berfokus pada satu karakter utama, Andy Dufresne, mekanisme pertahanan dan bagaimana ia menunjukkan hal itu.

Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif karena penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan mekanisme pertahanan dari karakter utama Andy Dufresne. Data tersebut diambil dari novel itu sendiri. Peneliti menggunakan teori Sigmund Freud tentang mekanisme pertahanan sebagai teori utama dan menggunakan kritik baru sebagai teori sekunder untuk melakukan penelitian ini. Ada sembilan jenis mekanisme pertahanan; mereka rasionalisasi, intelektualisasi, perpindahan, proyeksi, pembentukan reaksi, penolakan, sublimasi, represi, dan regresi. Data itu sendiri dianalisis dengan membaca, memahami dan mengidentifikasi novel. Dengan penelitian ini, penulis menemukan bahwa Andy Dufresne menggunakan rasionalisasi, intelektualisasi, proyeksi, pembentukan reaksi, regresi dan represi. Andy Dufresne melakukan mekanisme pertahanan untuk melepaskan kecemasan dan frustrasi. Akhirnya, apakah Andy mampu melepaskan kecemasan dan frustrasinya atau tidak..

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Inside Cover Sheet...i

Declaration Page...ii

Thesis Advisor’s Approval Sheet ...iii

Thesis Examiner’s Approval Sheet...………...…...iv

Motto...v

Dedication Sheet...vi

Acknowledgement...vii

Table of Contents...ix

Abstract...xi

Intisari...xii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Research...1

1.2 Statement of the Problem...4

1.3 Objective of the Research...5

1.4 Scope and Limitation...5

1.5 Significance of the Research...5

1.6 Method of the Research...6

1.7 Definition of Key Terms……….………...7

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE OF REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical Framework………...8

2.2 New Criticism………...9

2.3 Psychoanalysis……….………...….11

2.3.1 Human Personality………..11

2.4 Defense Mechanism .………..13

2.4.1 Denial………...………....15

2.4.2 Displacement………..………...………...15

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2.4.4 Projection……….16

2.4.5 Rationalization……….17

2.4.6 Reaction Formation………..17

2.4.7 Regression………....18

2.4.8 Repression………....18

2.4.9 Sublimation………..19

2.5 Review of Related Research………...19

CHAPTER III: ANALYSIS 3.1Character of Andy Dufresne………...21

3.1.1 Self-Possessed……….……..25

3.1.2 Anti-Social………27

3.1.3 Clever………..……….27

3.2Defense Mechanism Used by Andy Dufresne……….……...29

3.2.1 Rationalization………. ……….…………...…………...29

3.2.2 Intellectualization……….………....31

3.2.3 Regression…………..……….………...33

3.2.4 Repression………...37

3.2.5 Reaction Formation………….………...……...38

3.2.6 Projection……….39

CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION...41

WORKS CITED ...43

APPENDIX SYNOPSIS...46

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of Research

The word "literature" is derived from the Latin word litteraturae means "writings". Literature is the fictional and imaginative writings including

philosophy, history and even scientific works that are especially distinguished in form, expression and emotional power addressed to a general audience. The kinds of literature are poetry, prose, prose fiction and drama. (Abrams 177).

One of fictional prose is novel. Etymologically, novel is derived from the Italian word novello means 'a small new thing'. Terminologically, novel is a popular genre, its audience is not esoteric and peculiarly learned, but a representative section of society. It is like an epic that has a certain mass to qualify for the title and also has some characters, great complication of plot and concentrates modes. The novel frequently offers a decision, the portrayal of society and focuses on such issues as inheriting property and getting married. (Mikics 209).

Novel is one of literature works. Since it contains intrinsic element which is called character, novel can give an image of human personality. According to Abrams, characters are the responds, in a dramatic or narrative work, endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say - the dialogue - and what they do - the action (21). Therefore, character can give an

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image of human's personality. This is why it can find a novel which tells about human's psychological problem such as defense mechanism.

In nineteenth century, the types of the novel grow widely. One of the

examples is psychological novel. The psychological novel is a work of fiction in which the thoughts, feelings and motivations of the characters are of equal or greater interest than is the external action of the narrative (Kuiper 38). Since the literature can be related to psychology, some criticisms use psychological approach of defense mechanism in analyzing this type.

With all section about defense mechanism, the researcher shall first ask whether research evidence shows that it actually occurs. The strength and generality of this evidence must also be considered. If the defense mechanism is supported in some sense, then the researcher must ask what the cognitive, affective and behavioral processes are. A related question is whether there is evidence of defensive motivation, as opposed to evidence of some merely cognitive error or bias to qualify as a full-fledged defense.

Within Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption, many accurate psychological concepts are present in compelling and captivating ways. The researcher chooses this novel by Stephen King, from the first his 1982 collection Different Seasons, subtitled Hope Springs Eternal. Another Different Seasons collection are Apt Pupil subtitled Summer of Corruption, The Body subtitled Fall From Innocence and The Breathing Method subtitled The Winter’s Tale. It was adapted for the screen in 1994 as The Shawshank Redemption, which was

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nominated for seven Academy Awards in 1994, including Best Picture. The story's themes focus on issues of imprisonment and injustice.

Stephen King was born on September 21, 1947, in Portland, Maine. He graduated from the University of Maine and later worked as a teacher while establishing himself as a writer. John Swithen and Richard Bachman are published work under the pseudonym name of Stephen King. Over the years, King has become known for titles that are both commercially successful and sometimes critically acclaimed. His books have sold more than 350 million copies worldwide and been adapted into numerous successful films.

The works of Stephen King are often epic sweep with their apocalyptic themes and sprawling cast of characters, his more recent works focus on the interpersonal relationships and the often extreme behaviors that mark the relations between men and women. Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption is the opening story in the collection Different Seasons(1982) and classic King’s themes of fear, confusion, and loss of control, albeit transformed, shifted to the fractured

domesticity of a high-security prison and also the conspiracy conflict on the novel. King’s works share the certain consistent qualities and hallmarks, such as strong evocation of setting, atmosphere, and character. The author, King has produced an average of a book per year for nearly three decades.

This novel is unique because the story tells about mutual relationship of two convict build the relation together who have opposite characters in Great

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Dufresne is thrown in prison named Shawshank for a crime he did not commit, while his friend, Red is the only person in prison truthful enough to admit that he innocent. In prison, they are placed at the mercy of "honest" wardens and guards who are totally corrupt and make money on scams that should put them inside the walls with the prisoners that exploit and brutalize. In this case, novel Stephen King’s Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption to psychoanalysis and describe the character of Andy Dufresne to be analyze, the psychoanalysis theory about defense mechanism is used in the novel.

