ELECTRODEPOSITION OF Cu ON THE SURFACE OF SILICA FREE RICE HUSK ACTIVATED CARBON WITH ULTRASONIC IRRADIATION
ELECTRODEPOSITION OF Cu ON THE SURFACE OF SILICA FREE RICE
HUSK ACTIVATED CARBON WITH ULTRASONIC IRRADIATION
1 Ryan Andhika , Muhammad Zakir, Maming Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of HasanuddinJl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10 Makassar 90245
Abstrak. Elektrodeposisi logam Cu pada permukaan karbon aktif sekam padi bebas silika dengan
iradiasi ultrasonik yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan nilai kapasitansi spesifik telah dilakukan.
Karbon aktif sekam padi bebas silika disintesis menggunakan aktivator H 3 PO 4 dan ekstraksi silika
menggunakan KOH. Luas permukaan karbon sekam padi yang diperoleh sebelum dan sesudah
2 2ekstraksi silika serta setelah aktivasi berturut-turut adalah 57,2833 m /g, 180,5378 m /g dan
2184,6074 m /g. Analisis menggunakan XRF menunjukkan bahwa logam Cu terdeposisi pada
permukaan karbon aktif sekam padi bebas silika dan berdasarkan pengukuran CV menunjukkan
bahwa elektrodeposisi logam Cu dengan iradiasi ultrasonik dapat meningkatkan nilai kapasitansi
spesifik. Kapasitansi spesifik karbon aktif sekam padi bebas silika sebelum dan sesudah
elektrodeposisi logam Cu dengan iradiasi ultrasonik adalah 657,75 nF/g dan 721,08 nF/g.Kata kunci: Cu, elektrodeposisi, kapasitansi spesifik, karbon aktif, ultrasonik.
Abstract. Electrodeposition of Cu on the surface of silica free rice husk activated carbon with
ultrasonic irradiation aimed to increase the value of specific capacitance was carried out. Silica free
rice husk activated carbon was synthesized using H PO activator and extraction of silica using
3 4 KOH. The surface area of rice husk carbon was obtained before and after the extraction of silica and 2 2 2after activation were 57.2833 m /g, 180.5378 m /g and 184.6074 m /g, respectively. XRF analysis
showed that Cu depositioned on the surface of silica free rice husk activated carbon and based of
CV measurements showed that electrodeposition of Cu with ultrasonic irradiation can increased the
value of specific capacitance. Specific capacitance of silica free rice husk activated carbon before
and after electrodeposition of Cu with ultrasonic irradiation were 657.75 nF/g and 721.08 nF/g,
respectively.Key words: Cu, electrodeposition, specific capacitance, activated carbon, ultrasonic.
1
INTRODUCTION
This research was conducted electrodeposition of Cu on the surface of silica free rice husk activated carbon with ultrasonic irradiation treatment to create a superior carbon as electrode material electrochemical capacitors.
Rapid technological progress requires more energy supply both for industry and vehicle propulsion (Suhada, 2001). Energy needs, especially in Indonesia parallel with increased economic and population growth it is estimated that average growth of energy needs amounted 4.7% per annum during 2011-2030. Usage coal increased considerably around 13.4% per annum from 2000 until 2011 led to high production of exhaust gas emissions such as CO 2, SO x and NO x. The limited petroleum reserves is also one consideration to seek and develop the utilization of other energy (Sugiyono et al., 2013). Electrochemical energy is one alternative energy sources to consider in dealing with worlds energy crisis. One of promising the system conversion and energy storage are electrochemical capacitors. The material used for the electrode of the electrochemical capacitors was an activated carbon because it had a high internal surface area and good pore accessibility (Dell and Rand, 2001; Frackowiak and Beguin, 2001; Ariyanto et al., 2012).
