Pengaruh nya Waktu Reaksi Polimerisasi Pada Proses Pembuatan Poliester dari Asam Lemak Sawit Distilat (ALSD)
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1] Kurniasih. “Pemanfaatan Asam Lemak Sawit Distilat Sebagai Bahan Baku
Dietanolamida Menggunakan Lipase (Rhizomucor meihei).” Tesis, Sekolah
Pascasarjana, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 2008.
[2] Nukhe Andri Silviana. “Analisis Kadar Asam Lemak Bebas dari Palm Fatty
Acid Distillate (PFAD) dan Coconut Fatty Acid Distillate (CFAD).” Karya
Ilmiah, Departemen Kimia, FMIPA, USU, Medan, 2008.
[3] Badan Pusat Statistik (2013), Produksi Perkebunan Besar Menurut Jenis
Tanaman, Indonesia (Ton), 1995-2010. Diakses 27 Mei 2012.
http://www.bps.go.id.
[4] Giwangkara E. G. (2007), Kegunaan Hidrokarbon dalam Kehidupan Seharihari. Diakses 27 Maret 2012.
http://kimia-aplikasi.wordpress.com.
[5] ICB Chemical Profiles, 11 February 2008 and 23 April 2007; CMAI 2007
word Petrochemical Conference, 20-22 March 2007, Houston, Texas. Diakses 5
Mei 2013.
http://www.icis.com.
[6] Marlina. “Pemanfaatan Asam Lemak Bebas Teroksidasi Dari Minyak Jarak
Untuk Sintesis Membran Poliuretan.” Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia dan Lingkungan.
Vol 6. No.2, 2007, hal. 67-70.
[7] Titi Wulan Utami. “Recovery Ion Logam Cu2+, Cd2+ dan Cr3+ Dengan
Polieugenoksi Asetil Tiopen Metanolat (PEATM) Sebagai Carier Menggunakan
Teknik Membran Cair Ruah (BLM).” 2009.
[8] Qijin Zhang, Wenying X.V., Zhiyong WANG, “Synthesis of
Polycaprolactone With Two Carboxyl End Group”. Journal Matter Sci. Technol,
Vol 10, 2010.
[9] Hüseyn Topallar, Yüksel Bayrak, Mehmet Iscan. Tr. J., Chemistry 21, 1997.
hal.118-125.
[10] Petrovic Z. S. “Polymer From Biological Oils”, Contemporay Materials, I,1.
2010. hal 39-50.
67
48
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[11] Croston C. B., I. L. Tubb, J. C. Cowan, H. M. Teeter, “Polymerization Of
Drying Oils. VI. Catalytic Polymerization Of Fatty Acids and Esters With Boron
Trifluoride and Hydrogen Fluoride.” Journal of the American Oil Chemist’s
Society. Volume 29, Number 8, DOI: 10.1007/BF02639812, 1952 : hal. 331-333.
[12] Rismawati Rasyid, “Pengaruh Suhu dan Konsentrasi Katalis pada Proses
Esterifikasi Distilat Asam Lemak Minyak Sawit (DALMs) menjadi Biodiesel”,
Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, 2011.
[13] Nurmian, Yusmiati Pane, Nurhasanah, “Sintesis Poliester Dari Minyak
Goreng Yang Berasal Dari Crude Palm Oil (CPO).” Laporan Penelitian Jurusan
Teknik Kimia, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 2000.
[14] George Odian, Principles of Polymerization, Fourth Edition, (New York:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2004).
[15] Alfitra, “Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD)”,
Diakses 12 Mei 2012.
http://repository.usu.ac.id.
[16] Oremusová J., Vojteková M. : Density determination of liquids and solids.
Manual for laboratory practice. (in Slovak).
[17] ASTM D445 - 12 Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of
Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity).
[18] Hanus Method, AOAC 920.158 (ISO 3961:1996 Animal and vegetable fats
and oils -- Determination of iodine value).
[19] ASTM D4662-03 Standard Test Method for Polyurethane Raw Materials:
Determination of Acid and Alkalinity Numbers of Polyols.
