A Contrastive Analysis Between English And Muko-Muko Language Question Words Chapter III V

CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Method

One of the essentials of scientific studies in analyzing problem is to have a method of analysis. In this thesis, the writer applies Qualitative method. Qualitative method is aimed at gaining a deep understanding of a specific description of a large sample in a population. It is also called ethnomethodology or field research. It generates data about human groups in social settings. Then the strategy of analysis is Grounded Theory Methodology (GTM). In Emzir (Manteuffel, 2006: 1) said that GTM is a general method of comparative analysis to discover theory with four central criteria, i.e work (generality), relevance (understanding), fit (valid), modiviability (control). GTM is one of the interpretative methods that share the common philosophy of phenomenology. After collecting the data through reading and studying some written materials and informations related to the study, the sources of data are taken from some references in English and Muko-Muko books, and also conducting an interview with the native speakers of Muko-Muko language. Then, analyze the position and the function of English and Muko-Muko Question words.

3.2 Data Collecting Method

To make the method properly, the writer applies library research method to support the data description. Library research method is a way to support the analysis through providing data in written materials. The data are collected to be read and studied. The sources of data are taken from some references in English

and Muko-Muko language books. Not only from the books but also the writer conducted an interview with one of the native speakers of Muko-Muko Language. The writer does not only collect the data and analyze the observation and document, but these data are not common. After collecting the data, then the writer starts to analyze the data. According to Creswell (2003) collecting data in grounded theory method is the process “zig-zag”- go to the range to get the information, analyze data, and so forth.

3.3 Data Analysis Method

The way that the writer is going to analyze the data of English and Muko-Muko language use the grounded theory can be devided into four steps. They are:

1. Open coding, the writer make the list of data that must to find out, and then look for and collect the data. Look for the data about English question words and Muko-Muko question words.

2. Axial coding, the writer studying the data and try to make the presentation using the logic diagram, where the writer is identifying the data.

3. Selective coding, the writer selects the fit (valid) data to analyzed. And then analyze the data which has selected and describe the function of English question words and Muko-Muko Question words.

4. Proposition: the writer develop and describe in way modiviability (control) the result of data that has identified with analyzing the contrast of English question words and Muko-Muko question words. In the end of the analyzing the data will be found the work (generality), relevance (understanding), fit (valid), modiviability (control).

CHAPTER IV DATA AND ANALYSIS

4.1 The Description of Data 4.1.1 English Question Words

1. The function of Question word What is asking about something and asking for repetition or confirmation.

Example:

- What is your favourite animal? - What he can meet her?

2. The function of Question word when is asking about time. Example:

- When is your birthday? - When were you born?

3. The function of Question word where is asking for in or at what place or position.

Example:

- Where do you study? - Where do they swim?

4. The function of Question word which is asking about choice. Example:

- Which pen do you like? - Which novel do you buy? - Which flower does she like?

5. The function of Question word who is asking what or which person or people (as subject).

Example: - Who am I?

- Who does give you pocket money every day?

6. The function of Question word whom is asking what or which person or people (as object).

Example:

- Whom does she call? - Whom does he love?

7. The function of Question word whose is asking about ownership. Example:

- Whose laptop do you bring? - Whose cellular phone did you use?

8. The function of Question word why is asking for a reason. Example:

- Why does he come late? - Why do you love me?

9. The function of Question word how is asking about manner, condition or quality and quantity.

Example:

- How do you come to the campus? - How are you?

- How good is the novel?

How far is asking about distance. Example:

- How far is Muko-Muko from Lubuk Pakam? - How far is the city from here?

- How far is your house to the campus?

How long is asking about length (time or space). Example:

- How long have you studied at USU? - How long did they stay here?

How many is asking about quantity (countable noun). Example:

- How many brothers and sisters do you have? - How many books do you have?

How much is asking about quantity (uncountable noun). Example:

- How much money do you have? - How much sugar do you need? How old is asking about age. Example:

- How old are you? - How old is he?

4.1.2 Muko-Muko Question Words

Below is a list of the Muko-Muko Question words:

1. apo /ʌpəʊ/ “what”

2. siapo /sɪʌpəʊ/ “who”

3. mengapo /məŋʌpəʊ/ “why”

4. bilo /bɪləʊ “when”

5. berapo /bə:ʌpəʊ/ “how”

6. mano /mʌnəʊ/ “which”

7. macam mano /mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊ / “how”

8. dimano /dɪ mʌnəʊ / “where”

The explanation of the Question words above are:

1. The function of Question word apo is asking about something. Example:

- Apo yang sedang aban karejokan? /ʌpəʊ jʌŋ sədʌŋʌbʌn kʌ:eʤɒkʌn?/ - Binatang apo yang aban senang?

/bɪnʌtʌŋ ʌpəʊ jʌŋ ʌbʌn sənʌŋ?/ - Apo yang inyo agih kek aban? /ʌpəʊ jʌŋ ɪnjəʊʌgɪh kek ʌbʌn?/

Ndak apo is asking about what something will be done by a person or people.

Example:

- Ndak apo aban datang kek siko? /ndʌk ʌpəʊʌbʌn dʌtʌŋ kek sɪkəʊ?/

- Ndak apo inyo paing? /ndʌk ʌpəʊɪnjəʊ pʌɪŋ?/

- Ndak apo toboh balaring kek situng? / ndʌk ʌpəʊ tɒbɒh bʌlʌ:ɪŋ kek sɪtʊŋ?/ Untuk apo is asking the goal for something. Example:

- Untuk apo aban karejo?

/ʊntʊk ʌpəʊʌbʌn kʌ:əʤəʊkʌn?/ - Untuk apo inyo balajar?

/ʊntʊk ʌpəʊɪnjəʊ bʌlʌʤʌ:?/

- Untuk apo inyo malieng pena aban? /ʊntʊk ʌpəʊɪnjəʊ mʌlɪəŋ penʌʌbʌn?/

2. The function of Question word siapo is asking what or which person or people (as subject, as object and as ownership).

Example:

- Siapo yang membeling televisi itung? /sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ məmbəlɪŋ televɪsɪɪtʊŋ?/

- Dengan siapo aban paing kek Muko-Muko? /dəŋʌn sɪʌpəʊʌbʌn pʌɪŋ kek mʊkəʊ- mʊkəʊ?/ - Untuk siapo amak membuek koping iko?

/ʊntʊk sɪʌpəʊʌmʌk məmbʊek kɒpɪŋ ɪkəʊ?/ - Punyo siapo umah itung?

3. The function of Question word mengapo is asking for reason. Example:

- Mengapo aban balajar serius? /məŋʌpəʊʌbʌn bʌlʌʤʌ: sə:ɪʊs?/ - Mengapo inyo senang usik aban?

/məŋʌpəʊɪnjəʊ sənʌŋ ʊsɪk ʌbʌan?/ - Mengapo aban meninggakan ambo?

/məŋʌpəʊʌbʌn mənɪŋgʌkʌn ʌmbəʊ?/ - Mengapo inyo senang ambo?

/məŋʌpəʊɪnjəʊ sənʌŋʌmbəʊ?/

4. The function of Question word bilo is asking about time. Example:

- Bilo inyo lahi? /bɪləʊɪnjəʊ lʌhɪ?/

- Bilo haring ulang tahun aban? /bɪləʊ hʌ:ɪŋ ʊlʌŋ tʌhʊn ʌbʌn?/ - Bilo toboh membeling umah?

/bɪləʊ tɒbɒh məmbəlɪŋ ʊmʌh?/ - Bilo kito paing kek pantai?

/bɪləʊ kɪtəʊ pʌɪŋ kek pʌntaɪ?/

5. The function of Question word berapo is asking about the quantity or quality of something.

Example:

- Berapo manyak pitih yang inyo punyo? /bə:ʌpəʊ mʌnjʌk pɪtɪh jʌŋ ɪnjəʊ pʊnjəʊ/

- Jam berapo kining? /ʤʌm bə:ʌpəʊ kɪnɪŋ?/

- Seberapo pandai inyo ngecek Bahaso Inggris? /səbə:ʌpəʊ pʌndaɪɪnjəʊŋeʧek bʌhʌsəʊɪŋg:ɪs?/ - Seberapo leba ladang aban?