Finally, by defining the whole body of background statement above, the researcher entertained in the novel and intends to analyze more deeply defense mechanism represented in the story of Stephen King’s Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption.

1.2Statement of Problems

Related to the background of the research, the researcher likes to focus the analysis of the main character. In this case, the researcher formulates the research question as follows:

1. How is Andy Dufresne’s character described in the novel Stephen

King’s Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption?

2. What form of defense mechanism does Andy Dufresne show in the novel Stephen King’s Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption?

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1.3Objectives of the Research

Based on the statement of the problems above, the researcher formulates the purposes of the research as follows:

1. To describe the character of Andy Dufresne in the novel Stephen King’s Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption.

2. To describe the forms of defense mechanism that Andy Dufresne used in the novel Stephen King’s Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption.

1.4Scope and Limitation

In order to prevent non-relevant problem, the research will be limited to the novel of Stephen King’s Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption. Then, the research will be focus on describing Andy Dufresne’s defense mechanism. The researcher uses defense mechanism theory.

1.5Significance of the Research

Through this research, the researcher hopes that this research will be useful to the ones who research about literature especially in Defense Mechanism theory. Then, the researcher divides the significance into two categories. Both are theoretically and practically categories.

Theoretically, the results of the research are expected to give contribution to develop the research and analysis on literary research related to Defense

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by Stephen King. The researcher expects that it can give knowledge about the characterization and character’s life.

Practically, the researcher also expects this research will give an inspiration for other studies especially in English Letters Department of State Islamic

University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Also, the researcher hopes that this research can be a helpful reference for other researchers who are interested in conducting further research on analyzing novel Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank

Redemption by Stephen King.

1.6Method of the Research

Stephen King, the author, connects each character in Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption to multiple defense mechanism stages and theories. Throughout the novel, characters are put through the various and sundry tests of a state penitentiary and subsequently exhibit traits that can be analyzed.

To support the analysis, the researcher mainly used descriptive qualitative method. The research follows the following steps:

1. Reading the novel to get the complete and well understanding on the whole story.

2. Selecting and collecting the data in form of narration and conversation from novel related to the problem.

3. Analyzing the data collected by firstly categorizing them into two points, dealing with two points of the statement of problems. Then,

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each point is analyzed using related theories which refer to the objectives of the research.

4. Making conclusion based on the result of data analysis.

1.7 Definition of Key Terms

To avoid any different perceptions between the writer and the readers in understanding the research, it is essential to give some definition of key terms used in this research. Here are the key terms explained:

Pseudonym : A name other than his own taken by a writer. Also known as a pen-name. A pseudonym can also be an alias used by people or groups, like sports stars or criminals. (Cuddon 1999)

Shawshank : The name of prison in the Stephen King’s novel Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption. Shawshank have the license-plate factory, a big industrial laundry, Kittery Receiving

Hospital and the Eliot Nursing Home. There might be eighty to a hundred and twenty cons on the yard.

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE OF REVIEW

As explained above, in this chapter the researcher provides defense mechanism theory in order to relate the literary work, in this case is the novel Stephen King’s Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption to psychoanalysis and describe the character of Andy Dufresne to be analyze, the psychoanalysis theory about defense mechanism is used in this research.

The researcher uses psychological approach by applying some related defense mechanism theory: denial, rationalization, repression, suppression and regression to answer the statement of the problem. For this analysis, the

application of those theories helps the researcher make a deep and logical analysis and finally makes the researcher achieve the purpose of the research.

2.1 Theoretical Framework

This research is using some theories to analyze the novel. The researcher explains about the theories that are going to be used to analyze Andy Dufresne, the main character in Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption. In analyzing this subject, the new criticism theory, which are about character and characterization cannot be separated one another. Also, this research uses

psychological theory by Sigmund Freud. The researcher uses psychological theory to explain the character and to find out the answer to the statement of the problem. Also, this research portrays defense mechanism to reflect in the novel. Defense

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mechanism theory is coined by Sigmund Freud. The theory will be used to analyze the defense mechanism which appears in Andy Dufresne who is the main character in the novel.

2.2 New Criticism

The life and times of the author and the spirit of the age in which he or she lived are certainly of interest to the literary historian, new critics argued, but they do not provide the literary critic with information that can be used to analyze the text itself (Tyson 135). Although the author’s intention or the reader’s response is sometimes mentioned in New Critical readings of literary texts, neither one is the focus of analysis. The readers can know if a given author’s intention or a given reader’s interpretation actually represents the text’s meaning, all the evidence provided by the language of the text itself: its images, symbols, metaphors, rhyme, meter, point of view, setting, characterization, plot, and so forth, which, because they form, or shape, the literary work are called its formal elements (Tyson 137).

Since novel as a literary work is inseparable with human’s life as a representations where the author tries to serve some of human phenomena in the world through the written words. It is known that sometimes an author writes a story based on the true story (Holman 299). So the character which is appearing in the story is a shadow from a real person who lives in the real world character has important role in a story, besides as a means of story that makes the story alive, character also represents a person becomes something interested in the story. Characters in fiction can be conveniently classified as major and minor static and

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dynamic (Di Yanni 54). Bennet and Royle say that characters are considered as the life of literature: characters become the objects of the reader’s curiosity and fascination, affection and dislike, admiration and condemnation (60).

Talking about character means that we refer to a person in a fictional story. Characters are the people who appear and experience life stories in fictional works. It can be simply said that characters are people who are included in the story. Character is a brief descriptive sketch of a personage who typifies some definite quality (Holman 74). Just like us in the real world, characters act, speak, think, also face some problems, and so on. Besides, they can be characterized as good, bad, kind, generous and any other types of human quality.

Character only is not enough to build a story. It must be clear how the author imagine the character in order to be more alive in a story that is what is called as characterization. Holman says that characterization is the author show the character of imaginary person. Characterization is an essential component in writing a good fiction because characterization have ability to characterize the people of one's imagination successfully is a primary attribute of a good novelist, dramatist or short-story writer (75).

Those two, character and characterization cannot be separated.