[20] Instruction Manual. Rion co. Ltd. Portable viscotester VT-03/04. Japan.
[21] Penentuan Bobot Molekul. Diakses 5 Mei 2013.
http://usupress.usu.ac.id.
[22] Aniek S, Handayani, Sidik Marsudi, M. Nasikin, M. Sudibandriyo, “Reaksi
Esterifikasi Asam Oleat dan Gliserol Menggunakan Katalis Asam.” Jurnal Sains
Materi Indonesia , Edisi Khusus Oktober, 2006 : hal. 102-105.
49
68
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[23] Guerino G. Sacripante, Alan E. J. Toth, Marko D. Saban, “Polyesters”. US
Patent: 6.180.747 b1. Jan 30, 2001.
[24] Cowie, J. M. G., Polymers: Chemistry & Physics of Modern Materials.
(Glasglow: Bell and Bain Ltd, 1973).
[25] Zehev Tadmor, Costag G. Gogos, Principles of Polymer Processing. Second
Edition. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006).
[26] Anthony J. East, Polyester Thermoplastic dalam Encyclopedia of Polymer
Science and Technology. Vol.7. (New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 2005).
[27] Swicofil, “Polyester (PET), Natural Fibers Synthetic Fibres, Polyester Yarn
and Fiber”. Diakses 12 Mei 2012.
http://swicofil.com/pes.html.
[28] Florence Smith W. P, “Fashion Application for Polyester Fiber Particularly
Hydrophilic Polyester.” (Dow Corning Corporation, 2005).
[29] Zulkarnain Rangkuti, “Pembuatan dan Karakterisasi Papan Partikel dari
Campuran Resin Polyester dan Serat Kulit Jagung”. USU e-Repository, Medan,
2011.
[30] Syawaludin Nasution, “Pembuatan Senyawa Epoksi Dari Metil Ester Asam
Lemak Sawit Distilat Menggunakan Katalis Amberlite”, USU e-Repository,
Medan, 2009.
[31] Charlie Scrimgeour, Chemistry of Fatty Acid dalam Bailey’s Industrial Oil
and Fat Products, Sixth Edition, Volume 6, Editor : Fereidoon Shahidi (New
York: John Wiley and Son, 2005).
[32] Yusuf Basiron, Palm Oil dalam Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products,
Volume 6, Sixth Edition, Editor: Fereidoon Shahidi (New York, John Wiley and
Son, 2005).
[33] Ellies Sakidja, “Mempelajari Pengaruh Pemberian Poliester Sukrosa dari
Minyak Kelapa Terhadap Kadar Kolesterol Total, HDL dan LDL serta
Trigliserida Darah Tikus Percobaan (Rattus norvegicus).” Fakultas Teknologi
Pertanian, Institut Pertanian, Bogor, 2002.
[34] Nuryanto E, T. Haryati, J. Elisabeth, “Pembuatan Fatty Amida Dari ALSD
Untuk Produksi Deterjen Cair dan Shampoo”, Badan Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Pertanian, Departemen Pertanian, 2002.
50
69
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[35] Gerrad Lligadas I. Puig, “Biobased Thermoses from Vegetable Oils.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties”, Universitat Rovira I Virgili,
Tarogana, 2006.
[36] Juliati Tarigan, “Ester Asam Lemak”, Karya Ilmiah, Jurusan Kimia FMIPA
USU, Medan, 2009.
[37] Gregorio C. Gervajio, Fatty Acid and Derivatives from Coconut Oil dalam
Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Volume 6. Sixth Edition. Editor:
Fereidoon Shahidi. (New York: John Wiley and Son, 2005).
[38] William W. Christie, “Preparation Of Ester Derivatives Of Fatty Acids For
Chromatographic Analysis William”, The Scottish Crop Research Institute,
Invergowrie, Scotland DD2 5DA, 1993.
[39] Freedman, B. E. H, T. L. Mounts, “Variabel Affecting the Yields of Fatty
Esters from Transesterified Vegetable Oils”. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc, 61, 1984. hal
1638-1643.
