Pola Kuman Pada Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronik (PPOK) Eksaserbasi Akut di RSUP H. Adam Malik dan RS. Pirnga di Medan
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Alamoudi OS. Bacterial infection and risk factors in outpatients with acute
exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a 2-years
prospective study. Resp J 2007; 12: 283-287.
American Thoracic Society. Standards for diagnosis and management of patients
with COPD.2004.14-37.
American Toracic Society/ERS : Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of
patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 2004; 23: 932-946.
Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J, Warren CPW, Hersfield ES,Harding GK,
Nelson NA. Antibiotic therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Ann Intern Med 1987; 106: 196-204.
Bartlett JG. Ffnegold SM. Bacteriology in expectorated sputum with quantitative
culture and wash technique compare to transtrakeal aspirats. Respir Dis Am
1978; 117(6): 1019-1027.
Bartlett JG. Invasive diagnostic techniques in pulmonary infections. 111:
Pennington EJ, editors.
Respiratory
infections
diagnosis
and
management. 3rd ed. New York: Raven Press,. 1994:,39-96.
Bartolome R. Celli. Update on the Management of COPD. Chest 2008;133;145162.
Bestall JC, Paul EA, Garrod R, Garnham R, Jones, PW, Wedzicha JA. Usefulness
of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoe scale as a measure of
disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax,
1999:54, 581-586.
Boixeda R, Rabella N, Sauca G. Microbiological study of patients hospitalized for
acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AE-COPD)
and the usefulness of analytical and clinical parameters in its identification
(VIRAE study). Int J of COPD 2012;7 327-335
Cabello H, Torres A, Celis R, Bacterial colonization of distal airways in healthy
subjects and chronic lung disease a bronchoscopic study. Eur. Respir. J
1997;10:1137-1144
Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia: Rokok jadi penyebab 22,6 persen
kematian di Indonesia, {online} 2002[cited 2011 desember 20]. Available
from: URL: http://www.arsip.net/id/link.php?lh=wvzbuiZRUwjx
Donal AM. Mechanisme and measurement of dyspnea in chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006, 3:234-238.
44
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Donalson GC, Seemungal TA, Bhowmik A, Wedzicha JA: Relationship between
exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease. Thorax 2002, 57:847-852.
Eller J. Infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Relationship between
bacteriologic etiology and lung function..Chest 1998; 113:1542-1548.
Eller J. Infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: Relation between
bacteriologic etiology and lung function. Chest 1999; 115 (5): 1481.
Fioretti M, Bandera M. Prevention of exacerbation in chronic patients with
endosteine. Med Praxis 1991; 12: 219-227.
Fishman AP. Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale. In : Fishman AP,
Elias JA, Fishman JA, Grippi MA, Kaiser LA, Senior RM.Fishman's Manual
of Pulmonary disease and disorders. Third Edition. USA :The McGraw-Hili
companies. 2002. p.453-460.
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. The Global strategy for
the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic lung disease. Update
2017.
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. The Global strategy for
the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic lung disease. Update
2008
Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic
Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) workshop summary 2001.
Groenewegen KHA, Emie lF. Wouters MA. Bacterial infections in patients
requiring admission for an acute exacerbation of COPO; a 1-year
prospective study. Resp Medicine, 2003; 7: 770-7
Hisyam B, Nurohman A, Pola mikroba pada penyakit paru obstruksi kronik
(PPOK eksaserbasi) (B.I.Ked Vol. 33, No.1: 9-12, Maret 2001).
Holloway Y, Boersma WG, Kuttsschr O, Snijder JAM. Impact of washing sputum
on Streptococcus pneumonia and other microorganism. Infect Dis J 1992;
165:397-398.
Hurst RJ, Vestbo J, Anzueto A . Susceptibility to exacerbations in chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease. N Eng J Med 2010; 363 : 1128-1138.
Ivor MA, Lowry J, Bourbeau J, Borycki E. Assesment of COPD. In: Bourbeau J.