Characterization is the means by which writers present and reveal character in the novel (Di Yanni 38). The character also has characterization. The author shows the revealing main characters by uses six methods in the fiction. They are narrative summary without judgment, narrative description with implied or

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explicit judgment, surface details of dress and physical appearance, character’s action what they do, character speech-what they say and how the way they say it, and character’s consciousness-what they think and feel (39).

2.3 Psychoanalysis

The researcher chooses psychoanalysis theory to analyzing Andy

Dufresne’s character and his defense acts. Wellek and Waren states that we may mean the psychological research of the researcher, as type and as individual, or the research of the creative process, or the research of the psychological types and laws presented within works of literature, or finally, the effect of literature upon its reader (81).

Psychoanalysis was grown by Sigmund Freud in Wina in the last of 1900s. He was the discoverer of psychoanalysis theory by the year of 1856 until 1939. Similar to Freud, Ratna also states in her book Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra that the psychoanalysis theory is a research of thought which emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior (62-63).

2.3.1 Human Personality

In the psychoanalysis theory, Freud believes that the human mind is composed by three elements: Id, Ego and Superego. The first is id that contains the libido or sexual energy and the instinct that come from the unconsciousness. These desires that usually ignore the consequences so that they are forbidden by the social convention. The second is ego, the part of consciousness. The ego becomes the decision maker in personality because it experiences the outer world

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through the sense. So that, ego usually causes the conflict between the id and the superego. The last is superego, the moral and the ideas aspect of personality. The superego is the core that determines the id's desire and also produces the feeling of guilt when the id is opposed to superego (Tyson 25). These cores of personality also relate to anxiety because the ego usually feels anxious when there are conflicts in the personality. As a result, Freud also elaborates the anxiety in his theory. The id, ego and superego relate with anxiety because every person have an internal conflicts. The internal conflicts between id and superego can make the ego feels anxious.

Freud (as cited in 1934) stated that the ego's job was to satisfy the id's impulses, not offend the moralistic character of the superego, while still taking into consideration the reality of the situation. Freud also stated that this was not an easy job. Think the id as the bad side and the superego as the good side. People don't want either one to get too strong so people usually talk to both of them, hear their perspective and then make a decision. This decision is the ego talking, the one looking for that healthy balance.

It is very important to explain ego because ego is the executive of the personality, controlling and governing the id and the superego and maintaining commerce with the external world in the interest of the total personality and its far-flung needs (Hall 28). Instead of the pleasure principle the ego is governed by the reality principle. In other words, the ego is the unique element of the person’s personality which has an important responsibility about dealing with unavoidable

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thus the person needs an ego as the mediator between an egoistic id with the real world. The ego will work based the reality principle which delays the action of id until it becomes appropriate to be expressed in society’s rules. This agency will be the negotiator between the id and the superego.

In a healthy person, according to Freud, the ego is the strongest so that it can satisfy the needs of the id, not upset the superego, and still take into

consideration the reality of every situation. It is easy jobs by any means, but if the id gets too strong, impulses and self -gratification take over the person's life. If the superego becomes too strong, the person would be driven by rigid morals, would be judgmental and unbending in his or her interactions with the world.

2.4 Defense Mechanism

In order to be able to respond to any kind of an attack, the first thing one should do is to prepare psychologically for possible confrontation. One should become aware that in any given moment he could face a danger coming from another human being. Emotional and mental readiness must be viewed as an absolutely necessary element in the process of the defense mechanism.

These processes are called defense mechanism, in Freud's theories these are tactics which the Ego develops to help deal with the Id and the Super Ego. Ego defenses are normal, it is so usual that everybody uses them. In others word, defense mechanisms are psychological strategies by which persons reduce or avoid negative states such as conflict, frustration, anxiety, and stress. Because it is assumed that most people are motivated to reduce these negative states, theorists

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have devoted considerable attention to the identification of defense mechanisms and a wide variety of mechanisms have been suggested.

Defense mechanism may be useful to reduce anxiety and facilitate coping behavior or may be harmful because of denying, displacing or repressing anxiety and preventing useful coping (Hartman 13). Because anxiety is painful, the one tries to reduce it as quickly as possible. Usually the one tries to cope it with anxiety by avoiding dangers. Defense is used especially in the both conscious and unconscious mind, where the individual tries to cope with his or her own

unacceptable wishes (Mischel 347).

Defense mechanism can be an unconscious and conscious mental process such as repression that makes possible compromise solutions to personal problems or conflicts. The compromise generally involves hiding the problem inside and it drives threatening feeling and provokes anxiety. The major defense mechanisms are repression, the process by which unacceptable desires or impulses are barred from consciousness; reaction formation, a mental or emotional response that represents the opposite of what one really feels; projection, the attribution of one's own ideas, feelings or attitudes, especially blame, guilt or sense of responsibility to others; regression, reversion to an earlier mental or behavioral level; denial, the refusal to accept the existence of a painful fact; rationalization, the substitution of rational and creditable motives for the true but threatening ones; and sublimation, the diversion of an instinctual desire or impulse from its primitive form to a more socially or culturally acceptable form (Pervin 29).

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Defense mechanisms are psychic processes that are generally related to the ego. They organize and maintain an optimal psychic condition in a way that helps the subjects to confront and avoid anxiety and psychic annoyance (Zaviera 98).

Defense mechanism according to Freud cited by Harry Munsinger (426-428). The forms as below:

2.4.1 Denial

Denial is kind of defense mechanism which simply refusing to

acknowledge that an event has occurred. The person simply acts as if nothing has happened, he or she behaves in ways that there is no uncomfortable event has happened. It is subconscious and the one who suffers this may be confused by the behavior of people around them (426). It may also have a significant conscious element, where the one is simply turning a blind eye to an uncomfortable

situation. For example: a man hears that his wife has been killed and yet refuses to believe it, still setting the table for her and keeping her clothes and other

accessories in the bedroom. Alcoholics vigorously deny that they have a problem. Another example is Optimist deny that things may go wrong while pessimists deny they may succeed.

2.4.2 Displacement

Displacement is the shifting or changing the one's emotion or unacceptable feeling to the others target when there is some reason why the first target is not permitted or not available (426). Displacement may involve retaining the action

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and simply shifting the target of that action. Phobias may also use displacement as a mechanism for releasing energy that is caused in other ways.