RESEARCH METHODS
silica, would create many pores and increased the surface area of carbon (Wei et
al ., 2011). Another way that can be used to
increased the surface area is to utilize ultrasonic waves (Suslick et al., 1996). The higher surface area then the higher value of the capacitance. The high capacitance value is an indicator of the ability of high energy accumulation (Zakir et al., 2013). One way to increased the capacitance value is to utilize pseudocapacitance effect in the presence of the electroactive species such as transition metals (Frackowiak and Beguin, 2001).
et al., 2004) so that when the extraction of
Material
Manufacture of activated carbon using various types of biomass wastes was carried out. One of agricultural waste also attracted the attention to study was rice husk. When burned, about 20% from rice husk turned into ashes. Rice husk ash had more than 95% the weight of silica (Mahvi
(Merck), H 2 SO 4 (Merck), Argon gas, methylene blue, paraffin wax, aquadest, copper wire, platinum wire, Ag/AgCl electode, Pt electrode, aluminum foil, universal pH indicator and Whatman filter paper number 42.
Apparatus
The equipments were used in this research are glassware tool that commonly used in laboratories, furnace (Muffle furnace type 6000), a water bath (hot plate), a sieve size of 100 mesh, desiccator, saucer porcelain, mortar porcelain, vacuum pump, solder fumes, pipette, oven (type SPNISOSFD), magnetic stirrer (CERAMAG Midi), analytical balance (Shimadzu AW220), Ultrasonic Cleaner (Elmasonic S40H), FTIR (Shimadzu IR Prestige21), XRD (Shimadzu XRD-7000),
XRF (ThermoFisherXRF), UV-Vis (Shimadzu UV-2600) and Cyclic voltammetry (Potentiostats EA161).
Procedure 1.
Preparation and Carbonization
Rice husk were washed with water and then soaked with technical HCl for 1
The materials that were used in this research are rice husk, commercial activated carbon, KOH (Merck), technical HCl, technical H 3 PO 4 85%, CuSO 4 .5H 2 O hour. After that, it washed with aquadest repeatedly until the pH became neutral, then dried in an oven at 110 ° C for 1 hour. Rice husk was burn in furnace at 350 ° C for 1 hour. After that, the rice husk carbon is cooled, ground and sieved with a sieve size of 100 mesh (Zakir et al., 2012; Karyasa, 2014).
2. Extraction of Silica
Sample of rice husk carbon was added with 2, 4 and 8 M KOH with the ratio of the mass of carbon/volume of KOH 1:10. Samples were then heated to boil accompanied by stirring at the same pace for 1 hour and then filtered with Whatman filter paper number 42. The filtrate was removed and the results of filtration washed with aquadest, then dried in an oven at 110 °
C for 1 hour. As a comparator, the carbon was prepared without the addition of KOH. Furthermore, carbon characterized using XRF (Agung et al., 2013).
3. Activation
Silica free rice husk carbon was mixed with the activator solution of H 3 PO 4 21.25% with the ratio of volume of H 3 PO 4 /the mass of carbon 5:1 and left for
1x24 hours. After that, filtered using a Buchner funnel accompanied by washing with hot aquadest repeatedly until the pH ° became neutral, then dried in an oven at 110
C for 1 hour. Furthermore, rice husk activated carbon was cooled in a desiccator (Shofa, 2012).
4. Determination of The Surface Area
0.3 gram of activated carbon put into erlenmeyer, then added 25 mL of methylene blue 600 ppm solution, then stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 20 minutes, then filtered. The filtrate was measured absorbance at the maximum wavelength of 664.5 nm with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The calibration curve or a standard of methylene blue solution were made at a concentration of 0.5; 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 ppm (Ramdja et al., 2008).
5. Electrodeposition of Cu
1 gram of silica free rice husk activated carbon and commercial activated carbon (as a comparator) dispersed in 50 mL of CuSO 4 .5H 2 O 200 ppm solution. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour in a state saturated with argon gas. Activated carbon functionalised with CuSO 4 .5H 2 O and then irradiated with ultrasonic waves for 6 hours. After that, filtered, washed with aquadest and dried at 110 ° C for 1 hour. The result of electrodeposition activated carbon with copper metals were characterized by XRD and XRF (Zakir et al., 2013).