Nault D, Borycki E, eds. Comperehensive management of Chronic
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. London: BC Decker In: 2002:19-31.
45
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Jabang M. Pengaruh pencucian sputum terhadap pola kuman penderita infeksi
saluran napas bawah non TB. Tesis bagian Pulmonology FKUI. Jakarta
1999.
Jawettz E, Brooks GF. Patogenesis Infeksi Bakteri In E.Jawetz JL Melnick EA.
Adelberg. Mikrobiologi Kedokteran, ed23. Jakarta: EGC, hal.149-162. Eur
Respir J 1997; 10:1137-1144
Ko FW, Ip M, Chan PK, Fok JP, Chan CH. A one-year prospective study of the
infectious etiology in patients hospitalized with acute exacerbations of
chronic obstructive pulmonary deisease. 2006.
Koneman EW et al. Introduction to microbiology: Part I. In: Koneman's
color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbioloqy 8th edition.
Philadelphia: Lippincott & Williams & Wilkins;2006.p. 1-48.
Koneman EW . Introduction to microbioloqy; Part II. In Koneman's coloratlas and
text book of diagnostic microbiology 6th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott &
Williams & Wilkins; 2006.p.67-77.
Lin SH, kuo SH, Hsueh PR, Yang PC, Kuo SH. Sputum bacteriology in
hospitalized patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease in Taiwan with emphasis on Klebsiella pneumonia and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Respirology 2007; 12: 81-87.
Marchioni CF, Poll JM, Taytard A, Hanard T, Noseda G, Mancini C. Evaluation
of efficacy and safety of endosteine in patients affected by chronic bronchitis
during an infective exacerbation phase and receiving amoksisilin as a basic
treatment (ECOBES-European Chronic Obstructive Bronchitis Erdosteine
Study). Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 33:612-618.
Miravitlles M, Espinosa C, Femandes LE. Relationship between bacterial florainsputum and functional impairment in patients with acute exacerbations of
COPD. Chest 1999;116:40-6
Monso E, Ruiz JI, Rosell A. Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease: a study of stable and exacerbated outpatients using the protected
specimen brush. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:1316-1320.
Murphy TF, Brauer AL, Grant BJ, Sethi SM. Catarrhalis in chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease: burden of disease and immune response. Am J Respir
Crit Care Med 2005;172:195-199.
Patel AK ,.Luhadia AS and Luhadia SK. Sputum bacteriology and antibiotic
sensitivity pattern of patients having acute exacerbation of COPD in India A Preliminary Study. J Pulm Respir Med,2014,5:1.
46
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia (PDPI). PPOK (Penyakit Paru Obstruksi
Kronik). Pedoman praktis diagnosis dan penatalaksanaan di Indonesia;2010:
hal 1-75.
Rekyansari W, Musrichan. Kualitas sampel sputum ekspetorasi di laboratorium
mikrobiologi berdasarkan kriteria Bartlett. Available at: www.m3.undip.org
Roche N, Kouassi B, Rabbat A, Mounedji A, Lorut C, Huchon G. Yield of sputum
microbiological examination in patients hospitalized for exacerbation of
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with purulent sputum. Resp J 2007;
74: 19-25.
Schifman MD, Sputum Specimen Adequacy Data Analysis and Critique. College
of American Pathologist 1991.
Sethi S, Evans N, Grant BJ, Murphy TF. New strains of bacteria and
exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med
2002;347:465-471.
Sethi S, Maloney J, Grove L, Wrona C, Berenson CS. Airway inflammation and
bronchial bacterial colonization in chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173:991-998.
Sethi S, Murphy TF. Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
in 2000: a state of the art review. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001;14(2):~36-359.
Sethi S, Wrona C, Grant BJ, Murphy TF. Strain-specific immunerespon H.
influenza in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care
Med 2004;169:448--453.