2.4.3 Intellectualization

Intellectualization is an effort where the person avoids uncomfortable emotions by focusing on facts and logic. The situation is treated as an interesting problem that engages the person on a rational basis, even as the emotional aspects are completely ignored as being unrelated. Intellectualization differs from

repression in that with suppression the stress provoking thoughts is available but it is ignored and blocked by other thoughts, rather than being completely

unavailable (426). It is important to note that, unlike most other defenses, in some cases persons will consciously initiate suppression; that is, the person will

consciously say. “That is very upsetting and I’m just not going to think about it anymore”, and then think or do other things as a distraction. If this is done

repeatedly, the avoidance response may become habitual and may be used without awareness. For example when a woman has raped, then she will seek the

psychology in order to feel better.

2.4.4 Projection

Projection is such attitude when a person has uncomfortable thoughts or feelings, he or she may project these onto other people, transfer the thoughts or feeling that he or she need to repress to a convenient alternative target (427). Projection may also happen to remove characteristic of other people with which the one is uncomfortable. Projection also appears where the one sees the others

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own traits in other people, as in the false accord effect. For example, see friends as being more like stranger then really are.

2.4.5 Rationalization

Rationalization is a defense mechanism that involves explaining an

unacceptable behavior or feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the true explanation for the behavior. It also makes something more acceptable by relating it to more acceptable causes (427). The target of rationalization is usually

something that we have done, such as being unkind to another person. For example, a man buys an expensive car and then tells everyone, his old car was very unreliable, very unsafe. Another example of rationalization is when a parent punishes a child and says that it is for the child's own good.

2.4.6 Reaction Formation

Reaction formation occurs when a person feels an urge to do or say something and then actually he or she does or says something that is effectively the opposite of what they really want. It also appears as a defense against a feared social punishment. If the one fears that he or she will be criticized for something, then he or she acts in a way that shows he or she is personally a long way from the feared position (427). In reaction formation the person usually uses excessive behavior to show that he or she gets along with the uncomfortable situation, for example using excessive friendliness when the person is actually feeling

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2.4.7 Regression

Regression involves taking the position of a child in some problematic situation, rather than acting in a more adult way. This is usually in response to stressful situations, greater levels of stress potentially leads to more regressive acts (428). Regressive behavior can be simple and harmless, such as crying or using petulant arguments. For example, a child who suffers stressful may acts rocking and crying. An adult tries to be childish and crying when he or she gets a problem.

2.4.8 Repression

Repression involves placing uncomfortable thoughts in relatively

unreachable areas of the unconscious mind. When things occur that the one cannot cope with now, then he or she pushes it away. The level of forgetting in repression can vary from a momentary destruction of uncomfortable thoughts to a high level of amnesia, where events that caused the anxiety are buried very deep (428). Repressed memories do not disappear. A high level of repression can cause a high level of anxiety, although this may also be caused by the repression of one

particularly traumatic incident. Repressed memories may appear through subconscious means and in altered forms, such as dreams or slips of the tongue. For example, a child is abused by a parent later has no recollection of the events, but has a trouble in relationship.

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2.4.9 Sublimation

Sublimation is the transformation of unwanted impulses into something less harmful. This can simply be a distracting release or may be a constructive and valuable piece of work. When he or she is faced with the conflict of

uncomfortable thoughts, he or she creates psychic energy. Sublimation channels this energy away from destructive acts and into something that is socially

acceptable and creatively effective (428). May sports and games are sublimations of aggressive urges, as he or she sublimates the desire to fight into the ritualistic activities of formal competition.

2.5 Review of Related Research

After surfing the internet and looking for in the university library, the researcher does not find previous research which analyzes the same object and the same theme that has conducted. The researcher just finds the same object but different material. Hope, Life and Freedom in The Shawshank Redemption by Adela Mesanza Garcia from Spain. This Mesanza’s thesis focused in the real life of Andy Dufresne. This object is a movie that adopted from the novel Stephen King’s Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption for the screen in 1994 as The Shawshank Redemption by Frank Darabont. This thesis finds the perfect cinematic equivalent to King's style. Based on Stephen King’s Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption, this is an engagingly simple, good-hearted film, with just enough darkness around the edges to give contrast and relief to its glowingly benign view of human nature.

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Like much of King's work, Frank Darabont’s The Shawshank Redemption is about an exceptional individual at odds with society, picked on or persecuted for the gifts that set him apart. In Masenza’s thesis, focused in the main themes (hope, life and freedom), the gifts that are not supernatural, but moral and spiritual.

However, the researcher has different topics with that research. That research discussed about the themes as represent in the title, hope, life and

freedom as the story of Andy Dufresne. That research deals with the chronological story of Andy Dufresne to make defense for himself. Whereas, the researcher analyzes Andy Dufresne with the defense mechanism term. It can be seen from the problem statement that the researcher focuses on the defense that make Andy Dufresne feels anxiety and how he cope his anxieties by doing defense

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CHAPTER III

ANALYSIS

The focus of this chapter is to answer all the statement of the problem in chapter one. This chapter is divided into two parts. First, this research analyzes the character of Andy Dufresne. Second, this research analyzes types and also the way how Andy Dufresne has undergone his defense mechanism by Sigmund Freud in Stephen King’s Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption novel.

The types of defense mechanism that are used by the major character Andy Dufresne, there are six types that the researcher found in Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption novel. Each type will be analyzed by using Sigmund Freud’s defense mechanism theories. It is includes the types, and how the main character perform the defense mechanism itself.

3.1 Character of Andy Dufresne

Characters in work of fiction are generally designed to open up or explore certain aspects of human experience. Characters often depict particular traits of human nature; they may represent only one or two traits – a greedy old man who has forgotten how to care about others, for instance, or they may represent very complex conflicts, values and emotions. Likewise, Knickerbocker and Reninger explain that the nature and use of characters in any story are determined by the purpose of the author (18).

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In similar views, a narrator may be external, outside the story, telling it with an ostensibly objective and omniscient voice; or a narrator may be a character (or characters) within the story, telling the story in the first person (either central characters or observer characters, bit players looking in on the scene). The worth taking point is that, “…when you know who the narrator is and determine what position he is taking, you will add depth to your understanding of the story”(Pucket, Sutton and Brown 4)

In Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption, Andy Dufresne is included in the major character because Andy is often shown his story from the beginning until the end of story. Before entering into the analysis of the character of Andy Dufresne, important to know that in the story, there is one other character which helps build the character of Andy Dufresne. There is Red, he is an inmate of Andy Dufresne in Shawshank Prison and also the narrator of the story.

