Sosial ekonomi ekowisata taman hutan
SOSIAL EKONOMI EKOWISATA
Prof. Dr. H. Sambas Basuni, MS
Dr. Ir. Ricky Avenzora, M.Sc.F
Dr. Ir. Tutut Sunarminto, M.Si
Scope of Ecotourism Socio-Economy
Social
Ecotouri
sm
SocioEconomy
Econom
y
Ecotouri
sm
Tourist
Leisure
Manager
Social
Host
Scope of
Social
Agent/
Company
Scope of
Economy
In the
Origin
Industry
Economy
In the
Destination
In the
Ecotones
Scope of Ecotourism
Ecolog
y
SocioCulture
Education
Ecotouris
m
Econom
y
Experiences
Pleasure
Leisure – A Way of Living
Leisure is living in relative
freedom from the external
compulsive forces on the
one’s culture and physical
environment so as to be able
to act from internally
compelling love in ways
which are personally
pleasing, intuitively
worthwhile,
and provide
a basis
of faith.
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 77)
Leisure – A Social Problem
The Frenchman de toqueville [40], writing about
American culture a century ago, but whose
words ring true still, described the lack of leisure
philosophy:
’Leisure, for us, is like a jam in Alice in Wonderland
to put on your bread. You shall have jam on
your bread tomorrow, but tomorrow never
comes. It is always today.’
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 79)
Similarities between play,
recreation and leisure
1 Freedom
6 Absence of necessity
2 Self expression
7 Playfulness
3 Satisfaction
8 Any activity
4 Quality
9 Experiencing
5 Self initiatied
10 Timelessness
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 92)
‘Pleasure’ at the heart of play, recreation
and pleasure and leisure experience
Play
PLEISURE
Recreation
Leisure
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 93)
Leisure Professionals
The right
condition
There need to be sufficient level of some of the
following ingredients: freedom; choice; absence
of necessity; self-initiation and spontaneity.
To be satisfying, there need to be levels of some of the
following experiences: self-expression; challenge; novelty;
stimulation; playfulness; quality experiences (ideally, peak
experiences) and re-active moments.
Satisfaction
To be effective. There sould be some positive
Positive outcomes, for example: physical, emotional,
outcomes social and psychological well-being; level of
achievement; and heightening of self-esteem.
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 94)
Social Needs
Normative needs
and leisure
Changing needs
and leisure
Felt needs and
leisure
False needs and
leisure
Created needs and
leisure
Expessed needs
and leisure
Comparative needs
and leisure
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 108-110)
Changing social behaviour
Changing
Social
Behaviour
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 135)
One of the biggest changes in
social behavior over the past two
decades has been the tendency for
women to delay having their
children. This tendency is linked to
participation both in higher
education and in the labour force. In
addition, many women start a
second family following breakdown
of the former marriage or
partnership.
Influence on leisure participation
Personal
Social and circumstantial
Opportunity factors
Age
Stage in life-cycle
Gender
Marital status
Dependants and ages
Will and purpose of life
Personal obligation
Resourcefulness
Leisure perception
Attitudes and motivation
Interests and preoccupation
Occupation
Income
Disposable income
Material wealth and goods
Car ownership and mobility
Time available
Duties and obligation
Home and social environment
Friends and peer groups
Social roles and contacts
Environment factors
Skills and ability – physical,
social
and intellectual
Personality and confidence
Culture born into
Upbringing and background
Mass leisure factors
Resources available
Facilities – type and quality
Awareness
Perception of opportunities
Recreation services
Distribution of facilities
Access and location
Choice of activity
Transport
Costs: before, during and after
Management: policy and
support
Marketing
Education and attainment
Population factors
Cultural factors
Programming
Organisazion and leadership
Social accessibility
Political policies
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 114)
Disposable household income1: by
household type in the United Kingdom
£ per week per household
1993-4
1994-5
1995-6
1996-7
Retired households2
One adult
Two or more adults
109
229
117
233
121
245
124
259
Non-retired households
One adult
Two adults
Three or more adults
One adult with one children
Two adults with one child
Two adults with two children
Two adults with three or more children
Three or more adults with children
191
357
474
146
351
387
366
454
199
367
513
150
376
418
364
486
198
383
540
154
379
399
383
532
207
415
560
160
410
434
394
534
All households
287
298
307
325
Notes:
1. Including wages and salaries, self-employed income, occupational pensions and annuities, income from ‘fringe
benefits’etc.
