A Contrastive Analysis Between English And Muko-Muko Language Question Words

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 A Brief Description of Contrastive Analysis

In writing this thesis, the writer refers to some books which are relevan to the topic which give an adequate constribution in writing this thesis. Some of the theoritical statements are quoted from the books, such as Hartman and Stork (1972: 43) who say that Comparative and contrastive have similarities that is they compare two or more languages. It means, that the comparative and contrastive linguistics are the branch of linguistics that compare two or more languages.

Then, Contrastive analysis (Naibaho 2006: 2) is an activity in contrasting the first language structure with the second language structure in order to identify the correspondences and non-correspondences of the two languages. Contrastive analysis has some purposes, such as to contrast the first language structure and the second’s; to predict the difficulties and the error in learning language and to arrange and to prepare the method in conveying the material. In this thesis, the writer wants to concentrate in language structure between English and Muko-Muko language Question words.

Further, Contrastive analysis (Guntur 1972:43) has two aspects of analyzing, they are:

1. Psychological aspect

Psychology aspect concerned with difficulties in learning, the way of arranging the teaching materials and how the way in giving the teaching materials.

Linguistics aspects concerned with the contrasted problems, what will be to be contrasted, and how to contrast them.

Other than those above, Contrastive Analysis (CA) is also related to Comparative Linguistic.

In Keraf (1990: 1), “Linguistik komparatif atau linguistik bandingan merupakan suatu cabang ilmu bahasa (linguistik) yang berusaha untuk meletakkan dasar-dasar pengertian tentang perkembangan dan kekerabatan antara bahasa-bahasa di dunia dan mencoba menemukan unsur-unsur pengaruh timbal balik antara bahasa-bahasa yang pernah mengadakan kontak dalam sejarah”.

Comparative linguistics is a branch of the science of language (linguistics), which seeks to lay the basics of an understanding about development and kinship among the languages in the world and try to find the elements of mutual influence between languages which ever contact in history.

2.2 A Brief Description of Question Words

According to Napa (1992: 41) “Question word question adalah pertanyaan yang dibentuk dengan menggunakan kata tanya, yakni What, Who, Where, Which, Whose, Why, dan How. Pertanyaan yang menggunakan kata tanya tidak dapat dijawab dengan menggunakan kata Yes atau No walaupun dalam pertanyaan tersebut terdapat kata kerja bantu”.

Question words is also related to Interrogative Sentence.

In Cahyo (1995: 183) “kalimat tanya juga disebut kalimat interrogative. Kalimat tanya adalah kalimat yang isinya menanyakan sesuatu atau seseorang. Jika orang ingin mengetahui jawaban terhadap satu masalah atau keadaan maka ia menanyakannya dan kalimat yang dipakai adalah kalimat tanya”. Interrogative sentence is a sentence where the contens asks something or someone. If people want to know the answer to a problem or situation and then they ask that and the sentence used, is interrogative sentence.

Question words are used by question, according to Chaer (1988: 222) “question words are words that used as supporting by interrogative sentence.

Interrogative sentence is sentence that ask something or someone. Someone can use question sentence to look for information or know problem or situation”.

An interrogative sentence usually contains a question word. According to Azar (1993: 128) Question words are words used to get information about time, place, reason, distance, things or person. The Question words, are who, whom, what, when, where, which, whose, why, and how.

2.3 A Brief Description of Muko-Muko Language

Muko-Muko language is the language that used by Muko-Muko society. Muko-Muko is the one of regencies in Bengkulu.

Suwarno et.al, (1993:1) say that “Di wilayah provinsi Bengkulu terdapat sembilan bahasa daerah yang sampai saat ini masih hidup, dalam arti masih dipergunakan oleh masyarakat penduduknya untuk kepentingan komunikasi sehari-hari, meduim pengungkap seni daerah, upacara-upacara tradisional, dan aktivitas sosial yang lain. Kesembilan bahasa daerah itu ialah bahasa Rejang, bahasa Melayu Bengkulu, bahasa Enggano, bahasa Lembak, bahasa Mulak Bintuhan, bahasa Pasemah, bahasa Serawai, bahasa Pekal, dan bahasa Muko-Muko”.