There's a guy like me in every state and federal prison in America, I guess--I'm the guy who can get it for you. …. As I said, I've been the guy who can get it for you here at Shawshank for damn near forty years. (King 1) Anyway, it's not me I want to tell you about; I want to tell you about a guy named Andy Dufresne. But before I can tell you about Andy, I have to explain a few other things about myself. It won't take long. (2)

From the quotation above, Red is the first-person narrator of the story and the major character. Red is the man who can smuggle almost anything into Shawshank State Prison from the outside world for forty years. Red’s narrative focuses only on Andy Dufresne.

Well, you weren't writing about yourself, I hear someone in the peanut-gallery saying. You were writing about Andy Dufresne. You're nothing but

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a minor character in your own story. But you know, that's just not so. It's all about me, every damned word of it. Andy was the part of me they could never lock up … (King 81)

From the quotation above, there is implicit meaning that Andy Dufresne is the part of Red. At one point, the researcher found a sense that Andy is actually only an aspect of Red’s personality rather than a different character. They are the major character, Andy Dufresne and Red. Andy is the true agent of the action in this story. Andy is presumably nothing but the sum of the projections of the narrator, Red. This story restricts itself to the perspective of the first-person narrator, Andy exists independently of the narrator’s discourse. Andy appears to exist only discursively. This story is about Andy Dufresne and Red, both of them, but Andy's still at the center of it.

Nurgiyantoro (117) states that the main character in the story may be more than one person, although its superiority level is not the same. Their superiority is determined by dominance, mostly appearance and influence toward the whole development in the story. By the meant, Red and Andy Dufresne are the major character but Andy is dominance and mostly appear and influence toward the story, also this analysis is going to focuses on Andy Dufresne.

As said by Di Yanni, the characters are not only divided into major and minor, but also static and dynamic. Andy Dufresne in here is major character and also static character, this is because his attitude is stable and same, also from the beginning until the end of the story, the flat character is only described by one certain characteristic. This character has monotonous characteristic and does not

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change. Static or flat character, in Perrine’s (71) views, is the same sort of a person at the end of the story as he was at the beginning.

Andy Dufresne took the stand in his own defense and told his story calmly, coolly, and dispassionately. (King 5)

I knew him for close to thirty years, and I can tell you he was the most self-possessed man I've ever known. What was right with him he'd only give you a little at a time. What was wrong with him he kept bottled up inside. (5)

From the quotation above, explain that Andy Dufresne is flat. He has monotonous characteristic and his attitude is stable. He is like to the point and the man that no waste the time. His expression represent that he did not want to be attractive person. But in other side, he shows an authority-person that becomes his identity and makes him different with the other prisoners in Shawshank.

You may also have gotten the idea that I'm describing someone who's more legend than man, and I would have to agree that there's some truth to that. To us long-timers who knew Andy over a space of years, there was an element of fantasy to him, a sense, almost, of myth-magic, if you get what I mean. (King 24)

He had not asked to be sent to Shawshank, he went on; he was an innocent man who had been victimized by colossal bad luck, not a missionary or a do-gooder. (36)

From the quotation above, Andy is the protagonist of the story. There is an element of fantasy infuses the characterization of Andy, at one point, Red refers to the mysterious “myth-magic” that Andy’s protagonist seemingly possesses. In truth, Andy is an anomalous figure who stands out to become legend from the rest of the inmates at Shawshank Prison, but not for any mythical or spiritual reason, also Andy becomes victim by sent in Shawshank for crime he did not commit.

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3.1.1 Self-Possessed

Andy Dufresne is a self-possessed. possessed is an adjective. Self-possessed is the action that showing control of feelings or actions, especially in difficult situation. Self-possessed implies an ease or coolness under stress that reflects perfect self-control and command of one’s powers. It prove that self-possessed is composed in Andy’s mind or manner. When Andy came to Shawshank State Prison for murdering his wife and her lover, Andy was

innocence of murdering but Andy has condemned spending the rest of his life in prison.

Andy didn't flip out like that when he came to The Shank in 1948, but that's not to say that he didn't feel many of the same things. He may have come close to madness; some do, and some go sailing right over the edge. Old life blown away in the wink of an eye, indeterminate nightmare stretching out ahead, a long season in hell. (King 74)

From the quotation above, Andy was different from most prisoners; he was quieter but he never lost his mind like many new prisoners. He was able to overtake himself from terrible something that happened. He states his mind or a manner marked by easy coolness and freedom from uncertainty and

embarrassment.

"What do I think?" He laughed-but there was no humor in the sound. "I think there was a lot of bad luck floating around that night. More than could ever get together in the same short span of time again. I think it must have been some stranger, just passing through. Maybe someone who had a flat tire on that road after I went home. Maybe a burglar. Maybe a

psychopath. He killed them, that's all. And I'm here." (King 10)

From the quotation above, Andy Dufresne experienced bad luck in his life, but Andy was able to control of his mind and emotions. He can think positive

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from the complexities of his bad luck, he is endocrine himself that there is

someone out there who murdering his wife and her lover that are exist “… maybe someone who had a flat tire on that road after I went home. Maybe a burglar. Maybe a psychopath. He killed them, that's all. And I'm here”. He was still being able to laugh at his life and his self-possessed implies an ease or coolness under stress that reflects perfect self-control and command of one’s powers. Once again, he states his mind or a manner marked by easy coolness and freedom from

uncertainty and embarrassment.

In Shawshank, Andy was the frequent target of sexual abuse from prison gang known as The Sisters, led by Bogs Diamond, the gang who rapes many prisoners that they feel they can rape and Andy is no exception.

Because of his small size and fair good looks (and maybe also because of that very quality of self-possession I had admired), the sisters were after Andy from the day he walked in. If this was some kind of fairy story, I'd tell you that Andy fought the good fight until they left him alone. I wish I could say that, but I can't. Prison is no fairy-tale world. (King 17)

From the quotation above, Andy faces The Sisters with his „self

-possession’ that Red explains, the meaning of self-possession that Andy has the state or feeling of being calmly, confident and in control of one’s feelings. He is composed an ease or coolness under difficult situation that reflects perfect self-control and command of one’s powers to faces The Sisters. Despite these hardships, however, Andy never complains or loses his confidence.

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3.1.2 Anti-Social

Most of the other inmates think that Andy is cold and snobbish because Andy is always so calm and composed, rarely revealing his inner thoughts or true character. Especially, Andy has his own life and he did not want to keep in touch with the other prisoners for keeping his secrets in Shawshank but Red, even when in the cell, Andy had no any cellmate.