/səbə:ʌpəʊ lebʌ lʌdʌŋ ʌbʌn?/

6. The function of Question word mano is asking about choice. Example:

- Mano ladang aban? /mʌnəʊ lʌdʌŋ ʌbʌn?/

- Mano pena yang aban senang? /mʌnəʊ penʌ jʌŋ ʌbʌn sənʌŋ?/ - Mano oto yang ndak inyo beling?

/mʌnəʊɒtɒ jʌŋ ndʌk ɪnjəʊ bəlɪŋ/

7. The function of Question word macam mano is asking about manner and condition.

Example:

- Macam mano inyo datang kek siko? /mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊɪnjəʊ dʌtʌŋ kek sɪkəʊ?/ - Macam mano aban makai laptop iko?

/mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊʌbʌn mʌkaɪ leptɒp ɪkəʊ?/ - Macam mano inyo malieng bukung aban?

8. The function of Question word dimano is asking about place. Example:

- Inyo tingga dimano? /ɪnjəʊ tɪŋgʌ dɪmʌnəʊ?/ - Dimano sakola aban?

/dɪmʌnəʊ sʌkɒlʌʌbʌn?/

- Dimano inyo balajar Bahaso Inggris? /dɪmʌnəʊɪnjəʊ bʌlʌʤʌ: bʌhʌsəʊɪŋg:ɪs?/ Kemano is also asking about place (where to). Example:

- Inyo ndak paing kemano? /ɪnjəʊ ndʌk pʌɪŋ kəmʌnəʊ?/ - Aban ndak balajar kemano?

/ʌbʌn ndʌk bʌlʌʤʌ: kəmʌnəʊ?/

- Kemano ambo harus kiriem surek iko? /kəmʌnəʊʌmbəʊ hʌ:ʊs kɪ:ɪəm sʊ:ek ɪkəʊ?/ Dari mano is asking about place to (where from). Example:

- Dari mano aban? /dʌ:ɪ mʌnəʊʌbʌn?/ - Asal inyo dari mano?

/ʌsʌl ɪnjəʊ dʌ:ɪ mʌnəʊ?/ - Dari mano aban masuk?

4.2 Analysis

4.2.1 The Function of English Question Words

The data acquired as shown below were gathered from the library. They might be classified into some ways of classifications based on the categories found in similarities and differences between English and Muko-Muko Question word.

English and Muko-Muko Question words have the same meaning, but they have differences. In English, Question words are usually put at the initial position or the medial position and have function as subject or predicate in interrogative sentences. Meanwhile, Muko-Muko Question words can be put at the initial position or medial position, and sometimes at the final position in interrogative sentences.

Examples:

English Muko-Muko

What is your mobile phone number? Berapo nomor telpon aban? bə:ʌpəʊ nɒmɒ: telpɒn ʌbʌn? Where do you come from? Dari mano asal aban?

dʌ:ɪ mʌnəʊʌsʌl ʌbʌn? Whose book is this? Bukung siapo iko?

bʊkʊŋ sɪʌpəʊɪkəʊ? What do you study for? Untuk apo aban balajar?

ʊntʊk ʌpəʊʌbʌn bʌlʌʤʌ:? With whom did she go? Dengan siapo inyo paing?

Where will they go? Toboh ndak paing kemano? tɒbɒh ndʌk pɒɪŋ kəmʌnəʊ? Where does he live? Inyo tingga dimano?

ɪnjəʊ tɪŋgʌ dɪmʌnəʊ?

Whom did you meet at the party? Siapo yang ndak aban temu di pesta itung? sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ ndʌk ʌbʌn təmʊ dɪ pestʌɪtʊŋ? Why the baby cries? Mengapo anak kecik itung nangih?

məŋʌpəʊʌnʌk kəʧɪk ɪtʊŋ nʌŋɪh? When did you send the letter? Bilo aban kiriem surek itung?

bɪləʊʌbʌn kɪ:ɪəm sʊ:ek ɪtʊŋ? What did you watch yesterday? Apo yang aban noton petang?

ʌpəʊ jʌŋ ʌbʌn nɒtɒn pətʌŋ?

English and Muko-Muko Question words are followed by noun. In English, noun is put between question word and auxiliary verb while in Muko-Muko, noun is put before question word and can be added by the word “yang” after of before question word.

Examples:

English

(Question Word + Noun + Auxiliary Verb)

Muko-Muko (Noun + Question Word)

What book are you reading? Bukung apo yang sedang aban baco? bʊkʊŋ ʌpəʊ jʌŋ sədʌŋ ʌbʌn bʌʧəʊ? What flower does she like? Bungo apo yang inyo senang?

bʊŋəʊʌpəʊ jʌŋ ɪnjəʊ sənʌŋ? What time do you usually have

breakfast?

Jam berapo biasonyo aban makan paging? ʤʌm bə:ʌpəʊ bɪʌsəʊnjəʊ ʌbʌn mʌkʌn pʌgɪŋ?

Whose car will they borrow? Oto siapo yang ndak inyo pinjam? ɒtɒ sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ ndʌk ɪnjəʊ pɪnʤʌm? Which novel has he ever read? Novel mano yang udah pernah inyo baco?

nəʊvəl mʌnəʊ jʌŋ ʊdʌh pə:nʌh ɪnjəʊ bʌʧəʊ?

Where place will we visit? Tempat mano yang ndak kito datangi? təmpʌt mʌnəʊ jʌŋ ndʌk kɪtəʊ dʌtʌŋɪ? What day do you study English? Haring apo aban balajar Bahaso Inggris?

hʌ:ɪŋ ʌpəʊʌbʌn bʌlʌʤʌ: bʌhʌsəʊɪŋg:ɪs?

English and Muko-Muko Question words are followed by an adjective. In Muko-Muko, adjective is put between question word and noun. In English, it is put after a question word.

Examples:

English

(Question Word + Adjective + Auxiliary Verb)

Muko-Muko

(Question Word + Adjective + Noun)

How high is the tree? Seberapo tingging kayung itung? səbə:ʌpəʊ tɪŋgɪŋ kʌjʊŋ ɪtʊŋ?

How tall is she? Seberapo tingging inyo? səbə:ʌpəʊ tɪŋgɪŋ ɪnjəʊ? How big is your house? Seberapo gedang umah aban?

səbə:ʌpəʊ gədʌŋ ʊmʌh ʌbʌn? How wide is this river? Seberapo leba aik gedang iko?

səbə:ʌpəʊ ləbʌ aɪk gədʌŋ ɪkəʊ? How far is the city here? Seberapo jauh kota di siko?

səbə:ʌpəʊʤaʊh kɒtʌ dɪ sɪkəʊ? How handsome are they? Seberapo ganteng toboh?

səbə:ʌpəʊ gʌnteŋ tɒbɒh?

How long do you stay there? Seberapo lamo aban tingga di situng? səbə:ʌpəʊ lʌməʊʌbʌn tɪŋgʌ dɪ sɪtʊŋ?

In English and Muko-Muko, more than one question words can ask one objective or two question words have same meaning to ask for a reason.

Examples:

English Muko-Muko

What did you kill him for? = Why did you kill him?

Untuk apo aban munuh inyo? = Mengapo aban munuh inyo?

ʊntʊk ʌpəʊʌbʌn mʊnʊh ɪnjəʊ? = məŋʌpəʊ ʌbʌn mʊnʊh ɪnjəʊ?

What do you study English for? = Why do you study English?

Untuk apo aban balajar Bahaso Inggris? = Mengapo aban balajar Bahaso Inggris?

ʊntʊk ʌpəʊʌbʌn bʌlʌʤʌ: bʌhʌsəʊɪŋg:ɪs? = məŋʌpəʊʌbʌn bʌlʌʤʌ: bʌhʌsəʊɪŋg:ɪs?

In English question sentence, the auxiliary verb or verb can change from according to time (in present, past or future) and noun (singular and plural, uncountable noun and countable noun) while Muko-Muko not change the verb.

Examples:

English Muko-Muko

When does this semester end? Bilo semester iko lah abih? bɪləʊ səməstə: ɪkəʊ lʌh ʌbɪh? When did you post the letter? Bilo aban kiriem surek itung?

bɪləʊʌbʌn kɪ:ɪəm sʊ:ek ɪtʊŋ? Who will water the plant? Siapo yang ndak nyiram tanaman?

sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ ndʌk njɪ:ʌm tʌnʌmʌn? How many books do you have at

your home?

