UNIT OPERASI BIOPROSES (UOB)

  UNIT OPERASI BIOPROSES (UOB) TPE4211 YUSRON SUGIARTO KULIAH 2

  MATERI KULIAH No Pokok Bahasan Sub Pokok Bahasan Waktu (Jam)

  1. Pengantar

  2. Satuan dimensi 2 x 50

  



3. Pengantar dasar-dasar teknik Sistem satuan, dimensi dan 2 x 50 konversi

   Pernyataan suhu dan komposisi

  



Hukum gas ideal dan tekanan uap  Konservasi massa dan neraca massa

  



Konservasi energi dan neraca energi

  4. Neraca massa 2 x 50

  5. Neraca energi 2 x 50

  



6. Dasar-dasar perpindahan momentum Viskositas dan macam- 2 x 50 macam fluida, fluida statis, aliran fluida, tipe aliran dan faktor gesekan

  Unit Conversions

MEASUREMENT

  Today's Objectives

  1) Importance of unit conversions 2) Parts of a measurement 3) Units in equations 4) Documenting unit conversions

  Are Units important?

  

Are Units important?

  "The 'root cause' of the loss of the spacecraft was the failed

  translation of English units into metric units in a segment of

  ground-based, navigation-related mission software, as NASA has previously announced," said Arthur Stephenson, chairman of the Mars Climate Orbiter Mission Failure Investigation Board. "The failure review board has identified other significant factors that allowed this error to be born, and then let it linger and propagate to the point where it resulted in a major error in our understanding of the spacecraft's path as it

  Dimensions

Dimensions are concepts of measurement in

engineering works. The basic dimensions we are familiar with are length, mass, temperature and time .

  

Other dimensions are called derived dimensions,

because they are derived from the basic

  Dimensions Dimension Symbol Length

  [L] Mass [M] time

  [T] force [F] electric current [A] absolute temperature [q] luminous intensity [/]

  Relation between basic and derived dimensions Time Length

  Mass Area Volume

  Volume Flow Rate Density

  Mass Flow Rate Velocity

  

Units

Units are the means of expressing the

dimensions such as metre(m) for length, kilogram(kg)

for mass, degree Celcius(˚C) for temperature and

second(s) for time.

  

Derived units are those that can be developed

in terms of fundamental units such as Newton(N)

for force, Pascal(Pa) for pressure, Joules(J) for

  Base Units Base Unit Fundamental Dimension

  time second (s) electric current ampere (A) absolute temperature kelvin (K) luminous intensity candela (cd) amount of substance mole (mol)

  Fundamental Dimension Base Unit

  length [ L ] mass [ M ] time [ T ] electric current [ A ] absolute temperature [q] luminous intensity [ l ] meter (m) kilogram (kg) second (s) ampere (A) kelvin (K) candela (cd)

  

The International System of Units (SI)

  Common Dimensions and Units (AE)

  Dimensions Units Symbols for units Length

foot

ft lb

  Mass

pound mass

_m

  Time second, minute, hour, day s, min, hr, day

degree Rankine or degree

  Temperature R or F

  

Fharenheit

lb Force

pound force

_f

  Molar amount pound mole lb mol Energy British thermal unit Btu Power horsepower hp ₃ lb /ft

  Density pound mass per cubic foot _m Velocity feet per second ft/s ₂ ft/s

  Acceleration feet per second squared

  Common Dimensions and Units (SI)

  Dimensions Units Symbols for units Length metre m

  Mass kilogram kg

  Time second s

  Temperature Kelvin K

  Force Newton

  N Molar amount mole mol

  Energy Joule

  J Power

  

Watt

W ₃ Kg/m

  Density kilogram per cubic metre Velocity metre per second m/s ₂ m/s

  Acceleration metre per second squared

  MEASUREMENTS There are different types of measurements that can be made in

   the laboratory like mass, time, volume, and length.

  These measurements can be made using either the metric system  or the English system. The metric system is based on increments of 10.

  1 base = 100 centibases “c” = centi 1 base = 1000 millibases “m” = milli 1 kbase = 1000 bases ₆ 1 base = 10 microbases “m” = micro k = kilo ₉ 1 base = 10 nanobases “n” = nano

  types of measurements that can be made in the lab for length, mass, volume, temperature, area, time, heat and pressure.