Soeprihatini AR. Pengaruh suplementasi Phyllantus Niniri L terhadap penderita
PPOK eksaserbasi akut yang menndapat siprofloksasin. Resp Indones J
2006; 1:34-44.
Soler N . Bronchoscopic validation of the significance of sputum purulense in
severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax
2007; 62:29-35.
Soler N, Torres A, Ewig S. Broncial microbial patterns in severe exacerbations of
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical
ventilation. Am J resp crit care med 1998; 157: 1498-1505.
Stockley RA, Bayley D, Hill SL, Hill AT, Crooks S, Campbell EJ: Assessment
of airway neutrophils by sputum colour: correlation with
airwaysinflammation. Thorax 2001, 56(5):366–372
47
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Supriyantoro. Perbandingan hasil pemeriksaan dari sputum dan sikatan bronkus
penderita infeksi saluran napas akut bagian bawah. Tesis bagian
Pulmonologi FKUI. Jakarta 1989.
Suradi, Sutanto YS, Reviono , Harsini , Mahendra D. Hubungan antara penyakit
paru obstruksi kronik eksaserbasi akut dengan hasil kultur sputum bakteri
pada Rumah Sakit Dr. Moewardi Surakarta. J. Respir Indo.2012;32:218-22
Survei Kesehatan Rumah Tangga 1992. Badan Lit Bang Kes.Depkes RI dan
Biro Pusat Statistik RI 1999.
Usyinara, Yunus F, Soepandi PZ. Pola dan Sensitivitas kuman PPOK Eksaserbasi
Akut pada Sputum Dicuci dan Tidak Dicuci Sebelum dan Sesudah
Pemberian Erdostein dan Antibiotik Levofloksasin. Tesis Pulmonologi
FKUI. Jakarta, 2006.
White AJ, Gompertz S, Bayiey DL. Resolution of bronchial inflammation is
related to bacterial eradication following treatment of exacerbations of
chronic bronchitis. Thorax 2003;58:680-685.
White AJ, Gompertz S, Stockley RA. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 6:
The aetiology of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Thorax 2003;58:73-80.
48
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Alamoudi OS. Bacterial infection and risk factors in outpatients with acute
exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a 2-years
prospective study. Resp J 2007; 12: 283-287.
American Thoracic Society. Standards for diagnosis and management of patients
with COPD.2004.14-37.
American Toracic Society/ERS : Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of
patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 2004; 23: 932-946.
Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J, Warren CPW, Hersfield ES,Harding GK,
Nelson NA. Antibiotic therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Ann Intern Med 1987; 106: 196-204.
Bartlett JG. Ffnegold SM. Bacteriology in expectorated sputum with quantitative
culture and wash technique compare to transtrakeal aspirats. Respir Dis Am
1978; 117(6): 1019-1027.
Bartlett JG. Invasive diagnostic techniques in pulmonary infections. 111:
Pennington EJ, editors.
Respiratory
infections
diagnosis
and
management. 3rd ed. New York: Raven Press,. 1994:,39-96.
Bartolome R. Celli. Update on the Management of COPD. Chest 2008;133;145162.
Bestall JC, Paul EA, Garrod R, Garnham R, Jones, PW, Wedzicha JA. Usefulness
of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoe scale as a measure of
disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax,
1999:54, 581-586.
Boixeda R, Rabella N, Sauca G. Microbiological study of patients hospitalized for
acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AE-COPD)
and the usefulness of analytical and clinical parameters in its identification
(VIRAE study). Int J of COPD 2012;7 327-335
Cabello H, Torres A, Celis R, Bacterial colonization of distal airways in healthy
subjects and chronic lung disease a bronchoscopic study. Eur. Respir. J
1997;10:1137-1144
Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia: Rokok jadi penyebab 22,6 persen
kematian di Indonesia, {online} 2002[cited 2011 desember 20]. Available
from: URL: http://www.arsip.net/id/link.php?lh=wvzbuiZRUwjx
Donal AM. Mechanisme and measurement of dyspnea in chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006, 3:234-238.