Berapo manyak bukung yang aban punyo di umah aban?

bə:ʌpəʊ mʌnjʌk bʊkʊŋ jʌŋ ʌbʌn pʊnjəʊ dɪ ʊmʌh ʌbʌn?

Why was he late? Mengapo inyo talambek? məŋʌpəʊɪnjəʊ tʌlʌmbek?

Who asked him to speak English? Siapo yang nyuruh inyo kecek Bahaso Inggris? sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ njʊ:ʊh ɪnjəʊ keʧek bʌhʌsəʊɪŋg:ɪs? What are you doing? Apo yang aban karejokan?

ʌpəʊ jʌŋ ʌbʌn kʌ:eʤəʊkʌn?

What has he done today? Apo yang udah inyo karejokan haring iko? ʌpəʊ jʌŋ ʊdʌh ɪnjəʊ kʌ:eʤəʊkʌn hʌ:ɪŋ ɪkəʊ? How much money do you have? Berapo manyak pitih yang aban punya?

bə:ʌpəʊ mʌnjʌk pɪtɪh jʌŋ ʌbʌn pʊnjəʊ?

Who ordered her to do that? Siapo yang nyuruh inyo untuk membuek itung? sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ njʊ:ʊh ɪnjəʊʊntʊk məmbʊek itʊŋ?

English and Muko-Muko can be followed by the preposition. In English, it comes at the beginning or the end of the interrogative sentences. And in Muko-Muko it is put before a question word.

Examples:

English Muko-Muko

To whom will you give this gift?

Untuk siapo aban ndak ngagih hadiah itung? ʊntʊk sɪʌpəʊʌbʌn ndʌk ŋagɪh hʌdɪʌh ɪtʊŋ? To whom should I talk? Untuk siapo ambo harus ngecek?

ʊntʊk sɪʌpəʊʌmbəʊ hʌ:ʊs ŋeʧek? With whom did you go? Dengan siapo aban paing?

dəŋʌn sɪʌpəʊʌbʌn pʌɪŋ? What do you ask them for? Untuk apo aban tanyo toboh?

ʊntʊk ʌpəʊʌbʌn tʌnjəʊ tɒbɒh? What does he leave you for? Untuk apo inyo meninggakan aban?

In English two or more different question words can be used to ask the same meaning, but Muko-Muko question words cannot.

Examples:

English Muko-Muko

How long is the table? = What lenght is the table?

Seberapo panjang meja itung? səbə:ʌpəʊ pʌnʤʌŋ meʤʌɪtʊŋ? How wide is this river? = What width is

this river?

Seberapo leba aik gedang iko? səbə:ʌpəʊ lebʌ aɪk gədʌŋ ɪkəʊ? How high is that tree? = What height is

that tree?

Seberapo tinggi kayung itung? səbə:ʌpəʊ tɪŋgɪ kʌjʊŋ ɪtʊŋ? How far is the city from here? = What

distance is the city from here?

Seberapo jauh kota dari siko? səbə:ʌpəʊʤaʊh kɒtʌ dʌ:ɪ sɪkəʊ?

A part of English question words, one question word has two or more meanings, but Muko-Muko question words do not.

Examples:

English Muko-Muko

Where is the book? Dimano bukung itung? dɪmʌnəʊ bʊkʊŋ ɪtʊŋ? Where do you come from? Dari mano asal aban?

dʌ:ɪ mʌnəʊʌsʌl ʌbʌn? Where will you go? Kemano aban ndak paing?

kəmʌnəʊʌbʌn ndʌk pʌɪŋ?

How do you come here? Macam mano aban datang kek siko? mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊʌbʌn dʌtʌŋ kek sɪkəʊ? How much money do you have? Berapo manyak pitih yang aban punyo?

bə:ʌpəʊ mʌnjʌk pɪtɪh jʌŋ ʌbʌn pʊnjəʊ? How beautiful is she? Seberapo elok inyo?

səbə:ʌpəʊ elɒk ɪnjəʊ? What is your name? Siapo nama aban?

sʌpəʊ nʌmʌʌbʌn? What time is it? Jam berapo kining?

ʤʌm bə:ʌpəʊ kɪnɪŋ? What is your hobby? Apo hobi aban?

ʌpəʊ hɒbɪʌbʌn?

4.2.2 The Function of Muko-Muko Question Words

By analyzing all of the sentences selected from the collected data, it can be seen that Muko-Muko has 14 question words used in Muko-Muko interrogative sentences.

Below are the list of the Muko-Muko question words:

1. Apo /ʌpəʊ/ what

2. Ndak apo /ndʌk ʌpəʊ/ for what (goal) 3. Untuk apo /ʊntʊk ʌpəʊ/ what for (reason)

The question words “ndak apo” and “untuk apo” contain the same base word “apo”. In morphophonemic process, these can be analyzed as:

- Ndak apo /ndʌk ʌpəʊ/ ndak + apo /ndʌk + ʌpəʊ/ - Untuk apo /ʊntʊk ʌpəʊ/ untuk + apo /ʊntʊk + ʌpəʊ/

The preposition “ndak” and “untuk” together with base word “apo” from the question word “ndak apo” and “untuk apo”. Thus the question words “ndak apo” has the meaning of “what is the goal”, while the question word “untuk apo” has the meaning of “what is the reason” or simply stated as “why”.

4. Siapo /sɪʌpəʊ/ who (subject/object)

5. Punyo siapo /pʊnjʌ sɪʌpəʊ/ whose (ownership/possessive) All of the question words in this group contain the base morpheme “siapo”. In morphophonemic process, these can be analyzed as:

- Punyo siapo /pʊnjʌ sɪʌpəʊ/ punyo + siapo /pʊnjʌ + sɪʌpəʊ/

This base morpheme is glued to the preposition “punyo” and “untuk” meaning “own” and “for”.

6. Dimano /dɪmʌnəʊ/ where 7. Kemano /kəmʌnəʊ/ where to 8. Dari mano /dʌ:ɪ mʌnəʊ/ where from

In this group, all the question words contain the same base word “mano”. From mrphophonemic point of view, we can analyze them as:

- Dimano /dɪmʌnəʊ/ di + mano /dɪ + mʌnəʊ/ - Kemano /kəmʌnəʊ/ ke + mano /kə + mʌnəʊ/ - Dari mano /dʌ:ɪ mʌnəʊ/ dari + mano /dʌ:ɪ + mʌnəʊ/

The preposition “di”, “ke”, and “dari” are used in combination with the base word “mano”. The preposition “di”,”ke”, and “dari” explain about “place”.

9. Berapo /bə:ʌpəʊ/ how many, or how much (describe “amount”) 10.Seberapo /səbə:ʌpəʊ/ how (to describe “adjective”)

In this group, the question words contain the same base word “berapo”. From mrphophonemic point of view, we can analyze them as:

- Seberapo /səbə:ʌpəʊ/ se + berapo /sə + bə:ʌpəʊ/

The preposition “se” is used in combination with the base word “berapo”. The preposition “se” describe about “adjective”.

11.Mano /mʌnəʊ/ which

12.Macam mano /mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊ/ how (describe about “manner”) In this group, the question words contain the same base word “mano”. From mrphophonemic point of view, we can analyze them as:

- Macam mano /mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊ/ macam + mano /mʌʧʌm + mʌnəʊ/

The preposition “macam” is used in combination with the base word “mano”. The preposition “macam” describe about “manner”.

13.Mengapo /məŋʌpəʊ/ why 14.Bilo /bɪləʊ/ when

1. The Question Word “Apo”

The following is the list of Muko-Muko interrogative sentences showing the use of the Question word “Apo”. The question word “apo” meaning “what”, is used to ask information about something. I occupies both the initial position and the medial position.

Examples: - Apo karejo abak inyo? /ʌpəʊ kʌ:eʤəʊʌbʌk ɪnjəʊ?/ (What is his/her father job?)

In this sentence, the question word “apo” takes the initial position and stands as the subject of the interrogative sentence, followed by the noun “karejo” meaning “job”. The word “abak inyo” consist the noun “abak” meaning “father”, and the possesive pronoun “inyo” meaning “his/her”.

-Bukung apo yang aban baco? /bʊkʊŋ ʌpəʊ jʌŋ ʌbʌn bʌʧəʊ?/ (What book do you read?)

Here the question word “apo” takes the medial position preceded by the noun “bukung” meaning “book”, followed by the word “yang” as auxiliary verb “do”, pronoun (subject) “aban” meaning “you” and the verb “baco” meaning “read”.