2 Household where head of household is retired. All male heads of household are aged 65 or over, all female heads of
household are aged 60 or over.
Source : Family Expenditure Survey, Office for National Statisics
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 138)
Socio-economic groups
(all persons 16 and over)
Professional
Employees and managers
Intermediate and junior non-manual
Skilled manual and own account non-professional
Semi-skilled manual and personal service
Unskilled manual
1981
percentage
2
9
32
24
24
8
1986
percentage
4
15
34
21
19
6
Souce : The Labour Force Srvey (1996) General Household Survey, Office of National Statistics
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 138)
Participation in home-based
leisure activities
Watching TV
Visiting/entertaining friends or relations
Listening to radio
Listening to records/tapes
Reading books
Gardening
DIY
Dressmaking/needlework/knitting
Percentages
1980 1990 1996
109
117
121
229
233
245
191
357
474
146
199
367
513
150
198
383
540
154
Source : General Household Survey 1996, Office for National Statistics
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 142)
Outdoor Play Areas
Time
Walking distance
Straight line distance
Minimum size activity
zone
Total (inc. buffer)
Nearest house property
boundary
Characteristics
LAP
(Local Area for
Play)
1 minute
100m
60m
100m2
LEAP
(Local Equipped
Area for Play)
5 minutes
400m
240m
400m2
NEAP
(Neighbourhood
Equipped Area for Play)
15 minutes
600m
600m
1000m2
400m2
(0.04 ha)
5m from activity
zone
Small, low-key
games area
(may include
‘demonstrative’
play features)
3200m2
(0.32 ha)
20m from activity
zone
About 5 types of
equipment. Small
games area
8500m2
(0.85 ha)
30m from activity zone
Source : National Playing Fields Association (1993), The NPFA Six Acre
Standard, National Playing Fields Association, London
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 174)
About 8 types
equipment. Kickabout
and cycle play
opportunities
Key performance indicators
Desired Situation
Economic indicators
Visitors stay longer than 2 nights
Market opportunity indicators
Growth in proportion of visitors form
the cultural/environmental sector
Environmental indicator
Majority of visits to natural areas
occurs in visistor service zones
Key Performance indicators
Acceptable range (benchmark)
Annual average number of nights
2-7 nights
% of visitors matching the
60-80% of all visitors match the
cultural/environmental profile
profile
% growth of the number of visitors by
that segment
Proportion of visitors to natural areas
who visit managed sites/areas
Experiential indicator
Visitors have a memorable experience Proportion of visitors that identify a
‘tourist experience’
Infrastucture/development indicators
Visiors are satisfied with
Proportion of visitors satisfied with
accommodation
type and quality of accommodation
Sosio-culture indicators
Growth of local employment is
consistent
% increase in number of people who
derive all or some of their income
from tourism
Source: adapted from TOMM Annual Report 2000.
Sue Beeton (2006)
Community Development through Tourism (Page 70)
85-100% of all visitors go to
specifically managed sites
85-100% of all visitors
85-100% of all visitors
Any increase from previous data
Freedom Under Scrutiny
Tourism, especially in its ‘traveller’ form, has always
been associated with freedom. Travel has changed
profoundly, but today’s backpackers still experience a
rare freedom. For many young people, their travels lie
between the ages of parental guidance and the strictures
of work – perhaps a time for experimention, radicalism
and a little recklessness.