In the province of Bengkulu there are nine regional languages that still alive, in the mean are still used by the society for the benefit of daily communication, the meduim expression the art of areas, traditional ceremonies, and other social activities. The nine regional languages are Rejang Language, Malay Bengkulu Language, Enggano language, Lembak Language, Mulak Bintuhan Language, Pasemah Language, Serawai Language, Pekal Language, and Muko-Muko Language.

Wells and Hasyim, (1985:viii) state that “bahasa Muko-Muko dipengaruhi secara kuat oleh bahasa Minangkabau. Hal itu dapat dipahami mengingat daerahnya secara geografis terletak di perbatasan antara Provinsi Bengkulu dan Provinsi Sumatera Barat yang menggunakan bahasa Minangkabau”.

Muko-Muko language is strongly influenced by the Minangkabau Language. It is understandable by looking geographical region located on the border between the provinces of Bengkulu and West Sumatera that used Minangkabau Language.

Suwarno et.al, (1993:3) state that “Bahasa Muko-Muko masih berfungsi sebagai alat komunikasi dan sebagai bahasa pengantar di Taman Kanak-kanak dan kelas awal sekolah dasar.”

Muko-Muko language still has function as a means of communication and as language of instruction in kindergarten and early primary school classes.

Manan et.al, (1986:1-2) say that “Dalam daerah Muko-Muko, BMM (Bahasa Muko-Muko) masih berfungsi secara penuh, yaitu sebagai (1) alat penghubung dalam keluarga dan masyarakat daerah Muko-Muko, (2) bahasa pengantar di taman kanak-kanak dan sekolah dasar pada tingkat permulaan, (3) lambang kebangsaan dan kesukuan masyarakat Muko-Muko serta pendukung perkembangan Kebudayaan, dan (4) sebagai lambang identitas daerah. Singkatnya adalah bahwa BMM dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan masih sangat diperlukan”.

In Muko-Muko area, BMM (Muko-Muko Language) is still fully functional, as (1) the interface in the family and society in Muko-Muko area, (2) the language of instruction in kindergarten and early primary schools classes, (3) the symbol of nationality and Muko-Muko ethnic communities as well as supporting the development of Culture, and (4) as a symbol of regional identity. In short is that the BMM in many aspects of life is still very necessary.

2.4 English Question Words

There are 3 basic types of question in English:

• Yes/No Questions (the answer to the question is "Yes" or "No")

• Question Word Questions (the answer to the question is "Information")

• Choice Questions (the answer to the question is "in the question")

2.4.1 Yes/No Questions

Auxiliary verb Subject Main verb

Answer Yes or No

Do you want dinner? Yes, I do.

Could he drive? No, he couldn't.

Have you finished your work? Yes, I have.

Did they Go home? No, they didn't.

Exception! verb be simple present and simple past

Is Anne French? Yes, she is.

2.4.2 Question Word Questions Question

Word

Auxiliary Verb

Subject

Main Verb

Answer Information

Where Do You live? In Paris.

When Will We Have lunch? At 1pm.

Who(m) Did She meet? She met Ram.

Who Has Run out? Ati has run out.

Why hasn't Tara Done it?

Because she can't.

Exception! verb be simple present and simple past

Where Is Bombay? In India.

How Was she? Very well.

Which Is your pen? It is mine.

2.4.3 Choice Questions

Auxiliary Verb

Subject

Main Verb

OR

Answer

In the Question

The Question words in English are nine. They are what, who, whom, whose, where, when, which, why, and how.

2.5 Muko-Muko Question Words

Muko-Muko language is nearly similar to Malay language and Padang or Minang language. There are seven Question words in Muko-Muko language. They are, apo, mengapo, dimano, siapo, bilo, yang mano, berapo and macam mano.

For examples: Question

words in Muko-Muko

Noun / Auxiliary

verb

Subject Verb O/C The answer

Apo ʌpəʊ

yang ndak jʌŋ ndʌk

aban ʌbʌn

makan? mʌkʌn?

roti :ɒtɪ

Will We meet John Or James? John.

Did She Go

to London

Or

New York?

She went to London. Exception! verb be simple present and simple past

Is your car White Or black? It's black.