In this sentence, the question word “apo” is function as an interrogative adjective asking for the information about something “concerning the book”. The question word “apo” with the noun “bukung” meaning “book” stands as the subject of th interrogative sentence.

The question word “apo” together with the noun functions as the subject of the interrogative sentence. When the question word is in the medial position, it is an iterrogative adjective, that is the question inquires the choice of of the noun rather than simply asks for information about something. When the question word is used in the medial position, it will be preceded by noun, and is followed by the word “yang”, than comes the pronoun (subject) “aban” and the verb “baco”. Thus when the question word takes the medial position, the interrogative sentence takes either one of this structure.

2. The Question Word “Ndak apo”

The question word “ndak apo” means “for what (the goal)” this is used to ask the information about the goal of the verb. Below is a list of the Muko-Muko interrogative sentences showing the use of the question word “ndak apo” meaning “for what (the goal)”.

Examples: - Ndak apo inyo paing kek sakola? /ndʌk ʌpəʊɪnjəʊ pʌɪŋ kek sʌkɒlʌ?/ (For what does she/he go to school?)

Here, the question word occupies the initial position as the subject of interrogative sentence, followed by pronoun (subject) “inyo” means “she/he”, verb “paing” means “go”, preposition “kek” means “to”, and adverb of place “sakola” means “school”.

-Ndak apo aban datang kek umah ambo? /ndʌk ʌpəʊʌbʌn dʌtʌŋ kek ʊmʌh ʌmbəʊ?/ (For what do you come to my house?)

In this sentence, the question word “ndak apo” puts the initial position as the subject of interrogative sentence, followed by pronoun (subject) “aban” means

“you”, then the verb “datang” means “come”, next preosition “kek” means “to”, then noun “umah” means “house”, and the last the possessive pronoun “ambo” means “my”.

- Ndak apo kito balajar Bahaso Inggris? /ndʌk ʌpəʊ kɪtəʊ bʌlʌʤʌ: bʌhʌsəʊɪŋg:ɪs?/ (For what do we study English?)

From this sentence, we can see that the question word “ndak apo” also occupies the initial position and it is also as the subject of interrogative sentence. It is followed by pronoun (subject) “kito” means “we”, then the verb “belaja” means “study”, last the noun “Bahaso Inggris” means “English”.

3. The Quesiton Word “Untuk apo”

The question word “untuk apo” means “what is the reason for”, or simply translated as “why”. This question word has the same meaning and function with the question word “mengapo”, thus it is used to ask about the motive or the reason of an action or an event. The question word “untuk apo” is same with the other question words above, that is followed by pronoun.

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “untuk apo”.

Examples: - untuk apo inyo ambik pitih abak inyo? /ʊntʊk ʌpəʊɪnjəʊʌmbɪk pɪtɪh ʌbʌk ɪnjəʊ?/

(What does he/she take his/her father’s money for?)

This sentence has a similar structure from the examples above. The question word takes the inital position as the subject of interrogative sentence. It is followed by relative pronoun (subject) “inyo” means “he/she”, then the verb

“ambik” means “take”, next the noun “pitih abak” means “money of father”, and last the possesive pronoun “inyo” means “his/her”.

- Untuk apo kito karejo tiap haring? /ʊntʊk ʌpəʊ kɪtəʊ kʌ:eʤɒ tɪʌp hʌ:ɪŋ?/ (What do we work everyday?)

This sentence has a similar structure from the examples above. The question word takes the inital position as the subject of interrogative sentence. It is followed by pronoun (subject) “kito” means “we”, then the verb “karejo” means “work”, and last the adverb of time in present tense “tiap haring” means “everyday”.

- Untuk apo aban munuh inyo? /ʊntʊk ʌpəʊʌbʌn mʊnʊh ɪnjəʊ?/ (what do you kill him for?)

From this sentence, we can see that the question word “untuk apo” also occupies the initial position and it is also as the subject of interrogative sentence. It is followed by pronoun (subject) “aban” means “you”, then the verb “munuh” means “kill”, last the pronoun (object) “inyo” means “him”.

- Untuk apo aban agihkan hadiah itung kek ambo? /ʊntʊk ʌpəʊʌbʌn ʌgɪhkʌn hʌdɪʌh ɪtʊŋ kek ʌmbəʊ?/ (what do you give the gift to me?)

In this sentence, the question word “untuk apo” puts the initial position as the subject of interrogative sentence, followed by pronoun (subject) “aban” means “you”, then the verb “agihkan” means “give”, then the noun “hadiah” menas “gift”, then the article “itung” means “that”, next preposition “kek” means “to”, then pronoun (object) “ambo” means “me”.

4. The Question Word “Siapo”

The question word “siapo” means “who, is used to find out the information about person. The question word “siapo” means “who (subject/object)” always takes the initial position or medial, and its function is as an interrogative subject or object.

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “siapo”.

Examples: - Siapo namo aban? /sɪʌpəʊ nʌməʊʌbʌn?/ (who name you?) (what is your name?)

In Muko-Muko, to ask the name of somebody, we use the question word “siapo” means “who” rather than “apo” means “what”. It is considered impolite when someone uses the question word “apo” means “what” to asking sombody’s name. In this sentence, the question word “siapo” takes the initial position, functions as the subject of the interrogative sentence. It is followed by noun “name” and the pronoun (object) “aban” means “you”.

- Siapo yang membuek koping iko? /sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ məmbʊek kɒpɪŋ ɪkəʊ?/ (Who made this coffee?)

Here, the quetion word “siapo” means “who”. The question word “siapo” takes the initial position, functions as the subject of the interrogative sentence. It is followed by enclitic word “yang”, than the verb “membuek” means “made”, and the noun “koping” means coffee, last the article “iko” means “this”.

- Siapo yang mengajok aban? /sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ məŋʌʤəʊk ʌbʌn?/ (Who asked you?)

In this sentence, the question word “siapo” takes the initial position, functions as the subject of the interrogative sentence. It is followed by enclitic word “yang”, than the verb “mengajok” means “asked”, and the pronoun (object) “aban” means “you”.

- untuk siapo bungo itung? /ʊntʊk sɪʌpəʊ bʊŋəʊɪtʊŋ? (Whom is the flower for)

Here, the question word “untuk siapo” means “for whom”. The question word “untuk siapo” takes the initial position, functions as the object of the interrogative sentence. It is followed by noun “bungo” means “flower”, then the article “itung” means “that”.

- Untuk siapo aban ndak kiriem pitih iko? /ʊntʊk sɪʌpəʊʌbʌn ndʌk kɪ:ɪəm pɪtɪh ɪkəʊ?/ (Whom will you send this money to?)

In this sentence, the question word “untuk siapo” takes the medial position, functions as interrogative object, explains the object of the verb. It is followed by pronoun (subject) “aban” means “you”, then the auxiliary verb “ndak” means “will”, and the verb “kiriem” means “send”, then the noun “pitih” means “money”, and last the article “iko” means “this”.

- Untuk siapo inyo agihkan hadiah itung? /ʊntʊk sɪʌpəʊɪnjəʊʌgɪhkʌn hʌdɪʌh ɪtʊŋ?/ (Whom did he/she give the gift to?)

In this sentence, the question word “untuk siapo”, it takes the medial position, it functions as interrogative object, and it explains the object of the verb. It is followed by pronoun (subject) “inyo” means “he/she”, and the verb “agihkan” means “give”, next the enclitic word “kan”, then the noun “hadiah” means “gift”, and last the article “itung” means “the”.

- Dengan siapo amak ndak paing? /dəŋʌn sɪʌpəʊʌmʌk ndʌk pʌɪŋ?/ (With whom will mother go?)

In this sentence, the question word “dengan siapo” takes the medial position, functions as interrogative object, explains the object of the verb. It is followed by subject “amak” means “mother”, then the auxiliary verb “ndak” means “will”, and the last followed by the verb “paing” means “go”.

5. The Question Word “Punya siapo”

The question word “punya siapo” is used to ask about the possession or the ownership of somebody. The question word “punya siapo” takes the initial position. And it can take the medial position but the preposition “punya” is lost. The preposition “punya” changed be the noun. The pattern is (noun + siapo + tobe/auxiliary verb + o/c). And it is often used in Muko-Muko interrogative sentence.

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “siapo”.