[40] Ramadhas. “Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Minyak Sawit dengan Esterifikasi Dua
Tahap”. Laporan Penelitian, Laboratorium Proses Kimia, Jurusan Teknik Kimia,
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 2005.
[41] Schuchardi Ulf, Ricardo Sercheli, Rogério Matheus Vargas,
“Transesterification of Vegetable Oils. A Review”. J Braz. Chem. Soc: Vol. 9,
No. 1 ,1998. hal. 199-210.
[42] Desi Suci Handayani, Triana Kusumaningsih, Muslimin. “Sintesis Kopoli
(Anetol-DVB) Sulfonat Sebagai Bahan Alternatif Resin Penukar Kation”. Jurusan
Teknik Pertanian. Vol. 17(2), Bogor, 2002. hal. 43-48.
[43] Mihail Ionescu, Zoran S Petrović. “Cationic Polymerization of Biological
Oils With Superacid Catalysts”. US Patent: 7.501.479 B2, March 10, 2009 .
[44] Fred W. Billmeyer, Textbook of Polymer Science, Second Edition, (New
York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc, United States of America, 1971).
[45] Menteri Perdagangan Indonesia (2013). Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan
Indonesia Nomor 09/M-DAG/PER/2/2013 Tentang Penetapan Harga Patokan
Ekspor Atas Produk Pertanian dan Kehutanan yang Dikenakan Bea Keluar .
51
70
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[46] Lamy Chandra (2012). Polyethylene Terephthalate. Diakses 5 Mei 2013.
http://www.icispricing.com.
[47] Rr Laeny Sulistyawati dan Nidia Zuraya (2013). Indonesia Ditarget Jadi
Produsen Oleokimia Terbesar Dunia . Diakses 5 Mei 2013.
http://www.republika.co.id.
[48] Meshach Emmanuel Ekeoma, “Synthesis of Biodiesel Using Palm Fatty Acid
Distillates”. A Project Report Submitted to The Departement of Chemistry,
School of Science, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2010.
[49] Tri Yogo Wibowo, Riduan Zakaria, Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah, “Selective
Glycerol Esterification Over Organomontmorillonite Catalyst”. Sains Malaysiana
39(5), 2010. hal. 811-816.
[50] Ying Xia, Richard C Laroch, “Vegetable Oil Based Polymeric Materials :
Syntesis, Properties and Application”. Green Chem, 12, 1893-1909, The Royal of
Chemistry, 2010.
[51] Agung Nugraha. “Sintesis Ester Glukosa Oleat antara Glukosa Pentaasetat
dan Metil Oleat.” Skripsi, Departemen Kimia, FMIPA, IPB, Bogor, 2006.
[52] Pavia L. D, Lampman G. M, Kriz G. S, Introduction to Spectroscopy,
Second Edition, (Washington: W.B. Saunders, 1996).
[53] Saulina Dwitri, “Pembuatan Minyak Goreng dari RBD-Minyak Sawit Tanpa
Pemisahan Olein dan Stearin dengan Cara Reaksi Interesterifikasi dengan Minyak
Nabati Cair.” Tesis Program Pascasarjana, USU, Medan, 2003.
[54] National
Complex.
Petrochemical
Campany/Shahid
Tondguaian
Petrochemical
[55] Prima Astuti Handayani, “Polimerisasi Akrilamid Dengan Metode MixedSolvent Precipitation Dalam Pelarut Etanol-Air”. Volume 8, No.1, 2010.
[56] James Silitonga, Ida Zahrina, Yelmida. Esterifikasi Palm Fatty Acid
Distillate (PFAD) Menjadi Biodiesel Menggunakan Katalis M-Zeolit Dengan
Variabel Waktu Reaksi dan Kecepatan Pengadukan. Diakses 5 Mei 2013.
http://repository.unri.ac.id.
[57] H.F. Huber dan D. Stoye. Polyesters- Coating Technology Handbook. Third
Edition. Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2006.
71
52
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[58] Christie John Geankoplis. Transport Process and Separation Process
Principles. Fourth Edition. Prentice Hall, 2003.