I knew who he was, of course; he had a reputation for being a snob and a cold fish. People were saying he was marked for trouble already. (King 12)

… Andy had no cellmate, and I'd heard that was just the way he wanted it, although people were already saying he thought his shit smelled sweeter than the ordinary. But I don't have to listen to rumors about a man when I can judge him for myself. "Hello," he said. "I'm Andy Dufresne." He offered his hand and I shook it. He wasn't a man to waste time being social; he got right to the point. "I understand that you're a man who knows how to get things." (12)

Also, Andy was a model prisoner- quiet, well-spoken, respectful and non-violent. (77)

From the quotation above, having an anti-social personality does not mean that Andy is unsociable, but he has others purpose that more important than being social is find someone to trust who has an important role. It means that Andy is indifferent to what others think of them. Andy’s quite typical man who does not waste time being social. Although Andy quiets himself, he does not interfere with other prisoner’s life, he still appreciates them and does not retaliate with violence. 3.1.3 Clever

Andy Dufresne is a clever person. Before imprison, he was a vice president of the trust department of bank in Portland. To make easier

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understanding when he have some importance in dealing with a tax in Portland, Maine. So he thinks, his experience will make a better difference after overhears the conversation between the guard, Byron Hadley, that he has to pay his brother’s tax.

“… It seemed that Hadley's older brother had gone off to Texas some fourteen years ago and the rest of the family hadn't heard from the son of a bitch since.” (King 27)

There was no reason, you see, why Hadley couldn't have given Mert the nod at that very minute, pitched Andy over side onto his head, and still taken Andy's advice. No reason. But he didn't. (King 31)

He was working in the library then, under a tough old con named Brooks Hatlen … Andy succeeded to Brooksie's job, and he was librarian for twenty-three years. (33)

But in all that time Andy never had a cellmate. (37)

From the quotation above, Andy negotiated with the guard, Byron Hadley it shows that Andy is clever person. He gives a solution to Byron Hadley’s problem by arranging his tax and Hadley agrees. His cleverness obtain

appreciation from the guards, anything that Andy request is pleasure to the guards and as a result, the guards protect Andy from The Sisters, makes him the prison library also he is allowed to be alone in his cell.

By April of 1951, Andy was doing the tax returns for half the screws at Shawshank, and by 1952, he was doing almost all of them. He was paid in what may be a prison's most valuable coin: simple good will. (King 35) ”… when we needed that second room back in 1957, I got it. Because they want to keep me happy. I work cheap. That's the trade-off.” (37)

From the quotation above, as word of the occurrence spreads, more of the prison staff discovers that they can use Andy's help for tax returns, loan

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applications, and other financial advice at do not charge. He quickly becomes a valuable asset to the prison staff because of his cleverness. Andy has feedback from what he was doing in Shawshank, Andy realizes his new position and works hard during the next two decades to significantly expand his happiness.

Characters of Andy Dufresne are included in the major character because Andy is often shown his story in the novel. Andy Dufresne also static character, this is because his attitude is stable and same, also from the beginning until the end of the story, the flat character is only described by one certain characteristic. This character has monotonous characteristic and does not change.

Characterizations of Andy Dufresne are self-possessed, anti-social and clever.

3.2 Defense Mechanism Used by Andy Dufresne

Andy Dufresne uses defense mechanism in many ways, this explanation in below will give understanding to identify and to analyzes the forms of defense mechanism that Andy Dufresne uses in Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption novel and also his way to perform it. The ego has some tools that it must be used in it, job as the mediator tools that help defend the ego. These are called Ego Defense Mechanisms or Defenses.

3.2.1 Rationalization

Rationalization is strategy when a person uses provide rational explanation for the unacceptable behavior. It means a person use supplying a logical and rational reason for opposing to the real reason.

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In 1948, Andy Dufresne arrives at Shawshank Prison. In contrast to most other convicts, Dufresne is not a hardened criminal but a soft-spoken young banker, convicted of murdering his wife and her lover. Like almost everyone else in Shawshank, Dufresne insists on his innocence. Before that accident, Andy has a fight with his wife.

… in late August of 1947 Andy learned that Quentin and his wife had become lovers; that Andy and Linda Dufresne argued bitterly on the afternoon of September 10th, 1947 that the subject of their argument was her infidelity… He testified that Linda professed to be glad he knew; the sneaking around, she said, was distressing. She told Andy that she planned to obtain a Reno divorce. Andy told her he would see her in hell before he would see her in Reno. She went off to spend the night with Quentin in Quentin's rented bungalow not far from the golf course. (King, 3-4) From the quotation above, it shows that Andy Dufresne performs his Rationalization. Rationalization is strategy when a person uses provide rational explanation for the behavior. It means a person use supplying a logical and rational reason for opposing to the real reason. His unacceptable behavior is his wife want a divorce. He uses logical explanation or rational reason as opposing to the real reason about his wife infidelity, Andy told his wife that Andy would see her in hell. It is to repress his stressful thought. So, he used rational explanation for it.

Andy Dufresne also uses rationalization when Andy has a trial for his convicted. The District Attorney’s officer ask him about the gun that Andy used for murdering his wife and her lover, Andy defense himself.

"Since I am innocent of this crime, sir, and since I am telling the truth about throwing my gun into the river the day before the crime took place,

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then it seems to me decidedly inconvenient that the gun was never found." (King, 9)

From the quotation above shows that Andy uses Rationalization, the narrator describes Andy Dufresne tells the DA’s officer about his testimony that he is innocence. He uses logical explanation or rational reason as opposing to the real reason about the gun that Andy uses is thrown in the river by him before the crime happened. So, he used rational explanation as opposed to the real reason about his testified.

3.2.2 Intellectualization

In Intellectualization, the person avoids stressful thought by not thinking about stressful thought, but tries to think another non stressful thought which can replace stressful thought.

In the night, before the crime happened, Andy stalking his wife after fight and his lawyer asks Andy in the same trial about his testimony that did Andy kills his wife and her lover but Andy defense himself.

"Mr. Dufresne, did you then go up to Glenn Quentin's house and kill the two of them?" his lawyer thundered.