Packeges holidays are also about freedom. They
traditionally carry the image og footloose, carefree
relaxation. The holiday is the opposite of work – a
chance to leave behind the discipline of working life, and
perhaps also the moral strictures of home life.
Jim Butcher (2003)
The Moralization of Tourism- sun, sand...and saving the world? (Page 63)
Influences on leisure participation
Personal
Age
Stage in life cycle
Gender
Marital status
Dependants and ages
Will and purpose in life
Personal obligations
Resourcefulness
Leisure perceptions
Attitudes and motivation
Interests and preoccupations
Skill and ability-physical, social
and intellectual
Personality and confidence
Culture born into
Upbringing and background
Social and circumstantial
Occupation
Income
Disposable income
Material wealth and goods
Car ownership and mobility
Time available
Duties and obligations
Home and social environment
Friends and peer groups
Social roles and contacts
Environment factors
Mass leisure factors
Opportunity factors
Resources available
Facilities-type and quality
Awareness
Perception of opportunities
Recreation services
Distribution of facilities
Acces and location
Choice of activities
Transport
Costs:before, during, after
Management: policy ad support
Marketing
Education and attainment
Population factors
Cultural factors
Programming
Organisation and leadership
Social accessibility
Political policies
Source: Torkildsen (1992)
C. Michael H & Stephen JP (2002)
The Geography of Tourism and Recreation – environment, place, and space (Page : 37)
Crawford and Godbey’s three types of
leisure constraints
1A
Structural
constraints
Preference
Participation
1B
Interpersonal
constraints
preference
Participation
1C
Interpersonal
constraints
Preference
Participation
Sources : Crawford et al. (1991)
C. Michael H & Stephen JP (2002)
The Geography of Tourism and Recreation – environment, place, and space (Page : 38)
Resident reaction to tourists in Coffs Horbour
Irridex scale
Euphoria
Apathy
Annoyance
Antagonism
Survey scale
Friendly
No worry
Nuisance
Rude/unbearable
(% response)
29
58
10
3
Source: After Pigram (1987:68)
C. Michael H & Stephen JP (2002)
The Geography of Tourism and Recreation – environment, place, and space (Page : 148)
Cost and benefits of tourism
development in Broome,Australia
Costs
Marginalisation of the Aboriginal and
coloured people
Too much power onvested interests
Destruction of multicultural flavour of the
town and the original form of Shinju Matsuri
Increase racism
High accommodation costs/shortage
High local price
Less friendly/more local conflicts
Environmental impacts (e.g. dune
destruction)
Loss of historical character of town and
imposition of artificially created atmosphere
More crime/domestic violence
Source: Hudson (1990b:10)
C. Michael H & Stephen JP (2002)
The Geography of Tourism and Recreation –
environment, place, and space (Page : 149)
Benefits
Expansion of new services and businesses
More infrastructure and community facilities
More sealed roads and kerbing and guttering
Increased variety of
restaurants/entertainment
Restoration of Broome architecture
Better health system
Tidier lown
... Studi Kasus Perubahan Sosial....
A Night in a Taxi-Dance Hall
In these halls young women and girls are
paid to dance with all-comers, usually on
a fifty-fifty commission basis. Half of the
money spent by the patrons goes to the
proprietors who pay the hall, the
orchestra, and the other operating
expenses while the other half is pain to
the young women themselves. The girl
employed in these halls is expected to
dance with any man who may choose her
and to remain with him or the dance floor
as long a time as he willing to pay the
charges.