44
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Donalson GC, Seemungal TA, Bhowmik A, Wedzicha JA: Relationship between
exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease. Thorax 2002, 57:847-852.
Eller J. Infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Relationship between
bacteriologic etiology and lung function..Chest 1998; 113:1542-1548.
Eller J. Infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: Relation between
bacteriologic etiology and lung function. Chest 1999; 115 (5): 1481.
Fioretti M, Bandera M. Prevention of exacerbation in chronic patients with
endosteine. Med Praxis 1991; 12: 219-227.
Fishman AP. Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale. In : Fishman AP,
Elias JA, Fishman JA, Grippi MA, Kaiser LA, Senior RM.Fishman's Manual
of Pulmonary disease and disorders. Third Edition. USA :The McGraw-Hili
companies. 2002. p.453-460.
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. The Global strategy for
the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic lung disease. Update
2017.
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. The Global strategy for
the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic lung disease. Update
2008
Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic
Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) workshop summary 2001.
Groenewegen KHA, Emie lF. Wouters MA. Bacterial infections in patients
requiring admission for an acute exacerbation of COPO; a 1-year
prospective study. Resp Medicine, 2003; 7: 770-7
Hisyam B, Nurohman A, Pola mikroba pada penyakit paru obstruksi kronik
(PPOK eksaserbasi) (B.I.Ked Vol. 33, No.1: 9-12, Maret 2001).
Holloway Y, Boersma WG, Kuttsschr O, Snijder JAM. Impact of washing sputum
on Streptococcus pneumonia and other microorganism. Infect Dis J 1992;
165:397-398.
Hurst RJ, Vestbo J, Anzueto A . Susceptibility to exacerbations in chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease. N Eng J Med 2010; 363 : 1128-1138.
Ivor MA, Lowry J, Bourbeau J, Borycki E. Assesment of COPD. In: Bourbeau J.
Nault D, Borycki E, eds. Comperehensive management of Chronic
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. London: BC Decker In: 2002:19-31.
45
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Jabang M. Pengaruh pencucian sputum terhadap pola kuman penderita infeksi
saluran napas bawah non TB. Tesis bagian Pulmonology FKUI. Jakarta
1999.
Jawettz E, Brooks GF. Patogenesis Infeksi Bakteri In E.Jawetz JL Melnick EA.
Adelberg. Mikrobiologi Kedokteran, ed23. Jakarta: EGC, hal.149-162. Eur
Respir J 1997; 10:1137-1144
Ko FW, Ip M, Chan PK, Fok JP, Chan CH. A one-year prospective study of the
infectious etiology in patients hospitalized with acute exacerbations of
chronic obstructive pulmonary deisease. 2006.
Koneman EW et al. Introduction to microbiology: Part I. In: Koneman's
color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbioloqy 8th edition.
Philadelphia: Lippincott & Williams & Wilkins;2006.p. 1-48.
Koneman EW . Introduction to microbioloqy; Part II. In Koneman's coloratlas and
text book of diagnostic microbiology 6th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott &
Williams & Wilkins; 2006.p.67-77.
Lin SH, kuo SH, Hsueh PR, Yang PC, Kuo SH. Sputum bacteriology in
hospitalized patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease in Taiwan with emphasis on Klebsiella pneumonia and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Respirology 2007; 12: 81-87.
Marchioni CF, Poll JM, Taytard A, Hanard T, Noseda G, Mancini C. Evaluation
of efficacy and safety of endosteine in patients affected by chronic bronchitis
during an infective exacerbation phase and receiving amoksisilin as a basic
treatment (ECOBES-European Chronic Obstructive Bronchitis Erdosteine
Study). Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 33:612-618.
Miravitlles M, Espinosa C, Femandes LE. Relationship between bacterial florainsputum and functional impairment in patients with acute exacerbations of
COPD. Chest 1999;116:40-6
Monso E, Ruiz JI, Rosell A. Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease: a study of stable and exacerbated outpatients using the protected
specimen brush. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:1316-1320.