"No, I did not," Andy answered. By midnight, he said, he was sobering up. He was also feeling the first signs of a bad hangover. He decided to go home and sleep it off and think about the whole thing in a more adult fashion the next day. "At that time, as I drove home, I was beginning to think that the wisest course would be to simply let her go to Reno and get her divorce." (King 7)

From the quotation above shows that Andy uses Intellectualization, one types of defense mechanism. Andy avoids stressful thought by not thinking about

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stressful thought, but tries to think another non stressful thought which can

replace stressful thought. Andy perform it when he tries not to think about divorce and he feels not comfortable with his wife being with her lover, so he goes to drinks at the bar, has drunk and focusing about divorce and he does not want some irrational thought disturb him. As a replace stressful thought, Andy comes home and starts to think to divorce.

After a long trial, Andy is convicted for murdering and imprisoned in Shawshank State Prison. There is a gang of aggressive homosexual prisoners in Shawshank called "The Sisters", led by Bogs Diamond, a gang-rape and Andy is no exception. The Sisters frequently attack and rape him in the laundry room while the guards look the other way. Andy fights the sisters, even though it always makes him bartered.

He decided to fight. When Bogs and two of his buddies came after him a week or so after the laundry incident … Andy slugged it out with them. He broke the nose of fellow named Rooster MacBride. (King 18)

Andy said, "Anything of yours that you stick in my mouth you're going to lose it." …

… "I understood what you said. I don't think you understood me. I'm going to bite whatever you stick into my mouth. You can put that razor into my brain, I guess, but you should know that sudden serious brain injury causes the victim to simultaneously urinate, defecate . . . and bite down." (19) From the quotation above shows that Andy uses Intellectualization. Andy perform it when he tries not to think about a gang-rape and their action that trying to rape him, so he focus on fact and he does not want some irrational thought disturb him. As a replace stressful thought, he tries to avoid uncomfortable

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After a few years, Andy Dufresne is escape. Nearly twenty-seven years Andy spending his life being imprison in Shawshank for the crime he did not commit. His estimation of succeed escape became his redemption.

In 1975, Andy Dufresne escaped from Shawshank. He hasn't been recaptured, and I don't think he ever will be. In fact, I don't think Andy Dufresne even exists anymore. (King 66)

Based on the quotation above, in the end, Andy Dufresne shows his

Intellectualization, Andy perform it when he tries not to think about being ignored and unworthy of being normal members of society, for a few years he has patience and confidence stand out from the rest of the prisoners and he does not want some irrational thought disturb him. Andy tries to think another non stressful thought which can replace stressful thought, Andy escapes from Shawshank.

3.2.3 Regression

After helping the guard for tax returns, Andy becomes a valuable financial resource to those who run the prison and becomes the prison librarian at

Shawshank.

He got hold of the things the prisoners seemed serious about. He wrote to the major book clubs in New York and got two of them, The Literary Guild and The Book-of-the-Month Club, to send editions of all their major

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selections to us at a special cheap rate … He began to write to the State Senate in Augusta in 1954. (King 33-34)

Andy's requests for library funds were routinely turned down until 1960, when he received a check for two hundred dollars-the Senate probably appropriated it in hopes that he would shut up and go away. Vain hope. Andy felt that he had finally gotten one foot in the door and he simply redoubled his efforts; two letters a week instead of one. In 1962 he got four hundred dollars, and for the rest of the decade the library received seven hundred dollars a year like clockwork. By 1971 that had risen to an even thousand. (34)

From the quotation above, it shows that Andy Dufresne performs his Regression, Regression is a part of defense mechanism it is involves taking the position of a child in some problematic situation, rather than acting in a more adult way. The problematic situation is after Andy takes charge of the library, Andy feels there are things the prisoners have serious problem about. He used Regression to avoid his broke-library, he is taking the position of a child and he writes two letters a week to State Senate in Augusta, Maine for money for books. Like when Andy did before, he always writes so much send applications to the Maine State Senate. It makes him feel better than do nothing in Shawshank. It makes him a little bit satisfaction.

In November of 1962, a new inmate named Tommy Williams arrives at Shawshank and one day, Tommy tells Andy that he served time in another prison with Elwood Blatch, a man whose former cellmate who privately admitted to murdering a rich golfer and some hot lawyer's wife (Andy latches onto the idea that the word "lawyer" could easily have been mixed up with "banker", the professions being similarly viewed by the general public) and framing the lawyer for the crime. Upon hearing Tommy's story, Andy realizes that if this evidence

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could be brought before a court, he could be given a new trial and a chance at freedom.

Blatch told Tommy the man who got sent up was a hotshot lawyer, and Andy was a banker, but those are two professions that people who aren't very educated could easily get mixed up. (King 46)

He began by refreshing Norton on the details of the crime he had been imprisoned for. Then he told the warden exactly what Tommy Williams had told him. He also gave out Tommy's name, which you may think wasn't so wise in light of later developments, but I'd just ask you what else he could have done, if his story was to have any credibility at all. (47) When Andy asks Norton to request a retrial, his request has been denied, the warden Norton dismisses Andy’s claims and puts him in solitary (a hole) confinement for twenty days on the diet of bread and water.

"What's the matter with you?" Andy said, and Chester told me he was very nearly screaming by then. "It's my life, my chance to get out, don't you see that? And you won't make a single long-distance call to at least verify Tommy's story? Listen, I'll pay for the call! I'll pay for-"

Then there was a sound of thrashing as the guards grabbed him and started to drag him out.

"Solitary," Warden Norton said dryly. He was probably fingering his thirty-year pin as he said it. "Bread and water." (King 49)

However, as soon as possible warden Norton makes sure Tommy is moved to another lower security, prison, Chasman State Prison, presumably as

compensation for promising that Andy never talks about his new trial anymore of fear that Andy would expose the warden Norton’s money laundering operation if paroled. Andy is too useful to the warden Norton to be allowed to go free and furthermore Andy knows details about Norton's corrupt dealings.

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Andy Dufresne: I think we can put it together, With Tommy Williams and with my testimony and corroborative testimony from records and employees at the country club, I think we can put it together.

Warden Norton: Tommy Williams is no longer an inmate of this facility. Andy Dufresne: What?

Warden Norton: He's been transferred. Andy Dufresne: Transferred where? Warden Norton: Cashman. (King 52-53)

From the quotation above, Andy Dufresne performs his Regression still, after warden Norton visit Andy in solitary (a hole) confinement, Andy feels still want to testify that his innocence about murdering his wife and her lover. He used Regression to avoid his innocenceparticularly frustration being imprisoned in Shawshank, so doing avoid the present frustration, Andy went to the warden Norton and told him about the new evidence from Tommy’s testified. But the warden Norton still underrated his testified. So Andy taking the position of a child in some problematic situation, rather than acting in a more adult way, he resigns himself from his dirty work to help the warden Norton’s corrupt.