6. Manufacture of Carbon Paste Electrodes
Body electrode was made by connecting copper and platinum wires using solder fumes. And then, it was inserted into the pipette and glued together by parafilm. Silica free rice husk activated carbon before and after electrodeposition of Cu mixed with paraffin wax with the ratio of mass of carbon/paraffin wax 1:1 and stirred until homogeneous using a spatula on a petri dish. After that, the carbon paste electrodes inserted into the body with pressed using a spatula in order to solidify (Vytras et al., 2009; Wachid and Setiarso, 2014).
7. Measurement of Specific Capacitance
Specific capacitance of carbon paste electrodes measured by CV technique using Potentiostats EA161 with three electrodes, namely Pt electrode, Ag/AgCl electrode and carbon paste electrodes. Tests of electrode at the rate of scan 100 mV/s using an electrolyte solution of H 2 SO 4
0.1 M thus obtained voltammogram voltages and currents, then the calculated value of specific capacitance (Himmaty and Endarko, 2013).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Manufacture of Rice Husk Carbon
Preparation of raw material for made carbon was included washing and drying. Washing with water aims to remove impurities such as dust and sand attached to the hull as well as washing with technical HCl to lower levels of impurities such as metal oxides contained in rice husk. Drying under the sun and in the oven at 110 ° C for 1 hour aims to remove moisture contained in rice husk (Andaka 2008; Mujiyanti et al., 2010).
- 2KOH → K 2 SiO 3 + H 2 O
- H 2 O (l)
- 2+
Carbonization was a burning process certain raw materials at a temperature of about 300-900 ° C that cause decomposition of organic compounds to form methanol, acetic acid vapors, tar and hydrocarbons. The release of these volatile elements causing an open pore structure (Ramdja et al., 2008; Surest et al., 2008). Rice husk carbonization process in this research was done in a furnace at 350 ° C for 1 hour. This temperature is the optimum temperature for the carbonization of rice husk because a temperature below 350 ° C the carbonization process has not been perfect, while temperatures above 350 ° C was already happening ashing. Carbon produced and then crushed and sieved to 100 mesh size sieve to produce a homogeneous carbon sized and smaller particle size and then the surface area of the carbon becomes larger.
Extraction of Silica
Analysis of compounds in the carbon content of rice husk using XRF showed that the content of silica (SiO 2) amounted to 99.05%. To increase the surface area of rice husk carbon, extraction of silica was carried out to obtain more space on the surface of carbon (Wei et al., 2011). According to the Agung et al. (2013) the higher the concentration of KOH was used, the more silica was extracted. The reaction that occurs in the extraction process silica with KOH is following:
SiO 2
Activation
Activation was a process for removed hydrocarbon coating the surface of the carbon thereby increasing the porosity of carbon. In this research used chemical activation because it is more profitable than the physical activation. Mineral elements activator entered among the sidelines of a hexagonal carbon layer and separates the surface initially covered. Thus, when the heating was carried out, contaminants were compounds in the pores to be more easily dislodged. This causes the active surface area becomes larger (Koleangan and Wuntu 2008; Ramdja et al., 2008).
One of the properties activators associated with the quality of activated carbon was covalently character. Covalent character associated with covalent interactions between carbon and carbon activator to open the pores. Therefore, the activator used in this research was H 3 PO 4. The elements that constituting H 3 PO 4 were covalently bonded polar. Composed of carbon atoms that are covalently C form flat hexagonal structure with one atom C at each corner, it would be better interact with substances that have covalent character than the character of ionic substances (Koleangan and Wuntu, 2008).
Determination of The Surface Area
Determination of the surface area of the carbon was measured by the ability of carbon to adsorb methylene blue at a maximum wavelength of 664.5 nm. The amount of adsorbed methylene blue was
Table 2. The content of the compound Cu(I).
5 O
2 Sc
2 Y CuO
8 W
2 CuO
2 Sr
6 Pb
2 CuFeO
8 W
CuLaO
2 Sr
2 O
2 Cu
8 SmW
18 CuO
6 Mo
directly proportional to the surface area of the adsorbent.