Murphy TF, Brauer AL, Grant BJ, Sethi SM. Catarrhalis in chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease: burden of disease and immune response. Am J Respir
Crit Care Med 2005;172:195-199.
Patel AK ,.Luhadia AS and Luhadia SK. Sputum bacteriology and antibiotic
sensitivity pattern of patients having acute exacerbation of COPD in India A Preliminary Study. J Pulm Respir Med,2014,5:1.
46
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia (PDPI). PPOK (Penyakit Paru Obstruksi
Kronik). Pedoman praktis diagnosis dan penatalaksanaan di Indonesia;2010:
hal 1-75.
Rekyansari W, Musrichan. Kualitas sampel sputum ekspetorasi di laboratorium
mikrobiologi berdasarkan kriteria Bartlett. Available at: www.m3.undip.org
Roche N, Kouassi B, Rabbat A, Mounedji A, Lorut C, Huchon G. Yield of sputum
microbiological examination in patients hospitalized for exacerbation of
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with purulent sputum. Resp J 2007;
74: 19-25.
Schifman MD, Sputum Specimen Adequacy Data Analysis and Critique. College
of American Pathologist 1991.
Sethi S, Evans N, Grant BJ, Murphy TF. New strains of bacteria and
exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med
2002;347:465-471.
Sethi S, Maloney J, Grove L, Wrona C, Berenson CS. Airway inflammation and
bronchial bacterial colonization in chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173:991-998.
Sethi S, Murphy TF. Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
in 2000: a state of the art review. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001;14(2):~36-359.
Sethi S, Wrona C, Grant BJ, Murphy TF. Strain-specific immunerespon H.
influenza in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care
Med 2004;169:448--453.
Soeprihatini AR. Pengaruh suplementasi Phyllantus Niniri L terhadap penderita
PPOK eksaserbasi akut yang menndapat siprofloksasin. Resp Indones J
2006; 1:34-44.
Soler N . Bronchoscopic validation of the significance of sputum purulense in
severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax
2007; 62:29-35.
Soler N, Torres A, Ewig S. Broncial microbial patterns in severe exacerbations of
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical
ventilation. Am J resp crit care med 1998; 157: 1498-1505.
Stockley RA, Bayley D, Hill SL, Hill AT, Crooks S, Campbell EJ: Assessment
of airway neutrophils by sputum colour: correlation with
airwaysinflammation. Thorax 2001, 56(5):366–372
47
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Supriyantoro. Perbandingan hasil pemeriksaan dari sputum dan sikatan bronkus
penderita infeksi saluran napas akut bagian bawah. Tesis bagian
Pulmonologi FKUI. Jakarta 1989.
Suradi, Sutanto YS, Reviono , Harsini , Mahendra D. Hubungan antara penyakit
paru obstruksi kronik eksaserbasi akut dengan hasil kultur sputum bakteri
pada Rumah Sakit Dr. Moewardi Surakarta. J. Respir Indo.2012;32:218-22
Survei Kesehatan Rumah Tangga 1992. Badan Lit Bang Kes.Depkes RI dan
Biro Pusat Statistik RI 1999.
Usyinara, Yunus F, Soepandi PZ. Pola dan Sensitivitas kuman PPOK Eksaserbasi
Akut pada Sputum Dicuci dan Tidak Dicuci Sebelum dan Sesudah
Pemberian Erdostein dan Antibiotik Levofloksasin. Tesis Pulmonologi
FKUI. Jakarta, 2006.
White AJ, Gompertz S, Bayiey DL. Resolution of bronchial inflammation is
related to bacterial eradication following treatment of exacerbations of
chronic bronchitis. Thorax 2003;58:680-685.
White AJ, Gompertz S, Stockley RA. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 6:
The aetiology of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Thorax 2003;58:73-80.
48
Universitas Sumatera Utara