53
72
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[1] Kurniasih. “Pemanfaatan Asam Lemak Sawit Distilat Sebagai Bahan Baku
Dietanolamida Menggunakan Lipase (Rhizomucor meihei).” Tesis, Sekolah
Pascasarjana, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 2008.
[2] Nukhe Andri Silviana. “Analisis Kadar Asam Lemak Bebas dari Palm Fatty
Acid Distillate (PFAD) dan Coconut Fatty Acid Distillate (CFAD).” Karya
Ilmiah, Departemen Kimia, FMIPA, USU, Medan, 2008.
[3] Badan Pusat Statistik (2013), Produksi Perkebunan Besar Menurut Jenis
Tanaman, Indonesia (Ton), 1995-2010. Diakses 27 Mei 2012.
http://www.bps.go.id.
[4] Giwangkara E. G. (2007), Kegunaan Hidrokarbon dalam Kehidupan Seharihari. Diakses 27 Maret 2012.
http://kimia-aplikasi.wordpress.com.
[5] ICB Chemical Profiles, 11 February 2008 and 23 April 2007; CMAI 2007
word Petrochemical Conference, 20-22 March 2007, Houston, Texas. Diakses 5
Mei 2013.
http://www.icis.com.
[6] Marlina. “Pemanfaatan Asam Lemak Bebas Teroksidasi Dari Minyak Jarak
Untuk Sintesis Membran Poliuretan.” Jurnal Rekayasa Kimia dan Lingkungan.
Vol 6. No.2, 2007, hal. 67-70.
[7] Titi Wulan Utami. “Recovery Ion Logam Cu2+, Cd2+ dan Cr3+ Dengan
Polieugenoksi Asetil Tiopen Metanolat (PEATM) Sebagai Carier Menggunakan
Teknik Membran Cair Ruah (BLM).” 2009.
[8] Qijin Zhang, Wenying X.V., Zhiyong WANG, “Synthesis of
Polycaprolactone With Two Carboxyl End Group”. Journal Matter Sci. Technol,
Vol 10, 2010.
[9] Hüseyn Topallar, Yüksel Bayrak, Mehmet Iscan. Tr. J., Chemistry 21, 1997.
hal.118-125.
[10] Petrovic Z. S. “Polymer From Biological Oils”, Contemporay Materials, I,1.
2010. hal 39-50.
67
48
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[11] Croston C. B., I. L. Tubb, J. C. Cowan, H. M. Teeter, “Polymerization Of
Drying Oils. VI. Catalytic Polymerization Of Fatty Acids and Esters With Boron
Trifluoride and Hydrogen Fluoride.” Journal of the American Oil Chemist’s
Society. Volume 29, Number 8, DOI: 10.1007/BF02639812, 1952 : hal. 331-333.
[12] Rismawati Rasyid, “Pengaruh Suhu dan Konsentrasi Katalis pada Proses
Esterifikasi Distilat Asam Lemak Minyak Sawit (DALMs) menjadi Biodiesel”,
Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, 2011.
[13] Nurmian, Yusmiati Pane, Nurhasanah, “Sintesis Poliester Dari Minyak
Goreng Yang Berasal Dari Crude Palm Oil (CPO).” Laporan Penelitian Jurusan
Teknik Kimia, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 2000.
[14] George Odian, Principles of Polymerization, Fourth Edition, (New York:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2004).
[15] Alfitra, “Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD)”,
Diakses 12 Mei 2012.
http://repository.usu.ac.id.
[16] Oremusová J., Vojteková M. : Density determination of liquids and solids.
Manual for laboratory practice. (in Slovak).
[17] ASTM D445 - 12 Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of
Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity).
[18] Hanus Method, AOAC 920.158 (ISO 3961:1996 Animal and vegetable fats
and oils -- Determination of iodine value).
[19] ASTM D4662-03 Standard Test Method for Polyurethane Raw Materials:
Determination of Acid and Alkalinity Numbers of Polyols.
[20] Instruction Manual. Rion co. Ltd. Portable viscotester VT-03/04. Japan.