Examples: - Punya siapo bukung itung? /pʊnjəʊ sɪʌpəʊ bʊkʊŋ ɪtʊŋ?/ (Whose book is that?)

Here, the question word “punya siapo” means “whose”. The question word “punya siapo” takes the initial position, functions as the subject of the interrogative sentence. It is followed by noun “bukung” means “book”, then the article “itung” means “that”. This sentence is seldom used by society of Muko-Muko.

- Oto siapo yang ndak aban pinjam? /ɒtɒ sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ ndʌk ʌbʌn pɪnʤʌm?/ (Whose car will you borrow?)

In this sentence, the question word “siapo” takes the medial position, functions as interrogative possessive, explains the ownership. It is preceded by noun “oto” means “car”, then followed by enclitic word “yang”, then the auxiliary verb “ndak” means “will”, and last the verb “pinjam” means “borrow”. This sentence is more often used by society of Muko-Muko than the example above.

- Umah siapo yang paling gedang di kota iko? /ʊmʌh sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ pʌlɪŋ gədʌŋ dɪ kɒtʌɪkəʊ?/ (Whose house is the biggest in this city?)

In this sentence, the question word “siapo” takes the medial position, functions as interrogative possessive, explains the ownership. It is preceded by noun “umah” means “house”, then followed by enclitic word “yang”, then the superlative degree of adjective comparison “paling gedang” means “the biggest”, and the preposition “di” means “in”, then the adverb of place “kota” means “city”, and last the article “iko” means “this”. This sentence is also often used by society of Muko-Muko than the example above.

6. The Question Word “Dimano”

The question word “dimano” is derived from the base word “mano” preceded by the preposition “di”. The question word “dimano” meaning “where”. It is used to ask the information about the location or the place of somthing. It can take the initial position or the final position in interrogative sentence. Its function is as an interrogative adverb of place.

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “dimano”.

Examples: - Dimano aban tingga? /dɪmʌnəʊʌbʌn tɪŋgʌ?/ (Where do you live?)

Here, the question word “dimano” means “where”. The question word “dimano” takes the initial position, functions as the adverb of place in interrogative sentence. It is followed by pronoun (subject) “aban” means “you”, then the verb “tingga” means “live”.

- Inyo balajar dimano? /ɪnjəʊ bʌlʌʤʌ: dɪmʌnəʊ?/ (Where does he/she study?)

In this sentence, the question word “dimano” means “where”. The question word “dimano” takes the final position, functions as the adverb of place in interrogative sentence. It is precede by pronoun (subject) “inyo” means “he/she”, then followed by the verb “belaja” means “study”.

- Dimano toboh kining? /dɪmʌnəʊ tɒbɒh kɪnɪŋ?/ (Where are they now?)

Here, the question word “dimano” means “where”. The question word “dimano” takes the initial position, functions as the adverb of place in interrogative sentence. It is followed by pronoun (subject) “toboh” means “they”, then the adverb of time “kining” means “now”.

7. The Question Word “Kemano”

The question word “kemano” menaing “where to”. It is used to ask about destination or direction of an action. It can take the initial position or the final position in interrogative sentence. Its function is as an interrogative adverb of place.

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “kemano”.

Examples: - Inyo ndak paing kemano? /ɪnjəʊ ndʌk pʌɪŋ kəmʌnəʊ?/ (Where will he/she go?)

In this sentence, the question word “kemano” means “where to”. The question word “kemano” takes the final position, functions as the adverb of place in interrogative sentence too. It is preceded by pronoun (subject) “inyo” means “he/she”, then the auxiliary verb “ndak” means “will”, and last preceded by the verb “paing” means “go”.

- Kemano aban kiriem surek iko? /kəmʌnəʊʌbʌn kɪ:ɪəm sʊ:ek ɪkəʊ?/ (Where do you send this letter?)

Here, the question word “kemano” means “where to”. The question word “kemano” takes the initial position, its also functions as the adverb of place in

interrogative sentence. It is followed by pronoun (subject) “aban” means “you”, then the verb “kiriem” means “send”, then the noun “surek” means “letter”, and last the article “iko” means “this”.

- Kito harus datangi kemano? /kɪtəʊ hʌ:ʊs dʌtʌŋɪ kəmʌnəʊ?/ (Where must we visit)

In this sentence, the question word “kemano” means “where to”. The question word “kemano” takes the final position, it functions as the adverb of place in interrogative sentence. It is preceded by pronoun (subject) “kito” means “we”, then the modal “harus” means “must”, and last preceded by the verb “datangi” means “visit”.

8. The Question Word “Dari mano”

The question word “dari mano” is derived from the base word “mano” preceded by the preposition “dari”. The question word “dari mano” meaning “where from”. It is used to ask the information about the location or the place of something. It can take the initial position or the final position in interrogative sentence. Its function is as an interrogative adverb of place.

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “dari mano”.

Examples: - Asal aban dari mano? /ʌsʌl ʌbʌn dʌ:ɪ mʌnəʊ?/ (Where do you come from?)

In this sentence, the question word “dari mano” means “where from”. The question word “dari mano” takes the final position, it functions as the adverb of

place in interrogative sentence. It is preceded by the name of place such as adddress, hometown, city, or country “asal” means “come from” by pronoun (subject) “aban” means “you”, then the question word “dari mano”.

- Dari mano inyo balaring? /dʌ:ɪ mʌnəʊɪnjəʊ bʌlʌ:ɪŋ?/ (Where does he/she run from?)

Here, the question word “dari mano” means “where from”. The question word “dari mano” takes the initial position, its also functions as the adverb of place in interrogative sentence. It is followed by pronoun (subject) “inyo” means “we”, and the verb “balaring” means “run”.

- Toboh bajalan dari mano? /tɒbɒh bʌʤʌlʌn dʌ:ɪ mʌnəʊ?/ (Where do they walk from?)

9. The Question Word “Berapo”

The question word “berapo” means “how, how many or how much”. The question word “berapo” takes the initial or medial position.

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “berapo”.

Examples: - Jam berapo kining? /ʤʌm bə:ʌpəʊ kɪnɪŋ?/ (What time is it?)

In this sentence, the question word “berapo” means “what (amount)”. The question word “berapo” takes the medial position. It is preceded by the noun “jam” means “time”, then followed by adverb of time “kining” means “time”.

- Berapo manyak pitih yang aban perlung? /bə:ʌpəʊ mʌnjʌk pɪtɪh jʌŋ ʌbʌn pə:lʊŋ? (How much money do you need?)

In this sentence, the question word “berapo” means “how much”. The question word “berapo” takes the initial position. It is followed by the amount of the noun “manyak” means “much”, then by the uncountable noun “pitih” means “money”, then the inclitic word “yang” means “do”, then the pronoun (subject) “aban” means “you”, and last the verb “perlung” means “need”.

- Berapo manyak bukung yang kito punyo di umah? /bə:ʌpəʊ mʌnjʌk bʊkʊŋ jʌŋ kɪtəʊ pʊnjəʊ dɪʊmʌh?/ (How many books do we have at home?)

Here, the question word “berapo” means “how many”. The question word “berapo” takes the initial position. It is followed by the amount of the noun “manyak” means “many”, then by the countable noun “bukung” means “books”, then the inclitic word “yang” means “do”, then the pronoun (subject) “kito” means “we”, and the verb “punyo” means “have”, next the preposition “di” means “at”, then the last followed by the adverb of place “umah” means ”home”.

10. The Question Word “Seberapo”

The question word “seberapo” means “how (amount)”. The question word “seberapo” is derived from the base word “berapo” preceded by the preposition “se”. The question word “seberapo” takes the initial position only. It is used to ask the information about the amount of adjective. It will be equvalent to the English (Question Word + adjective).

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “seberapo”.

Examples: - Seberapo elok inyo? /sebə:ʌpəʊ elɒk ɪnjəʊ?/ (How pretty is she?)

In this sentence, the question word “seberapo” means “how (ask the amount of adjective)”. It takes the initial position. It is followed by the adjective “elok” means “pretty”, and the pronoun (subject) “inyo” means “she”.

- Seberapo maha oto itung? /sebə:ʌpəʊ mʌhʌɒtɒɪtʊŋ?/ (How expensive is the car?)

Here, the question word “seberapo” means “how (ask the amount of adjective)”. It takes the initial position. It is followed by the adjective “maha” means “expensive”, and the noun “oto” means “car”, then last followed by the article “itung” means “the”.