Mengapo məŋʌpəʊ

Inyo ɪnjəʊ

manding? mʌndɪŋ?

kareno kotor kʌ:ənəʊ kɒtɒ: Dimano

dɪmʌnəʊ

aban ʌbʌn

Balajar bʌlʌʤʌ:

Bahaso Inggris? bʌhʌsəʊ ɪŋg:ɪs?

di Amerika dɪʌme:ɪkʌ

Siapo sɪʌpəʊ

yang ndak jʌŋ ndʌk

ambik ʌmbɪk

pena ambo? penʌ

ʌmbəʊ

inyo ɪnjəʊ

Bilo bɪləʊ

toboh tɒbɒh

Paing pʌɪŋ

kek pantai? kek pʌntaɪ

Haring Minggung

hʌ:ɪŋ mɪŋgʊŋ

Mano mʌnəʊ

Bukung yang ndak bʊkʊŋ jʌŋ ndʌk

Aban ʌbʌn

pilih? pɪlɪh?

yang gedang jʌŋ gədʌŋ

Berapo bə:ʌpəʊ

pena yang penʌ jʌŋ

Inyo ɪnjəʊ

pinjam? pɪnʤʌm?

duo dʊəʊ Macam mano

mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊ

toboh tɒbɒh

paing pʌɪŋ

kek sakola? kek

sʌkɒlʌh ?

naek becak

nӕk beʧʌk

In Muko-Muko Language, the Question can made be the Choice Question. For example:

Subject Verb 1st Choice Atau 2nd Choice Answer Aban

ʌbʌn

Senang sənʌŋ

umah gedang ʊmʌh gədʌŋ

atau ʌtaʊ

umah kecik? ʊmʌh kəʧɪk?

umah gedang ʊmʌh gədʌŋ Ambo

ʌmbəʊ

Senang sənʌŋ

belajar bəlʌʤʌ:

atau ʌtaʊ

tidur? tɪdʊ:

Tidur tɪdʊ: Inyo

ɪnjəʊ

pilih pɪlɪh

hadiah hʌdɪʌh

atau ʌtaʊ

pitih? pɪtɪh

Pitih pɪtɪh Toboh

tɒbɒh

paing pʌɪŋ

kek pantai kek pʌntaɪ

atau ʌtaʊ

kek ladang kek lʌdʌŋ

Pantai pʌntaɪ

In Muko-Muko Language, the Question also can be made by the Yes/No Question.

For example: Auxiliary

verb Subject Verb O/C Answer

Apokah ʌpəʊkʌh

aban ʌbʌn

Senang sənʌŋ

berenang? bə:ənʌŋ?

Iyo ɪjəʊ Udahkah

ʊdʌhkʌh

Inyo ɪnjəʊ

Makan mʌkʌn

petang? pətʌŋ?

Elun əlʊn Udahkah

ʊdʌhkʌh

abak inyo ʌbʌk ɪnjəʊ

Paing pʌɪŋ

kek sunge gedang? kek sʊŋe gədʌŋ

iyo udah ɪjəʊʊdʌh

ʌpəʊkʌh tɒbɒh bʌlʌʤʌ: Inggris? bʌhʌsəʊɪŋg:ɪs?

ɪdʌk

Ndakkah ndʌkkʌh

Amak ambo ʌmʌk ʌmbəʊ

Pikikan pɪkɪkʌn

ambo?

ʌmbəʊ

iyo ɪjəʊ

2.4 English Question Words

There are 3 basic types of question in English:

• Yes/No Questions (the answer to the question is "Yes" or "No")

• Question Word Questions (the answer to the question is "Information")

• Choice Questions (the answer to the question is "in the question")

2.4.1 Yes/No Questions

Auxiliary verb Subject Main verb

Answer Yes or No

Do you want dinner? Yes, I do.

Could he drive? No, he couldn't.

Have you finished your work? Yes, I have.

Did they Go home? No, they didn't.

Exception! verb be simple present and simple past

Is Anne French? Yes, she is.

2.4.2 Question Word Questions Question

Word

Auxiliary Verb

Subject

Main Verb

Answer Information

Where Do You live? In Paris.

When Will We Have lunch? At 1pm.

Who(m) Did She meet? She met Ram.

Who Has Run out? Ati has run out.

Why hasn't Tara Done it?

Because she can't.

Exception! verb be simple present and simple past

Where Is Bombay? In India.

How Was she? Very well.