Paul Goalby Cressey (2008)
THE TAXI-DANCE HALL (Page ; 3)
1. Chinese and
Sicilians
2. Hawarians and
Scandinavians
3. Mexicans and
Russians
Types of Patorns
6. Greeks
7. American
indians
8. Hindus
9. Anglo-Saxon
Nordics
4. Filipinos and
Roumanians
5. Jews and Poles
Paul Goalby Cressey (2008)
THE TAXI-DANCE HALL (Page ; 109)
TERIMA KASIH
MATERI KULIAH
Prof. Dr. H. Sambas Basuni, MS
Dr. Ir. Ricky Avenzora, M.Sc.F
Dr. Ir. Tutut Sunarminto, M.Si
Scope of Ecotourism Socio-Economy
Social
Ecotouri
sm
SocioEconomy
Econom
y
Ecotouri
sm
Tourist
Leisure
Manager
Social
Host
Scope of
Social
Agent/
Company
Scope of
Economy
In the
Origin
Industry
Economy
In the
Destination
In the
Ecotones
Scope of Ecotourism
Ecolog
y
SocioCulture
Education
Ecotouris
m
Econom
y
Experiences
Pleasure
Leisure – A Way of Living
Leisure is living in relative
freedom from the external
compulsive forces on the
one’s culture and physical
environment so as to be able
to act from internally
compelling love in ways
which are personally
pleasing, intuitively
worthwhile,
and provide
a basis
of faith.
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 77)
Leisure – A Social Problem
The Frenchman de toqueville [40], writing about
American culture a century ago, but whose
words ring true still, described the lack of leisure
philosophy:
’Leisure, for us, is like a jam in Alice in Wonderland
to put on your bread. You shall have jam on
your bread tomorrow, but tomorrow never
comes. It is always today.’
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 79)
Similarities between play,
recreation and leisure
1 Freedom
6 Absence of necessity
2 Self expression
7 Playfulness
3 Satisfaction
8 Any activity
4 Quality
9 Experiencing
5 Self initiatied
10 Timelessness
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 92)
‘Pleasure’ at the heart of play, recreation
and pleasure and leisure experience
Play
PLEISURE
Recreation
Leisure
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 93)
Leisure Professionals
The right
condition
There need to be sufficient level of some of the
following ingredients: freedom; choice; absence
of necessity; self-initiation and spontaneity.
To be satisfying, there need to be levels of some of the
following experiences: self-expression; challenge; novelty;
stimulation; playfulness; quality experiences (ideally, peak
experiences) and re-active moments.
Satisfaction
To be effective. There sould be some positive
Positive outcomes, for example: physical, emotional,
outcomes social and psychological well-being; level of
achievement; and heightening of self-esteem.
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 94)
Social Needs
Normative needs
and leisure
Changing needs
and leisure
Felt needs and
leisure
False needs and
leisure
Created needs and
leisure
Expessed needs
and leisure
Comparative needs
and leisure
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 108-110)
Changing social behaviour
Changing
Social
Behaviour
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 135)
One of the biggest changes in
social behavior over the past two
decades has been the tendency for
women to delay having their
children. This tendency is linked to
participation both in higher
education and in the labour force. In
addition, many women start a
second family following breakdown
of the former marriage or
partnership.
Influence on leisure participation
Personal
Social and circumstantial
Opportunity factors
Age
Stage in life-cycle
Gender
Marital status
Dependants and ages
Will and purpose of life
Personal obligation
Resourcefulness
Leisure perception
Attitudes and motivation
Interests and preoccupation
Occupation
Income
Disposable income
Material wealth and goods
Car ownership and mobility
Time available
Duties and obligation
Home and social environment
Friends and peer groups
Social roles and contacts
Environment factors
Skills and ability – physical,
social
and intellectual
Personality and confidence
Culture born into
Upbringing and background
Mass leisure factors
Resources available
Facilities – type and quality
Awareness
Perception of opportunities
Recreation services
Distribution of facilities
Access and location
Choice of activity
Transport
Costs: before, during and after
Management: policy and
support
Marketing
Education and attainment
Population factors
Cultural factors
Programming
Organisazion and leadership
Social accessibility
Political policies
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 114)
Disposable household income1: by
household type in the United Kingdom
£ per week per household
1993-4
1994-5
1995-6
1996-7
Retired households2
One adult
Two or more adults
109
229
117
233
121
245
124
259
Non-retired households
One adult
Two adults
Three or more adults
One adult with one children
Two adults with one child
Two adults with two children
Two adults with three or more children
Three or more adults with children
191
357
474
146
351
387
366
454
199
367
513
150
376
418
364
486
198
383
540
154
379
399
383
532
207
415
560
160
410
434
394
534
All households
287
298
307
325
Notes:
1. Including wages and salaries, self-employed income, occupational pensions and annuities, income from ‘fringe
benefits’etc.
