marjinalisasi terhadap pengamen dan anak jalanan dalam artikel The Jakarta Post, suatu kajian analisis wacana kritis model Theo Van Leeuwen.
DAFTAR ISI
ABSTRAK.........................................................................................................
i
ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................
ii
KATA PENGANTAR........................................................................................
iii
DAFTAR ISI.....................................................................................................
v
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang Penelitian..................................................................
1
1.2 Identifikasi Masalah...........................................................................
3
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian...............................................................................
4
1.4 Kegunaan Penelitian..........................................................................
4
1.5 Kerangka Pemikiran..........................................................................
5
1.6 Metodologi Penelitian.......................................................................
6
1.7 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian.............................................................
6
BAB II KAJIAN TEORI
2.1 Penelitian Terdahulu …....................................................................
7
2.2 Analisis Wacana …….......................................................................
8
2.3 Analisis Wacana Kritis…………......................................................
9
2.3.1 Analisis Wacana Kritis Theo van Leeuwen...............................
10
2.3.2 Representation of Social Actor ...................................................
12
v
2.3.2.1 Eksklusi...........................................................................
13
2.3.2.2 Role Alocation (rearrangement) .....................................
14
2.3.2.3 Generalisasi-spesifikasi
(Genericization-Specification).........................................
15
2.3.2.4 Asimilasi-Individualisasi (AssimilationIndividualisation)............................................................
15
2.3.2.5 Asosiasi-Disosiasi (AssociationDissociation).......................................................
16
2.3.2.6 Indeterminasi-Diferensiasi (IndeterminationDiferentiation)..............................................................
17
2.3.2.7 Nominasi-Kategorisasi (NominationCategorization)............................................................
18
2.3.2.8 Fungsionalisasi-Identifikasi
(Functionalization-Identification)……………………
19
2.3.2.9 Personalisasi-Impersonalisasi (PersonalizationImpersonalization......................................................
20
2.3.2.10 Overdeterminasi (Overdetermination).......................
21
2.4 Tingkat Analisis Mikro ………………………….........................
20
2.4.1 Clause as Representation ………………………………………..
20
2.4.1.1 Material Process………………………………………
23
vi
2.4.1.2 Mental Process ………………………………………
24
2.4.1.3 Verbal Process ………………………………………….
26
2.4.1.4 Relational Process ………………………………………
28
2.4.2 Other Participants ……………………………………………..
30
2.4.3 Circumstancial Elements ………………………………………..…
33
2.4.4 Reference ……………………………………………………...
35
2.4.4.1 Personal Reference ……………………………………..
35
2.4.4.2 Demonstrative Reference …………………………………..
36
2.4.4.3 Comparative Reference …………………………………
37
2.5 Tingkat Analisis Makro ……………………………………………
39
2.5.1 Kuasa dalam Wacana …………………………………………
39
2.5.2 Marjinalisasi ………………………………………………….
40
2.5.2.1 Penghalusan makna (eufemisme) …………………….
41
2.5.2.2 Pengasaran makna (disfemisme) ……………………...
41
2.5.2.3 Labelisasi ………………………………………….…
42
2.5.2.3 Stereotip ………………………………………….…..
42
BAB III OBJEK DAN METODE PENELITIAN
3.1 Objek Penelitian.................................................................................
43
3.2 Metode Penelitian.............................................................................
43
3.2.1 Teknik Pengumpulan Data........................................................
44
vii
3.2.2 Teknik Analisis Data................................................................
44
BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Marjinalisasi Aktor Sosial …………………………………………..
46
4.1.1 Pasivasi …………………………………………………………
46
4.1.2 Asosiasi-disosiasi (association-dissociation) ………………….
50
4.1.3 Indeterminasi-diferensiasi (indeterminationdifferentiation) …………………………………………….….
52
4.1.4 Nominasi-kategorisasi (nomination-categorization) ………….
59
4.1.5 Fungsionalisasi- Identifikasi (Functionalizationidentification) …………………………………………………
68
4.2 Penokohan Terhadap Pengemis dan Anak Jalanan ……………..…
74
4.2.1 Penokohan Pengemis dan Anak Jalanan Sebagai Pelaku
Pengganggu Keamanan Kota ………………………………..
74
4.2.2 Penokohan Pengemis dan Anak Jalanan Sebagai Oranf-Orang
yang tidak Memiliki Keterampilan dalam Bekerja …………
76
4.2.3 Penokohan Pengemis dan Anak Jalanan Sebagai Pelaku
Kriminal ……………………………………………………..
viii
78
4.2.4 Penokohan Para Pengemis dan Gelandangan Sebagai Pelaku
Tindakan yang Diharamkan ....................................................
79
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1 Simpulan............................................................................................
82
5.2 Saran..................................................................................................
84
SYNOPSIS ……………………………………………………………………
85
DAFTAR PUSTAKA………………………………………………………….