Which Is your pen? It is mine.

2.4.3 Choice Questions

Auxiliary Verb

Subject

Main Verb

OR

Answer

In the Question

The Question words in English are nine. They are what, who, whom, whose, where, when, which, why, and how.

2.5 Muko-Muko Question Words

Muko-Muko language is nearly similar to Malay language and Padang or Minang language. There are seven Question words in Muko-Muko language. They are, apo, mengapo, dimano, siapo, bilo, yang mano, berapo and macam mano.

For examples: Question

words in Muko-Muko

Noun / Auxiliary

verb

Subject Verb O/C The answer

Apo ʌpəʊ

yang ndak jʌŋ ndʌk

aban ʌbʌn

makan? mʌkʌn?

roti :ɒtɪ

Will We meet John Or James? John.

Did She Go

to London

Or

New York?

She went to London. Exception! verb be simple present and simple past

Is your car White Or black? It's black.

Mengapo məŋʌpəʊ

Inyo ɪnjəʊ

manding? mʌndɪŋ?

kareno kotor kʌ:ənəʊ kɒtɒ: Dimano

dɪmʌnəʊ

aban ʌbʌn

Balajar bʌlʌʤʌ:

Bahaso Inggris? bʌhʌsəʊ ɪŋg:ɪs?

di Amerika dɪʌme:ɪkʌ

Siapo sɪʌpəʊ

yang ndak jʌŋ ndʌk

ambik ʌmbɪk

pena ambo? penʌ

ʌmbəʊ

inyo ɪnjəʊ

Bilo bɪləʊ

toboh tɒbɒh

Paing pʌɪŋ

kek pantai? kek pʌntaɪ

Haring Minggung

hʌ:ɪŋ mɪŋgʊŋ

Mano mʌnəʊ

Bukung yang ndak bʊkʊŋ jʌŋ ndʌk

Aban ʌbʌn

pilih? pɪlɪh?

yang gedang jʌŋ gədʌŋ

Berapo bə:ʌpəʊ

pena yang penʌ jʌŋ

Inyo ɪnjəʊ

pinjam? pɪnʤʌm?

duo dʊəʊ Macam mano

mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊ

toboh tɒbɒh

paing pʌɪŋ

kek sakola? kek

sʌkɒlʌh ?

naek becak

nӕk beʧʌk

Subject Verb 1st Choice Atau 2nd Choice Answer Aban

ʌbʌn

Senang sənʌŋ

umah gedang ʊmʌh gədʌŋ

atau ʌtaʊ

umah kecik? ʊmʌh kəʧɪk?

umah gedang ʊmʌh gədʌŋ Ambo

ʌmbəʊ

Senang sənʌŋ

belajar bəlʌʤʌ:

atau ʌtaʊ

tidur? tɪdʊ:

Tidur tɪdʊ: Inyo

ɪnjəʊ

pilih pɪlɪh

hadiah hʌdɪʌh

atau ʌtaʊ

pitih? pɪtɪh

Pitih pɪtɪh Toboh

tɒbɒh

paing pʌɪŋ

kek pantai kek pʌntaɪ

atau ʌtaʊ

kek ladang kek lʌdʌŋ

Pantai pʌntaɪ

In Muko-Muko Language, the Question also can be made by the Yes/No Question.

For example: Auxiliary

verb Subject Verb O/C Answer

Apokah ʌpəʊkʌh

aban ʌbʌn

Senang sənʌŋ

berenang? bə:ənʌŋ?

Iyo ɪjəʊ Udahkah

ʊdʌhkʌh

Inyo ɪnjəʊ

Makan mʌkʌn

petang? pətʌŋ?

Elun əlʊn Udahkah

ʊdʌhkʌh

abak inyo ʌbʌk ɪnjəʊ

Paing pʌɪŋ

kek sunge gedang? kek sʊŋe gədʌŋ

iyo udah ɪjəʊʊdʌh

ʌpəʊkʌh tɒbɒh bʌlʌʤʌ: Inggris? bʌhʌsəʊ ɪŋg:ɪs?

ɪdʌk

Ndakkah ndʌkkʌh

Amak ambo ʌmʌk ʌmbəʊ

Pikikan pɪkɪkʌn

ambo?

ʌmbəʊ

iyo ɪjəʊ