  MEASUREMENTS

  Unit Metric English _{Length Meter (m) Inches (in) or Feet} (ft) _{Mass Gram (g) Pounds (lb)} Volume Liters (L) Gallon (gal) _{Temperature Celsius (} °C) and _{Kelvin (K)} ^{Fahrenheit (} °F) _{Area Square meters (m 2 ) Square feet (ft 2 )} Time Seconds (s) Minutes (min) or _{Hours (hr) Heat Calories (cal) or} Joules (J) ^{British Thermal Units (BTU)} _{Pressure Atmospheres (atm), Pounds/sq in (lb/in 2 )}

• There are different

  

International System of Units (SI)

  Fundamental Derived Dimensions:

  Dimensions:

  Length = m Energy = J (joule) = N*m

  2 Force = N (newton) = kg*m/s

  Mass = kg Power = W (watt) = J/s

  Time = s

  Derived Dimension

1. Force (F)

  In English system, “1 lb is a force required to accelerate

  f

  2

  a mass of 32.174 lb at a rate of 1 ft/s ”

  m

  2

  or 1 lbf = 32.174 lbm ft/s

  In SI, “1 N is a force required to accelerate a mass of 1

  2 ”

  kg at a rate of 1 m/s

  From the definition F = ma When F = force, m = mass, and a = acceleration

  2 Then, F = m(kg) x a(m/s )

  2  F(kg m/s )

  While the definition of 1N is the movement of 1 kg-mass with

  2

  the acceleration of 1 m/s

  1 N = 1 kg m/s

2 Hence,

  Derived Dimension

2. Pressure (P)

  Pressure is a force exerted by fluid per unit area Or P = F/A

  2 SI; Unit of pressure is Pascal (1 Pa =N/m )

  2

  From the definition P = F/A When P = pressure, F = force, and A= cross-sectional area Therefore,

  2

  2

  2 P = F(N)/A(m )= F(kg m/s )/(A (m )

2 P (kg/m s )

  Or P (Pascal) since

  2

1 Pa = 1 kg/m s

A. SI Prefix Conversions

  

1. Find the difference between the exponents of

the two prefixes.

  2. Move the decimal that many places.

  To the left or right?

A. SI Prefix Conversions

  Prefix Symbol Factor micro- 

  10

  mega- M

  10

  6 deci- d

  BASE UNIT ---

  3 move lef t mo ve right

  10

  kilo- k

• 1
• 2

• 3

  10

  10

  10

  centi- c

  10

  milli- m

• 6

A. SI Prefix Conversions

  0.2 1) 20 cm = ______________ m

  32

2) 0.032 L = ______________ mL

  45,000

3) 45 ______________ nm

  m =

A. SI Prefix Conversions

  =

  NUMBER UNIT NUMBER UNIT

  532 m = _______ km 0.532

B. Dimensional Analysis

• The “Factor-Label” Method
• – Units, or “labels” are canceled, or “factored” out

   

  3

  3 g cm

  g

  Converting units

• Factor label method
• Regardless of conversion, keeping track of units makes things come out right
• Must use conversion factors
• - The relationship between two units
• Canceling out units is a way of checking that your calculation is set up right!

B. Dimensional Analysis

• Steps: 1. Identify starting & ending units.

  2. Line up conversion factors so units cancel.

  3. Multiply all top numbers & divide by each bottom number.

  4. Check units & answer.

  Factor

  

Common conversion factors

• English

  4 qt/gal or 1gal/4 qt

• – 1 gallon = 4 quarts

  5280 ft/mile or 1 mile/5280 ft

• – 1 mile = 5280 feet

  2000 lb/ton or 1 ton/2000 lb

• – 1 ton = 2000 pounds
• Common English to Metric •

  1 liter = 1.057 quarts 1.057 qt/L or 1 L/1.057 qt or 0.946 L/qt

• 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds 2.2 lb/kg or 1 kg/2.2 lb
• or 0.454 kg/lb
• 1 meter = 1.094 yards 1.094 yd/m or 1m/1.094 yd

  MEASUREMENTS TEMPERATURE

• • A physical property of matter that determines the

  direction of heat flow.

  .

• Temperature is measured with a thermometer Measured on three scales.

  o o o Fahrenheit F F = (1.8

  C) + 32 o o o

  Celsius C C = ( F - 32)/1.8

  Temperature Exercise o

  F)

• You take water from the faucet (80 and bring it to a boil on the stove.

  o C?

• What is the temperature change in

  o C?

• What is the initial temperature in

  Solution

  change , the best solution process is to use degree equivalents

• For the temperature

  C deg 3 .

  73 F deg ) ( 80 212 C deg F deg

  8 .