[21] Penentuan Bobot Molekul. Diakses 5 Mei 2013.
http://usupress.usu.ac.id.
[22] Aniek S, Handayani, Sidik Marsudi, M. Nasikin, M. Sudibandriyo, “Reaksi
Esterifikasi Asam Oleat dan Gliserol Menggunakan Katalis Asam.” Jurnal Sains
Materi Indonesia , Edisi Khusus Oktober, 2006 : hal. 102-105.
49
68
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[23] Guerino G. Sacripante, Alan E. J. Toth, Marko D. Saban, “Polyesters”. US
Patent: 6.180.747 b1. Jan 30, 2001.
[24] Cowie, J. M. G., Polymers: Chemistry & Physics of Modern Materials.
(Glasglow: Bell and Bain Ltd, 1973).
[25] Zehev Tadmor, Costag G. Gogos, Principles of Polymer Processing. Second
Edition. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006).
[26] Anthony J. East, Polyester Thermoplastic dalam Encyclopedia of Polymer
Science and Technology. Vol.7. (New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 2005).
[27] Swicofil, “Polyester (PET), Natural Fibers Synthetic Fibres, Polyester Yarn
and Fiber”. Diakses 12 Mei 2012.
http://swicofil.com/pes.html.
[28] Florence Smith W. P, “Fashion Application for Polyester Fiber Particularly
Hydrophilic Polyester.” (Dow Corning Corporation, 2005).
[29] Zulkarnain Rangkuti, “Pembuatan dan Karakterisasi Papan Partikel dari
Campuran Resin Polyester dan Serat Kulit Jagung”. USU e-Repository, Medan,
2011.
[30] Syawaludin Nasution, “Pembuatan Senyawa Epoksi Dari Metil Ester Asam
Lemak Sawit Distilat Menggunakan Katalis Amberlite”, USU e-Repository,
Medan, 2009.
[31] Charlie Scrimgeour, Chemistry of Fatty Acid dalam Bailey’s Industrial Oil
and Fat Products, Sixth Edition, Volume 6, Editor : Fereidoon Shahidi (New
York: John Wiley and Son, 2005).
[32] Yusuf Basiron, Palm Oil dalam Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products,
Volume 6, Sixth Edition, Editor: Fereidoon Shahidi (New York, John Wiley and
Son, 2005).
[33] Ellies Sakidja, “Mempelajari Pengaruh Pemberian Poliester Sukrosa dari
Minyak Kelapa Terhadap Kadar Kolesterol Total, HDL dan LDL serta
Trigliserida Darah Tikus Percobaan (Rattus norvegicus).” Fakultas Teknologi
Pertanian, Institut Pertanian, Bogor, 2002.
[34] Nuryanto E, T. Haryati, J. Elisabeth, “Pembuatan Fatty Amida Dari ALSD
Untuk Produksi Deterjen Cair dan Shampoo”, Badan Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Pertanian, Departemen Pertanian, 2002.
50
69
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[35] Gerrad Lligadas I. Puig, “Biobased Thermoses from Vegetable Oils.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties”, Universitat Rovira I Virgili,
Tarogana, 2006.
[36] Juliati Tarigan, “Ester Asam Lemak”, Karya Ilmiah, Jurusan Kimia FMIPA
USU, Medan, 2009.
[37] Gregorio C. Gervajio, Fatty Acid and Derivatives from Coconut Oil dalam
Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Volume 6. Sixth Edition. Editor:
Fereidoon Shahidi. (New York: John Wiley and Son, 2005).
[38] William W. Christie, “Preparation Of Ester Derivatives Of Fatty Acids For
Chromatographic Analysis William”, The Scottish Crop Research Institute,
Invergowrie, Scotland DD2 5DA, 1993.
[39] Freedman, B. E. H, T. L. Mounts, “Variabel Affecting the Yields of Fatty
Esters from Transesterified Vegetable Oils”. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc, 61, 1984. hal
1638-1643.