86
LAMPIRAN…………………………………………………………………...
88
ix
ABSTRAK.........................................................................................................
i
ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................
ii
KATA PENGANTAR........................................................................................
iii
DAFTAR ISI.....................................................................................................
v
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang Penelitian..................................................................
1
1.2 Identifikasi Masalah...........................................................................
3
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian...............................................................................
4
1.4 Kegunaan Penelitian..........................................................................
4
1.5 Kerangka Pemikiran..........................................................................
5
1.6 Metodologi Penelitian.......................................................................
6
1.7 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian.............................................................
6
BAB II KAJIAN TEORI
2.1 Penelitian Terdahulu …....................................................................
7
2.2 Analisis Wacana …….......................................................................
8
2.3 Analisis Wacana Kritis…………......................................................
9
2.3.1 Analisis Wacana Kritis Theo van Leeuwen...............................
10
2.3.2 Representation of Social Actor ...................................................
12
v
2.3.2.1 Eksklusi...........................................................................
13
2.3.2.2 Role Alocation (rearrangement) .....................................
14
2.3.2.3 Generalisasi-spesifikasi
(Genericization-Specification).........................................
15
2.3.2.4 Asimilasi-Individualisasi (AssimilationIndividualisation)............................................................
15
2.3.2.5 Asosiasi-Disosiasi (AssociationDissociation).......................................................
16
2.3.2.6 Indeterminasi-Diferensiasi (IndeterminationDiferentiation)..............................................................
17
2.3.2.7 Nominasi-Kategorisasi (NominationCategorization)............................................................
18
2.3.2.8 Fungsionalisasi-Identifikasi
(Functionalization-Identification)……………………
19
2.3.2.9 Personalisasi-Impersonalisasi (PersonalizationImpersonalization......................................................
20
2.3.2.10 Overdeterminasi (Overdetermination).......................
21
2.4 Tingkat Analisis Mikro ………………………….........................
20
2.4.1 Clause as Representation ………………………………………..
20
2.4.1.1 Material Process………………………………………
23
vi
2.4.1.2 Mental Process ………………………………………
24
2.4.1.3 Verbal Process ………………………………………….
26
2.4.1.4 Relational Process ………………………………………
28
2.4.2 Other Participants ……………………………………………..
30
2.4.3 Circumstancial Elements ………………………………………..…
33
2.4.4 Reference ……………………………………………………...
35
2.4.4.1 Personal Reference ……………………………………..
35
2.4.4.2 Demonstrative Reference …………………………………..
36
2.4.4.3 Comparative Reference …………………………………
37
2.5 Tingkat Analisis Makro ……………………………………………
39
2.5.1 Kuasa dalam Wacana …………………………………………
39
2.5.2 Marjinalisasi ………………………………………………….
40
2.5.2.1 Penghalusan makna (eufemisme) …………………….
41
2.5.2.2 Pengasaran makna (disfemisme) ……………………...
41
2.5.2.3 Labelisasi ………………………………………….…
42
2.5.2.3 Stereotip ………………………………………….…..
42
BAB III OBJEK DAN METODE PENELITIAN
3.1 Objek Penelitian.................................................................................
43
3.2 Metode Penelitian.............................................................................
43
3.2.1 Teknik Pengumpulan Data........................................................
44
vii
3.2.2 Teknik Analisis Data................................................................
44
BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Marjinalisasi Aktor Sosial …………………………………………..
46
4.1.1 Pasivasi …………………………………………………………
46
4.1.2 Asosiasi-disosiasi (association-dissociation) ………………….
50
4.1.3 Indeterminasi-diferensiasi (indeterminationdifferentiation) …………………………………………….….
52
4.1.4 Nominasi-kategorisasi (nomination-categorization) ………….
59
4.1.5 Fungsionalisasi- Identifikasi (Functionalizationidentification) …………………………………………………
68
4.2 Penokohan Terhadap Pengemis dan Anak Jalanan ……………..…
74
4.2.1 Penokohan Pengemis dan Anak Jalanan Sebagai Pelaku
Pengganggu Keamanan Kota ………………………………..
74
4.2.2 Penokohan Pengemis dan Anak Jalanan Sebagai Oranf-Orang
yang tidak Memiliki Keterampilan dalam Bekerja …………
76
4.2.3 Penokohan Pengemis dan Anak Jalanan Sebagai Pelaku
Kriminal ……………………………………………………..
viii
78
4.2.4 Penokohan Para Pengemis dan Gelandangan Sebagai Pelaku
Tindakan yang Diharamkan ....................................................
79
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1 Simpulan............................................................................................
82
5.2 Saran..................................................................................................
84
SYNOPSIS ……………………………………………………………………
85
DAFTAR PUSTAKA………………………………………………………….
86
LAMPIRAN…………………………………………………………………...
88
ix