2 Household where head of household is retired. All male heads of household are aged 65 or over, all female heads of
household are aged 60 or over.
Source : Family Expenditure Survey, Office for National Statisics
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 138)
Socio-economic groups
(all persons 16 and over)
Professional
Employees and managers
Intermediate and junior non-manual
Skilled manual and own account non-professional
Semi-skilled manual and personal service
Unskilled manual
1981
percentage
2
9
32
24
24
8
1986
percentage
4
15
34
21
19
6
Souce : The Labour Force Srvey (1996) General Household Survey, Office of National Statistics
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 138)
Participation in home-based
leisure activities
Watching TV
Visiting/entertaining friends or relations
Listening to radio
Listening to records/tapes
Reading books
Gardening
DIY
Dressmaking/needlework/knitting
Percentages
1980 1990 1996
109
117
121
229
233
245
191
357
474
146
199
367
513
150
198
383
540
154
Source : General Household Survey 1996, Office for National Statistics
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 142)
Outdoor Play Areas
Time
Walking distance
Straight line distance
Minimum size activity
zone
Total (inc. buffer)
Nearest house property
boundary
Characteristics
LAP
(Local Area for
Play)
1 minute
100m
60m
100m2
LEAP
(Local Equipped
Area for Play)
5 minutes
400m
240m
400m2
NEAP
(Neighbourhood
Equipped Area for Play)
15 minutes
600m
600m
1000m2
400m2
(0.04 ha)
5m from activity
zone
Small, low-key
games area
(may include
‘demonstrative’
play features)
3200m2
(0.32 ha)
20m from activity
zone
About 5 types of
equipment. Small
games area
8500m2
(0.85 ha)
30m from activity zone
Source : National Playing Fields Association (1993), The NPFA Six Acre
Standard, National Playing Fields Association, London
George Torkildsen (1999)
Leisure and Recreation Management (page 174)
About 8 types
equipment. Kickabout
and cycle play
opportunities
Key performance indicators
Desired Situation
Economic indicators
Visitors stay longer than 2 nights
Market opportunity indicators
Growth in proportion of visitors form
the cultural/environmental sector
Environmental indicator
Majority of visits to natural areas
occurs in visistor service zones
Key Performance indicators
Acceptable range (benchmark)
Annual average number of nights
2-7 nights
% of visitors matching the
60-80% of all visitors match the
cultural/environmental profile
profile
% growth of the number of visitors by
that segment
Proportion of visitors to natural areas
who visit managed sites/areas
Experiential indicator
Visitors have a memorable experience Proportion of visitors that identify a
‘tourist experience’
Infrastucture/development indicators
Visiors are satisfied with
Proportion of visitors satisfied with
accommodation
type and quality of accommodation
Sosio-culture indicators
Growth of local employment is
consistent
% increase in number of people who
derive all or some of their income
from tourism
Source: adapted from TOMM Annual Report 2000.
Sue Beeton (2006)
Community Development through Tourism (Page 70)
85-100% of all visitors go to
specifically managed sites
85-100% of all visitors
85-100% of all visitors
Any increase from previous data
Freedom Under Scrutiny
Tourism, especially in its ‘traveller’ form, has always
been associated with freedom. Travel has changed
profoundly, but today’s backpackers still experience a
rare freedom. For many young people, their travels lie
between the ages of parental guidance and the strictures
of work – perhaps a time for experimention, radicalism
and a little recklessness.