- Seberapo leba aik gedang iko? /sebə:ʌpəʊ lebʌ aɪk gədʌŋ ɪkəʊ?/ (How wide is this river?)

Here, the question word “seberapo” means “how (ask the amount of adjective)”. It takes the initial position. It is followed by the adjective “leba” means “wide”, and the noun “aik gedang” means “river”, then last followed by the article “iko” means “this”.

11. The Question Word “Mano”

The question word “mano” equivalent to “which” in English. It can take the initial or medial position. It is used to ask about the position, direction, characteristic of noun or choice.

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “mano”.

Example: - Mano bukung aban? /mʌnəʊ bʊkʊɪʌbʌn?/ (Which is your book?)

In this sentence, the question word “mano” takes the initial position. It means “which”. It functions as the subject in this sentence. Asking about which one the book. It is followed by the noun “bukung” means “book”, and the possessive pronoun “aban” means “your”.

- Bungo mano yang inyo senang? /bʊŋəʊ mʌnəʊ jʌŋ ʌbʌn sənʌŋ?/ (Which flower does she like?)

Here, the question word “mano” takes the medial position. It means “which”. It is preceded by the noun “bungo” means “flower”, then it is followed by the word “yang” means “does”, and the pronoun (subject) “inyo” means “she”, and the last it is followed by the verb “senang” means “like”.

- Binatang mano yang toboh sayang? /bɪnʌtʌŋ mʌnəʊ jʌŋ tɒbɒh sʌjʌŋ?/ (Which animal do they love?)

In this sentence, the question word “mano” takes the medial position. It means “which”. It is preceded by the noun “binatang” means “animal”, then it is

followed by the word “yang” means “do”, and the pronoun (subject) “toboh” means “they”, and the last it is followed by the verb “sayang” means “love”.

12. The Question Word “Macam mano”

The question word “macam mano” means “how (manner)”. The question word “macam mano” is derived from the base word “mano” preceded by the preposition “macam”. The question word “macam mano” takes the initial position. It is used to ask about the state or condition of something or the way to perform a certain action.

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “macam mano”.

Examples: - Macam mano inyo datang kek umah aban? /mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊɪnjəʊ dʌtʌŋ kek ʊmʌh ʌbʌn?/ (How does she/he come to your house?)

In this sentence, the question word “macam mano” takes the initial position. It is followed by the pronoun “inyo” means “she/he”, then the verb “ datang” means “come”, next followed by preposition “kek” means “to”, and followed by the noun “umah” means “house”, the last followed by possessive pronoun “aban” means “your”.

- Macam mano anak kecik itung membuek teh? /mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊʌnʌk kəʧɪk ɪtʊŋ membʊek teh?/ (How does the baby make the tea?)

Here, the question word “macam mano” takes the initial position. It is followed by the subject “anak kecik itung” means “the baby”, next followed by

verb “membuek” means “make”, and the last followed by the noun “teh” means “the tea”.

- Macam mano aban biso membeling oto maha iko? /mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊʌbʌn bɪsəʊ məmbəlɪŋ ɒtɒ mʌhʌɪkəʊ?

(How can you buy this expensive car?)

In this sentence, the question word “macam mano” takes the initial position. It is followed by the pronoun “aban” means “you”, then the modal “biso” means “can”, next followed by verb “membeling” means “buy”, and followed by the noun “oto” means “car”, next followed by the adjective “maha” means “expensive”, and the last followed by the article “iko” means “this”.

13. The Question Word “Mengapo”

The question word “mengapo” means “why”. This question word is used to ask about the motive or the reason of an action or an event. The question word “mengapo” is followed by pronoun. It takes the initial position.

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “mengapo”.

Examples: - Mengapo aban mencintai ambo? /məŋʌpəʊʌbʌn mənʧɪntaɪʌmbəʊ?/ (Why do you love me?)

Here, the question word “mengapo” takes the initial position. It is followed by the pronoun “aban” means “you”, then followed by verb “mencintai” means “love”, and the last followed by the pronoun (object) “ambo” means “me”. This question asking for the reason of an action.

- Mengapo inyo meninggakan aban? /məŋʌpəʊɪnjəʊ mənɪŋgʌkʌn ʌbʌn?/

(Why does he leave you?)

In this sentence, the question word “mengapo” takes the initial position. It is followed by the pronoun “inyo” means “he”, then followed by verb “maninggakan” means “leave”, and the last followed by the pronoun (object) “aban” means “you”. This question asking for the reason of an action.

- Mengapo toboh datang talambek? /məŋʌpəʊ tɒbɒh dʌtʌŋ tʌlʌmbek?/ (Why do they come late?)

Here, the question word “mengapo” takes the initial position. It is followed by the pronoun “toboh” means “they”, then followed by verb “datang” means “come”, and the last followed by the adverb of manner “talambek” means “late”. This question asking for the reason of an action.

14. The Question Word “Bilo”

The question word “bilo” meaning “when”. The question word “macam mano” takes the initial position. It is used to ask about he time when a certain activity is performed.

Below is the list of the interrogative sentences with the question word “bilo”.

Examples: - Bilo inyo mengundang kito? /bɪləʊɪnjəʊ məŋʊndʌŋ kɪtəʊ?/ (When did he/she invite us?)

In this sentence, the question word “bilo” takes the initial position. It is followed by the pronoun “inyo” means “he/she”, then followed by verb “mangundang” means “invite”, and the last followed by the pronoun (object) “us” means “kito”. This question asking for the time of an activity.

- Bilo toboh paing kek pantai? /bɪləʊ tɒbɒh pʌɪŋ kek pʌntaɪ?/ (When did they go to the beach?)

In this sentence, the question word “bilo” takes the initial position. It is followed by the pronoun “toboh” means “they”, then followed by verb “paing” means “go”, and followed by the preposition “kek” means “to”. Then the last followed by the adverb of place “pantai” means “beach” This question asking for the time of an activity.

- Bilo aban ndak membeling umah gedang itung? /bɪləʊʌbʌn ndʌk məmbəlɪŋ ʊmʌh gədʌŋ ɪtʊŋ? (When will you buy that big house?)

In this sentence, the question word “bilo” takes the initial position. It is followed by the pronoun “aban” means “you”, next followed by auxiliaary verb “ndak” means “will”, then followed by verb “membeling” means “buy”, and followed by the noun “umah” means “house”, then followed by the adjective “gedang” means “big”, then the last followed by the article “itung” means “that”. This question asking for the time of an activity.

From the description of this thesis, it could be concluded that there are eight basic question words in Muko-Muko namely:

1. apo /ʌpəʊ/ “what”

2. siapo /sɪʌpəʊ/ “who”

3. mengapo /məŋʌpəʊ/ “why”

4. bilo /bɪləʊ/ “when”

5. berapo /bə:ʌpəʊ/ “how (quality and quantity)”

6. mano /mʌnəʊ/ “which”

7. macam mano /mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊ/ “how (manner)” 8. dimano /dɪmʌnəʊ/ “where”

1. The function of Question word “apo” meaning “what” is asking about something.

Example:

- Apo ulah aban? /ʌpəʊʊlʌh ʌbʌn?/ (what are you doing?)

- Binatang apo yang aban senang? /bɪnʌtʌŋ ʌpəʊ jʌŋ ʌbʌn sənʌŋ?/ (What animal do you like?)

2. The function of Question word “siapo” meaning “who/whom/whose” is asking what or which person or people (as subject, as object and as ownership).

- Siapo yang membeling televisi itung? /sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ məmbəlɪŋ televɪsɪɪtʊŋ?/ (Who did buy that television?)

- Dengan siapo aban paing kek Muko-Muko? /dəŋʌn sɪʌpəʊʌbʌn pʌɪŋ kek mʊkəʊ- mʊkəʊ?/ (With whom did you go to Muko-Muko?) - Punyo siapo umah itung?

/pʊnjəʊ mʊkəʊʊmʌh ɪtʊŋ?/ (Whose is that house?)

3. The function of Question word “mengapo” meaning “why” is asking for the motive or the reason of an action.

Example:

- Mengapo aban balajar serius? /məŋʌpəʊʌbʌn bʌlʌʤʌ: sə:ɪʊs?/ (Why do you study seriously?)