[40] Ramadhas. “Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Minyak Sawit dengan Esterifikasi Dua
Tahap”. Laporan Penelitian, Laboratorium Proses Kimia, Jurusan Teknik Kimia,
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 2005.
[41] Schuchardi Ulf, Ricardo Sercheli, Rogério Matheus Vargas,
“Transesterification of Vegetable Oils. A Review”. J Braz. Chem. Soc: Vol. 9,
No. 1 ,1998. hal. 199-210.
[42] Desi Suci Handayani, Triana Kusumaningsih, Muslimin. “Sintesis Kopoli
(Anetol-DVB) Sulfonat Sebagai Bahan Alternatif Resin Penukar Kation”. Jurusan
Teknik Pertanian. Vol. 17(2), Bogor, 2002. hal. 43-48.
[43] Mihail Ionescu, Zoran S Petrović. “Cationic Polymerization of Biological
Oils With Superacid Catalysts”. US Patent: 7.501.479 B2, March 10, 2009 .
[44] Fred W. Billmeyer, Textbook of Polymer Science, Second Edition, (New
York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc, United States of America, 1971).
[45] Menteri Perdagangan Indonesia (2013). Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan
Indonesia Nomor 09/M-DAG/PER/2/2013 Tentang Penetapan Harga Patokan
Ekspor Atas Produk Pertanian dan Kehutanan yang Dikenakan Bea Keluar .
51
70
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[46] Lamy Chandra (2012). Polyethylene Terephthalate. Diakses 5 Mei 2013.
http://www.icispricing.com.
[47] Rr Laeny Sulistyawati dan Nidia Zuraya (2013). Indonesia Ditarget Jadi
Produsen Oleokimia Terbesar Dunia . Diakses 5 Mei 2013.
http://www.republika.co.id.
[48] Meshach Emmanuel Ekeoma, “Synthesis of Biodiesel Using Palm Fatty Acid
Distillates”. A Project Report Submitted to The Departement of Chemistry,
School of Science, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, 2010.
[49] Tri Yogo Wibowo, Riduan Zakaria, Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah, “Selective
Glycerol Esterification Over Organomontmorillonite Catalyst”. Sains Malaysiana
39(5), 2010. hal. 811-816.
[50] Ying Xia, Richard C Laroch, “Vegetable Oil Based Polymeric Materials :
Syntesis, Properties and Application”. Green Chem, 12, 1893-1909, The Royal of
Chemistry, 2010.
[51] Agung Nugraha. “Sintesis Ester Glukosa Oleat antara Glukosa Pentaasetat
dan Metil Oleat.” Skripsi, Departemen Kimia, FMIPA, IPB, Bogor, 2006.
[52] Pavia L. D, Lampman G. M, Kriz G. S, Introduction to Spectroscopy,
Second Edition, (Washington: W.B. Saunders, 1996).
[53] Saulina Dwitri, “Pembuatan Minyak Goreng dari RBD-Minyak Sawit Tanpa
Pemisahan Olein dan Stearin dengan Cara Reaksi Interesterifikasi dengan Minyak
Nabati Cair.” Tesis Program Pascasarjana, USU, Medan, 2003.
[54] National
Complex.
Petrochemical
Campany/Shahid
Tondguaian
Petrochemical
[55] Prima Astuti Handayani, “Polimerisasi Akrilamid Dengan Metode MixedSolvent Precipitation Dalam Pelarut Etanol-Air”. Volume 8, No.1, 2010.
[56] James Silitonga, Ida Zahrina, Yelmida. Esterifikasi Palm Fatty Acid
Distillate (PFAD) Menjadi Biodiesel Menggunakan Katalis M-Zeolit Dengan
Variabel Waktu Reaksi dan Kecepatan Pengadukan. Diakses 5 Mei 2013.
http://repository.unri.ac.id.
[57] H.F. Huber dan D. Stoye. Polyesters- Coating Technology Handbook. Third
Edition. Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2006.
71
52
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[58] Christie John Geankoplis. Transport Process and Separation Process
Principles. Fourth Edition. Prentice Hall, 2003.
53
72
Universitas Sumatera Utara