  1    x x

1 C deg

  Solution value we use

• For the temperature

  temperature conversion: o o

  C = (5/9)*(80 - 32) = 26.7 C

B. Dimensional Analysis

• Lining up conversion factors:

  1 in = 2.54 cm 2.54 cm 2.54 cm 1 in = 2.54 cm = 1

  1 =

  ? = 3.00 m 100 cm 1 in 1 m 2.54 cm

ANSWER = 118 in

  Line Mole Method

• Process to convert from one unit to another
• Example: Convert 3.00 m to inch:

  ? = 3.00 m 60 s 60 min s min hr

  Line Mole Method

• Process to convert from one unit to another
• Example: Convert 3.00 m/s to m/hr:

  ANSWER = 10,800 m/hr

  Example Metric conversion How many milligrams are in a kilogram?

  1 kg  1000 g 1 g  1000 mg 1000 g 1000 mg 1 kg   

  1 , 000 , 000 mg

B. Dimensional Analysis

• • How many milliliters are in 1.00 quart of milk?

  qt mL

  1.00 qt

  1 L 1000 mL = 946 mL 1.057 qt

  1 L

B. Dimensional Analysis

• You have 1.5 pounds of gold. Find its volume in

  3 3 cm if the density of gold is 19.3 g/cm .

  3 lb cm

  3 1 cm 1.5 lb 1 kg

  1000 g

  3 = 35 cm 2.2 lb 1 kg

  19.3 g

B. Dimensional Analysis

• How many liters of water would fill a container

  that measures 75.0 in

  3 ?

3 L

  75.0 in

  3 (2.54

  3 cm

  3 ) (1 in)

  3 = 1.23 L in

  1 L 1000 cm

  3

B. Dimensional Analysis

  5) Your European hairdresser wants to cut your hair 8.0 cm shorter. How many inches will he be cutting off?

  8.0 cm 1 in = 3.1 in cm in

B. Dimensional Analysis 6) Taft football needs 550 cm for a 1st down.

  1ft=12 in, 1yd=3ft How many yards is this? cm yd

  550 cm 1 in 1 ft 1 yd = 6.0 yd 2.54 cm 12 in 3 ft

B. Dimensional Analysis

7) A piece of wire is 1.3 m long. How many 1.5 cm

  1piece=1.5cm pieces can be cut from this wire? m pieces

  1 piece 1.3 m 100 cm = 86 pieces

  Converting Area and Volume Caution:

   to Liters 12 ft

  3

   m

  3

  (1)

  3

   cm

  3

  (2.54)

  3

   in

  3

  (12)

  3

  3

   Make sure the units cancel Area: 150 ft

  2 Volume: 12 ft

   ft

  2

  3 ft 3 ft (3)

  OR

  (10)2 yd2

  2

  1 yd 1 yd 150 ft

  2

  150 ft

  2

  to yd

  2

  1000 L

  Chemical Herbicide Spill Line Mole Method - Example Problem:

• -4

  The permeability of sand is 1.0x10

  cm/s. If a chemical herbicide is dumped on a sandy soil, how long (in hours) will it take for the contaminant to reach the well 150 feet away.

• -4

  Permeability of Sand = 1.0x10

   cm/s

  Chemical Herbicide Spill Factor Label Method - Example

  Theory: Permeability = Distance/Time

  Assumptions: Sand has constant permeability in area Herbicide moves per permeability of sand

  Solution:

• -4

  10 cm s

  Chemical Herbicide Spill Line Mole Method - Example

  Theory: Permeability = Distance/Time

  Assumptions: Sand has constant permeability in area Herbicide moves per permeability of sand

  Solution:

• -4

  1.0x10

   cm 1 in 1 ft 60 s 60 min

  Chemical Herbicide Spill Line Mole Method - Example

  Solution: Permeability = 0.011811 ft/hr Time = Distance / Permeability t = 150 ft OR t = 150 ft hr

  0.011811 ft/hr 0.011811 ft t = 12700 hours = 13000 hours

  How many years is that?

  As an individual, solve... Water Tower Problem

  Problem Statement:

• Your home town is growing so rapidly that another

  water tower is necessary to meet the needs of the community. Civil and environmental engineers predict that the water tower will need to hold 1.00 x 10.0

  6 kilograms of water. The engineers also estimate the density of the water to be 999 kilograms per cubic meter.

• If this tower is 50.0 meters high and spherical, what

  volume (gal) of water will the tower hold and

  Diagram: ฀ mass of water = 1.00 x 10 ⁶ kg ฀ density of water = 999 kg/m ³ ฀ tower height = 50.0 m

  ฀ ? volume of water (L) ฀ ? diameter (ft) Theory:

4 Volume of a sphere

  r ³

  3 diameter

  2 r 2 ³

  3 V _{www.algonquin.org/pw.htm}

  4

  THANK YOU...