- Mengapo inyo senang usik anak kecik itung? /məŋʌpəʊɪnjəʊ sənʌŋ ʊsɪk ʌnʌk kəʧɪk ɪtʊŋ?/ (Why does he/she like to diturb the baby?)

4. The function of Question word “bilo” meaning “when” is asking about time.

Example:

- Bilo inyo lahi? /bɪləʊɪnjəʊ lʌhɪ?/

- Bilo haring ulang tahun aban? /bɪləʊ hʌ:ɪŋ ʊlʌŋ tʌhʊn ʌbʌn?/ (When is your birthday?)

5. The function of Question word “berapo” meaning “how many/how much (amount)” is asking about the quantity or qualitas something. Example:

- Berapo manyak pitih yang inyo punyo? /bə:ʌpəʊ mʌnjʌk pɪtɪh jʌŋ ɪnjəʊ pʊnjəʊ?/ (How much money does she/he has?) - Jam berapo kining?

/ʤʌm bə:ʌpəʊ kɪnɪŋ?/ (What time is it now?) - Seberapo leba ladang aban?

/səbə:ʌpəʊ lebʌ lʌdʌŋ ʌbʌn?/ (How wide is your garden?)

6. The function of Question word “mano” meaning “which” is asking about the position, direction, characteristic of noun or choice.

Example:

- Mano ladang aban? /mʌnəʊ lʌdʌŋ ʌbʌn?/ (Which is your garden?) - Pena mano yang aban senang?

/penʌ mʌnəʊ jʌŋ ʌbʌn sənʌŋ?/ (Which pen do you like?)

7. The function of Question word “macam mano” meaning “how (manner)” is asking about manner, condition or way of an activity. Example:

- Macam mano inyo datang kek siko? /mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊɪnjəʊ dʌtʌŋ kek sɪkəʊ?/ (How does he/she come here?)

- Macam mano makai laptop iko? /mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊ mʌkaɪ leptɒp ɪkəʊ?/ (How is the way to use the laptop?)

8. The function of Question word “dimano” meaning “where” is asking about place.

Example:

- Inyo tingga dimano? /ɪnjəʊ tɪŋgʌ dɪmʌnəʊ?/ (Where does he/she live?)

- Dimano aban balajar Bahaso Inggris? /dɪmʌnəʊʌbʌn bʌlʌʤʌ: bʌhʌsəʊɪŋg:ɪs?/ (Where do you study English?)

4.2.3 The Similarities and Differences between English and Muko-Muko Question Words

4.2.3.1 Similarities

a. English and Muko-Muko question words are put at the initial position or medial position and have usage as subject or object in interrogative sentences. Examples:

No English Muko-Muko

1 Who is absent today? Siapo yang idak datang haring iko? sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ ɪdʌk dʌtʌŋ hʌ:ɪŋ ɪkəʊ? 2 What is that? Apo itung?

ʌpəʊɪtʊŋ? 3 When will your father go

to Amerika?

Bilo abak aban ndak paing kek Amerika? bɪləʊʌbʌk ɪnjəʊ ndʌk pʌɪŋ kel ʌme:ɪkʌ? 4 Where do you study

English?

Dimano aban balajar Bahaso Inggris? dɪmʌnəʊʌbʌn bʌlʌʤʌ: bʌhʌsəʊɪŋg:ɪs? 5 Which do you like? Mano yang aban senang?

mʌnəʊ jʌŋ ʌbʌn sənʌŋ?

6 Why do you take my pen? Mengapo aban ambik pena ambo? məŋʌpəʊʌbʌn ʌmbɪk penʌʌmbəʊ?

7 How did they treat you? Macam mano toboh membuek aban senang? mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊ tɒbɒh məmbʊek ʌbʌn sənʌŋ? 8 To whom will you give

the gift?

Untuk siapo ndak aban agih hadiah itung? ʊntʊk sɪʌpəʊ ndʌk ʌbʌn ʌgɪh hʌdɪʌh ɪtʊŋ?

9 With whom should I talk? Dengan siapo ambo harus ngecek? dəŋʌn sɪʌpəʊʌmbəʊ hʌ:ʊs ŋeʧek?

Description:

- In the 1st until 7th sentences the question words are put in the initial position and function as the subject.

- In the 8th and 9th sentences the question words are put in the medial position and function as the object.

b. Both English and Muko-Muko question words are followed by noun or adjective.

Examples:

No English Muko-Muko

1 How big is your house? Seberapo gedang umah aban? səbə:ʌpəʊ gədʌŋ ʊmʌh ʌbʌn? 2 How pretty is she? Seberapo elok inyo?

səbə:ʌpəʊ eləʊk ɪnjəʊ? 3 How tall is he? Seberapo tingging inyo?

səbə:ʌpəʊ tɪŋgɪŋ ɪnjəʊ?

4 How long is the table? Seberapo panjang meja itung? səbə:ʌpəʊ pʌnʤʌŋ meʤʌɪtʊŋ? 5 What films do you like

best?

Film apo yang paling aban senang? fɪlm ʌpəʊ jʌŋ pʌlɪŋ ʌbʌn sənʌŋ? 6 Which newspapers do

you read?

Koran mano yang aban baco? kəʊ:ʌn mʌnəʊ jʌŋ ʌbʌn bʌʧəʊ?

7 Whose umbrella do you use?

Payung siapo yang aban pakai? pʌjʊŋ sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ ʌbʌn pʌkaɪ? 8 What time do you usually

go to school?

Jam berapo biasonyo aban paing kek sakola? ʤʌm bə:ʌpəʊ bɪʌsəʊnjəʊʌbʌn pʌɪŋ kek sʌkɒlʌ?

Descriptions:

- In the 1st until 4th sentences the question words are followed by adjective.

- In the 5th until 8th sentences the question words are followed by noun. But in English, the question words are put at the initial position of the sentence while in Muko-Muko, the question words are put at the medial position of the sentence.

c. A part of English and Muko-Muko question words are followed by preposition.

Examples:

No English Muko-Muko

1 What did he leave me for?

Untuk apo inyo meninggakan ambo? ʊntʊk ʌpəʊɪnjəʊ mənɪŋgʌkʌn ʌmbəʊ? 2 Whom will you give

this book to?

Untuk siapo ndak aban agihkan bukung iko? ʊntʊk sɪʌpəʊ ndʌk ʌbʌn ʌgɪhkʌn bʊkʊŋ ɪkəʊ? 3 With whom did you

go?

Dengan siapo aban paing? dəŋʌn sɪʌpəʊʌbʌn pʌɪŋ? 4 With whom will I come

to the party?

Dengan siapo ambo ndak datang kek pesta itung? dəŋʌn sɪʌpəʊʌmbəʊ ndʌk dʌtʌŋ kek pestʌɪtʊŋ? 5 For what do you work? Untuk apo aban karejo?

ʊntʊk ʌpəʊʌbʌn kʌ:eʤɒ?

6 Whom should I talk to? Kepado siapo ambo harus kecek? kəpʌdəʊ sɪʌpəʊʌmbəʊ hʌ:ʊs keʧek?

Descriptions:

- In the 1st until 4th sentences the preposition in English are put at the end of the sentences. But in Muko-Muko, the preposition are put at the beginning at the sentences.

- In the 5th until 8th sentences the preposition in English are put at the beginning of the sentences, and in Muko-Muko, the preposition are put at the beginning at the sentences too.

d. A part of English and Muko-Muko question words used two different question words to ask same aim or have same meaning to ask the reason.

Examples:

No English Muko-Muko

1 What did you kill him for? = Why did you kill him?

Untuk apo aban munuh inyo? = Mengapo aban munuh inyo?

ʊntʊk ʌpəʊʌbʌn mʊnʊh ɪnjəʊ? = məŋʌpəʊ ʌbʌn mʊnʊh ɪnjəʊ?

2 What do you study English for? = Why do you study English?

Untuk apo aban balajar Bahaso Inggris? = Mengapo aban balajar Bahaso Inggris? ʊntʊk ʌpəʊʌbʌn bʌlʌʤʌ: bʌhʌsəʊɪŋg:ɪs? = məŋʌpəʊʌbʌn bʌlʌʤʌ: bʌhʌsəʊɪŋg:ɪs?

Descriptions:

- In English for asking about aim or reason can use two question words. They are what and why.

- In Muko-Muko for asking about aim or reason also can use two question words. They are untuk apo and mengapo?

4.2.3.2 Differences

a. The position of English question words are at the begining and Muko-Muko question words are put in initial, medial or final position.