CuSO 4 .5H 2 O and stirred with a magnetic stirrer in a state saturated with argon gas, then treated with ultrasonic irradiation.
Table 1. The surface area of the carbon.
Samples Surface area (m 2 /g)
Siliceous rice husk carbon 57.2833 Silica free rice husk carbon 180.5378
Silica free rice husk activated carbon 184.6074 Table 1 showed the extraction of silica and activation can increase the surface area of the carbon. In addition, the use of KOH in extracting silica was very effective because it can increase the surface area of the carbon was three times greater.
Electrodeposition of Cu
Electrodeposition was one method of attachment of the metal on the surface of a material that can be used to increase the value of specific capacitance. An increase in specific capacitance was done by utilizing electroactive species such as transition metals, namely copper (Cu). Cu chosen because it was not easily oxidized and had a fairly high reduction potential was 0.340 V thus the estimated Cu can act as an electron trap (Rahmawati et al., 2008). Electrodeposition process in this research using silica free rice husk activated carbon and commercial activated carbon as a comparable mixed with a solution of
XRF analysis results after the electrodeposition process showed the Cu metal deposited on the surface of silica free rice husk activated carbon by 75.98% and 12.24% for commercial activated carbon in the form of CuO. The concentration of Cu deposited on the surface of silica free rice husk activated carbon more than the commercial activated carbon because the surface area of silica free rice husk activated carbon was greater than the commercial activated carbon which still contains silica.
2 Cu
The reaction is thought to occur during the electrodeposition process is following (Kasuma, 2012; Triastuti and Purwanto, 2012):
Cu 2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq) → Cu(OH) 2 (s)
Cu(OH) 2 (s) → CuO (s)
Content of Compound
CuO
8 TbW
XRD analysis results in Table 2 after being processed using software Match! indicates that during the process of electrodeposition occurs redox reaction because there were compounds of copper in the form of copper(I). The reaction was thought to occur are following (Rahmawati et al., 2008):
Reduction: 2Cu + 2e electrodes, namely Pt electrode, Ag/AgCl → 2Cu - +
Oxidation: H 2 2 + 2H + 2e electrode and carbon paste electrodes. Pt O → ½O electrode as an comparison electrode,
Measurement of Specific Capacitance Ag/AgCl electrode as a reference electrode
Capacitance was the ability of a and carbon paste electrodes as the working capacitor to hold the charge of electrons or electrode (Himmaty and Endarko, 2013). electrochemical energy. Specific Tests carried out at the scan rate 100 capacitance measurements in this research mV/s using an electrolyte solution of H SO 2 4 using a Potentiostats EA161 with three
0.1 M.
Figure 1. Voltammogram (a) before and (b) after electrodeposition.
Figure 1a showed the storage Calculation of the current charge and process takes place unstable. This was discharge specific capacitance was taken at because the magnitude of the current the midpoint of each curve (Herniyanti et density tends to increase with increasing al., 2014; Rizki et al., 2015). Charge and potential difference and at the time of the discharge current value of the electrode can
discharge process, charge out too unstable be known from the voltammogram obtained
(Suwandana and Susanti, 2015) while and the specific capacitance values can be Figure 1b showed the storage process tend calculated using the following equation: to be stable because of the current density is almost fixed with increasing potential
C s = difference and at the time of discharge, a charge that came out was almost stable. Shape of the curve obtained from the
C is the specific capacitance (nF/g), s measurement results with the technique of I and I respectively charge and discharge c d
cyclic voltammetry in Figure 1 showed the
currents (nA), v is the scan rate (V/s) and m specific capacitance value generated. is the mass of carbon on the electrode. Specific capacitance values were influenced by the charge and discharge currents.
Table 3. Cyclic voltammetry data of carbon paste electrodes.
Scan rate Samples Mass (g) I c (nA) I d (nA) C s (nF/g) (V/s)
Before electrodeposition 0,1 0,12 1,820 -6,073 657,75
After electrodepsition 0,1 0,12 4,708 -3,945 721,08 Table 3 showed the larger charge and
discharge
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