Packeges holidays are also about freedom. They
traditionally carry the image og footloose, carefree
relaxation. The holiday is the opposite of work – a
chance to leave behind the discipline of working life, and
perhaps also the moral strictures of home life.
Jim Butcher (2003)
The Moralization of Tourism- sun, sand...and saving the world? (Page 63)
Influences on leisure participation
Personal
Age
Stage in life cycle
Gender
Marital status
Dependants and ages
Will and purpose in life
Personal obligations
Resourcefulness
Leisure perceptions
Attitudes and motivation
Interests and preoccupations
Skill and ability-physical, social
and intellectual
Personality and confidence
Culture born into
Upbringing and background
Social and circumstantial
Occupation
Income
Disposable income
Material wealth and goods
Car ownership and mobility
Time available
Duties and obligations
Home and social environment
Friends and peer groups
Social roles and contacts
Environment factors
Mass leisure factors
Opportunity factors
Resources available
Facilities-type and quality
Awareness
Perception of opportunities
Recreation services
Distribution of facilities
Acces and location
Choice of activities
Transport
Costs:before, during, after
Management: policy ad support
Marketing
Education and attainment
Population factors
Cultural factors
Programming
Organisation and leadership
Social accessibility
Political policies
Source: Torkildsen (1992)
C. Michael H & Stephen JP (2002)
The Geography of Tourism and Recreation – environment, place, and space (Page : 37)
Crawford and Godbey’s three types of
leisure constraints
1A
Structural
constraints
Preference
Participation
1B
Interpersonal
constraints
preference
Participation
1C
Interpersonal
constraints
Preference
Participation
Sources : Crawford et al. (1991)
C. Michael H & Stephen JP (2002)
The Geography of Tourism and Recreation – environment, place, and space (Page : 38)
Resident reaction to tourists in Coffs Horbour
Irridex scale
Euphoria
Apathy
Annoyance
Antagonism
Survey scale
Friendly
No worry
Nuisance
Rude/unbearable
(% response)
29
58
10
3
Source: After Pigram (1987:68)
C. Michael H & Stephen JP (2002)
The Geography of Tourism and Recreation – environment, place, and space (Page : 148)
Cost and benefits of tourism
development in Broome,Australia
Costs
Marginalisation of the Aboriginal and
coloured people
Too much power onvested interests
Destruction of multicultural flavour of the
town and the original form of Shinju Matsuri
Increase racism
High accommodation costs/shortage
High local price
Less friendly/more local conflicts
Environmental impacts (e.g. dune
destruction)
Loss of historical character of town and
imposition of artificially created atmosphere
More crime/domestic violence
Source: Hudson (1990b:10)
C. Michael H & Stephen JP (2002)
The Geography of Tourism and Recreation –
environment, place, and space (Page : 149)
Benefits
Expansion of new services and businesses
More infrastructure and community facilities
More sealed roads and kerbing and guttering
Increased variety of
restaurants/entertainment
Restoration of Broome architecture
Better health system
Tidier lown
... Studi Kasus Perubahan Sosial....
A Night in a Taxi-Dance Hall
In these halls young women and girls are
paid to dance with all-comers, usually on
a fifty-fifty commission basis. Half of the
money spent by the patrons goes to the
proprietors who pay the hall, the
orchestra, and the other operating
expenses while the other half is pain to
the young women themselves. The girl
employed in these halls is expected to
dance with any man who may choose her
and to remain with him or the dance floor
as long a time as he willing to pay the
charges.
Paul Goalby Cressey (2008)
THE TAXI-DANCE HALL (Page ; 3)
1. Chinese and
Sicilians
2. Hawarians and
Scandinavians
3. Mexicans and
Russians
Types of Patorns
6. Greeks
7. American
indians
8. Hindus
9. Anglo-Saxon
Nordics
4. Filipinos and
Roumanians
5. Jews and Poles
Paul Goalby Cressey (2008)
THE TAXI-DANCE HALL (Page ; 109)
TERIMA KASIH
MATERI KULIAH