Time continued to pass-the oldest trick in the world, and maybe the only one that really is magic. But Andy Dufresne has changed. He had grown harder. That's the only way I can think of to put it. He went on doing Warden Norton's dirty work and he held onto the library, so outwardly things were about the same. (King 55)

After losing his job with the warden over the issue and spending a couple of months in solitary as a result, Andy resigns himself that the purpose for his retrial legal vindication has become non-existent, Warden Norton is reminding Andy that he really does not matter to him whether Andy's innocent or not. So the

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warden Norton is going to keep Andy’s mouth shut by denied Andy’s request for new trial and then, Andy is still employed by the warden Norton to take care of his dirty money.

3.2.4 Repression

Repression involves placing uncomfortable thoughts in relatively

unreachable areas of the unconscious mind. When things occur that the one cannot cope with now, then he or she pushes it away.

When Andy questioned about his work with the warden Norton, Andy never wants to discuss about it.

He never wanted to talk about that part of his life, and I don't blame him. I got parts of it from maybe half a dozen different sources. I've said once that prisoners are nothing but slaves, but they have that slave habit of looking dumb and keeping their ears open. (King 41)

The researcher also found that Andy Dufresne performs his Repression, Repression is selective forgetting of material associated with conflict and stress. Andy tries to blocking his memory about his dirty work with warden Norton, if he remembers it will cause some negative statement in himself, but when Red want to discuss his work with warden Norton, Andy remembers everything about his job to helps warden Norton to deals with laundering money and selective forgetting by prefer not to talk about it with him because he does not want to remember it anymore.

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3.2.5 Reaction Formation

Reaction formation occurs when a person feels an urge to do or say something and then actually he or she does or says something that is effectively the opposite of what they really want.

Not only financial responsibilities start with filing the guard’s tax returns, but they also soon expand to laundering money for the warden Norton, also realizes that Andy's skills is useful. Warden Norton has started a program called "Inside-Out" where convicts do work outside the prison for minimum wages. Normal companies outside cannot compete with the cost of Inside-Out workers and sometimes they offer warden Norton not to bid for contracts. This cash has to be laundered somehow, Andy has no moral objection to hiding the money that Norton receives from construction companies and Andy makes himself useful here as well.

They just set him to work washing dirty money instead of dirty sheets He funneled it into stocks, bonds, tax-free municipals, you name it. (King 36) Andy Dufresne was his right hand in all of this, his silent partner. The prison library was Andy's hostage to fortune. Norton knew it, and Norton used it. (41)

From the quotation above, it shows that Andy Dufresne performs his Reaction Formation, Freud comes up with the idea that if there a possibility that threatening repressed material might return to consciousness, a person might attempt to reinforce the repression by using behaviors opposed to the kinds of behaviors that would result from the repressed material, called Reaction

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the kinds of behaviors that helps the warden Norton to processes his money or work washing dirty money.

3.2.6 Projection

An Andy dream of escaping, after a few years, Andy Dufresne is escape. Nearly twenty-seven years Andy spending his life being imprison in Shawshank. His estimation of succeed escape became his reflected to the other inmates.

All I know for sure is that Andy Dufresne wasn't much like me or anyone else I ever knew since I came inside. … It was a kind of inner light he carried around with him. (King 32)

"It was hoping for the best and expecting the worst-nothing but that. The false name was. just to keep what little capital I had untainted. It was lugging the paintings out of the path of the hurricane. But I had no idea that the hurricane . . . that it could go on as long as it has." (60)

And he strolled off, as if he were a free man who had just made another free man a proposition. And for a while just that was enough to make melees free. Andy could do that. He could make me forget for a time that we were both lifers, … (62)

From the quotation above, the researcher found Andy Dufresne performs his Projection, Projection is such attitude when a person has uncomfortable

thoughts or feelings for being imprisoned, Andy project these to the other inmates, transfer the thoughts or feeling that Andy needs to repress to a convenient

alternative target. Andy is share determination to maintain his own sense of self-worth and escape keeps him from dying of frustration about being imprisoned.

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Eventually, achievement of Andy is escape, his seemingly impossible goal for nearly twenty-seven years. Shawshank redefines the passage of time for the inmates, especially for the “lifers” like Andy and Red, who can only look forward to death. Projection involves the attribution of personality characteristic or

motivations to the other persons as a function of one’s own personality

characteristic and motivations, Andy sets about making hope a reality in the form of his estimation of succeed escape. This hope reinvigorates Andy and spreads too many of the other inmates in the Shawshank.

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CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION

Rita Hayworth and The Shawshank Redemption tells about the main character, Andy Dufresne’s journey in Shawshank State Prison. The journey began when Andy came to Shawshank for murdering his wife and her lover, Andy was innocence of murdering but Andy has condemned spending the rest of his life in prison. The researcher did this research to answer his uncertainty about the forms of defense mechanism that Andy Dufresne used in his journey from the novel. The researcher uses theory from Sigmund Freud.

By analyzing the characterization the researcher can tell if Andy Dufresne is not only major character but also static character, this is because his attitude is stable and he is characterized as self-possessed, anti-social and clever. The findings from the previous chapter, it could be seen that there are six out of nine forms of defense mechanism that are performed by Andy Dufresne. The most often used is using Intellectualization with occurrence 3 times of 19 utterances, then Rationalization twice, follow with using Regression twice. Next use is Reaction Formation, projection and Repression, those occurrences are once. In contrast, use Displacement, Denial, and Sublimation are not found in these speeches.

In addition, the explanation above shows the flow of the defense mechanism. The strongest defense mechanism that Andy used is

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Then, Andy Dufresne performed rationalization by use logical explanation or rational reason as opposed to the real reason, because the real reason makes his anxiety. Moreover, Andy Dufresne used by taking the position of a child in some problematic situation, rather than acting in a more adult way. Also Andy Dufresne used repression to repress his anxiety and forgetting his uncomfortable thoughts. The last are reaction formation and projection to acts in a way that Andy shows personally a long way from feared position and to project his uncomfortable thoughts onto someone else, transfer the thoughts or feeling that Andy need to repress to a convenient alternative target.

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