Examples:

No English Muko-Muko

1 What is your name? Siapo nama aban? sɪʌpəʊ nʌmʌʌbʌn? 2 Where does he live? Dimano inyo tingga?

dɪmʌnəʊɪnjəʊ tɪŋgʌ?

3 What book does she read? Bukung apo yang inyo baco? bʊkʊŋ ʌpəʊ jʌŋ ɪnjəʊ bʌʧəʊ? 4 Whose car do they borrow? Oto siapo yang toboh pinjam?

ɒtɒ sɪʌpəʊ jəŋ tɒbɒh pɪnʤʌm? 5 Which place does she like? Tepek mano yang inyo senang?

tepek mʌnəʊ jʌŋ ɪnjəʊ sənʌŋ? 6 Where will you go? Aban ndak kemano?

7 Where do they live? Toboh tingga dimano? tɒbɒh tɪŋgʌ dɪmʌnəʊ?

Descriptions:

- In the 1st and 2nd sentences, the question words in English are put at the intial position, and the question words in English are put at the initial position too. - In the 3rd until 5th sentences, the question words in English are still put at the

initial position, while the question words in English are put at the medial position of the sentence.

- In the 6th and 7th sentences, the question words in English are put at the initial position, while the question words in English are put at the final position of the sentence.

b. In English, noun is put after question word while in Muko-Muko, noun is put before the question word in interrogative sentences.

Examples:

No English

(Questin Word + Noun)

Muko-Muko (Noun + Question Word) 1 What flower does she like? Bungo apo yang inyo senang?

bʊŋəʊʌpəʊ jʌŋ ɪnjəʊ sənʌŋ? 2 Which novel has he ever read? Novel mano yang lah inyo baco?

nəʊvəl mʌnəʊ jʌŋ lʌh ɪnjəʊ bʌʧəʊ? 3 Whose umbrella do you use? Payung siapo yang aban pakai?

4 What place do they like? Tepek apo yang toboh senang? tepek ʌpəʊ jʌŋ tɒbɒh sənʌŋ? 5 Which chair does he buy? Karosing mano yang inyo beling?

kʌ:ɒsɪŋ mʌnəʊ jʌŋ ɪnjəʊ bəlɪŋ? 6 Whose car will you borrow? Oto siapo yang ndak aban pinjam?

ɒtɒ sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ ndʌk ʌbʌn pɪnʤʌm?

Descriptions:

- The pattern in English: Question Word + Noun + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Verb.

- While the pattern in Muko-Muko: Noun + Question Word + Yang (enclitic word) + Auxiliary Verb/Subject + Verb.

c. In English question word, the auxiliary verb or verb form can change acoording to tenses or time (in present, past or future time) and noun (singular or plural, uncountable and countable etc). However, Muko-Muko question words do not change the auxuliary verb, verb, or noun to another form.

Examples:

No English Muko-Muko

1 What are you doing? Apo yang sedang aban karejokan? ʌpəʊ jʌŋ sədʌŋ ʌbʌn kʌ:eʤɒkʌn?

2 Who invited him to come here? Siapo yang mengundang inyo untuk datang kek siko?

sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ məŋʊndʌŋ ɪnjəʊ ʊntʊk dʌtʌŋ kek sɪkəʊ?

3 What has he done today? Apo yang inyo lah karejokan haring iko? ʌpəʊ jʌŋ ɪnjəʊ lʌh kʌ:eʤɒkʌn hʌ:ɪŋ ɪkəʊ? 4 When did you post the letter? Bilo abang kiriem surek itung?

bɪləʊʌbʌn kɪ:ɪəm sʊ:ek ɪtʊŋ?

5 Who will water the plant? Siapo yang ndak nyiram tanaman itung? sɪʌpəʊ jʌŋ ndʌk njɪ:ʌm tʌnʌmʌn ɪtʊŋ? 6 How much sugar do you need? Berapo manyak gulo yang aban perlung?

bə:ʌpəʊ mʌnjʌk gʊləʊ jʌŋ ʌbʌn pə:lʊŋ? 7 How many books do you have

at your home?

Berapo manyak bukung yang aban punyo di umah aban?

bə:ʌpəʊ mʌnjʌk bʊkʊŋ jʌŋ ʌbʌn pʊnjəʊ dɪ ʊmʌh ʌbʌn?

8 How much money do you have at your wallet?

Berapo manyak pitih yang aban punyo di lopet aban?

bə:ʌpəʊ mʌnjʌk pɪtɪh jʌŋ ʌbʌn pʊnjəʊ dɪ lɒpet ʌbʌn?

Descriptions:

- In the 1st sentence: (English) What are you doing? And (Muko-Muko) Apo yang sedang aban karejokan? → the verb “doing” and “karejokan”. In English the verb “doing” used in tense “present countiues tense or past countinues tense”. It will be change if the tenses are future tense or pefect tense. In future, “doing”

will be changed “do” and in perfect, “doing” will be change “done”. While in Muko-Muko, the form of the verbs are never be change.

- In the 6th and 7th sentences: (English) How much sugar do you need? (Muko-Muko) Berapo manyak gulo yang aban perlung? And (English) How many books do you have at your home? (Muko-Muko) Berapo manyak bukung yang aban punyo di umah aban? → In English the noun “sugar (uncountable noun)” use the question word “how + much” and without the affixation “s” in the end of the noun “sugar”. And the noun “books (countable noun)” use the question word “how + many” and use the affixation “s” in the end of the noun “books”. While in Muko-Muko the noun “gulo (uncountable noun)” use the question word “berapo manyak” and without the affixation “s” in the end of the noun “gulo”. And the noun “bukung (countable noun)” use the question word “berapo manyak” and without the affixation “s” in the end of the noun “bukung”. The meaning of the question words above is same. They are asking about the amount of the noun.

d. In English two different question words can be used to give the same meaning, but in Muko-Muko cannot.

Examples:

No English Muko-Muko

1 How long is the table? = What lenght is the table?

Seberapo panjang meja itung? səbə:ʌpəʊ pʌnʤʌŋ meʤʌɪtʊŋ? 2 How wide is this river? = What

width is this river?

Seberapo leba aik gedang iko? səbə:ʌpəʊ lebʌ aɪk gədʌŋ ɪkəʊ? 3 How high is that tree? = What Seberapo tingging kayung itung?

height is that tree? səbə:ʌpəʊ tɪŋgɪŋ kʌjʊŋ ɪtʊŋ? 4 How far is the city from here? =

What distance is the city from here?

Seberapo jauh kota dari siko? səbə:ʌpəʊʤaʊh kɒtʌ dʌ:ɪ sɪkəʊ?

Descriptions:

- In English two different question words can be used to give the same meaning, “how long” can be changed “what lenght”, “how wide” can be changed “what widht”, “how high” can be changed “what height”, and “how far” can be changed “what distance”. The meaning of the question words are “how” asking for the quality of something

- But in Muko-Muko, to asking the quality using the question word “seberapo” and cannot be changed by the other question words.

e. A part of English question words, one question word has two or more meaning, but Muko-Muko question words do not.

Examples:

No English Muko-Muko

1 Where is the book? Dimano bukung itung? dɪmʌnəʊ bʊkʊŋ ɪtʊŋ? 2 Where do you come

from?

Dari mano asal aban? dʌ:ɪ mʌnəʊʌsʌl ʌbʌn? 3 Where will you go? Kemano aban ndak paing?

kəmʌnəʊʌbʌn ndʌk pʌɪŋ?

mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊʌbʌn dʌtʌŋ kek sɪkəʊ? 5 How much money do you

have?

Berapo manyak pitih yang aban punyo? bə:ʌpəʊ mʌnjʌk pɪtɪh jʌŋ ʌbʌn pʊnjəʊ? 6 How beautiful is she? Seberapo elok inyo?

səbə:ʌpəʊ elɒk njəʊ? 7 What is your name? Siapo nama aban?

sɪʌpəʊ nʌmʌʌbʌn? 8 What time is it? Jam berapo kining?

ʤʌm bə:ʌpəʊ kɪnɪŋ? 9 What is your hobby? Apo hobi aban?

ʌpəʊ hɒbɪʌbʌn?

Descriptions:

- In English, the question word “where” can have three meanings, they are “dimano, dari mano, and kemano”. The question word “how” can has three meanings, they are “macam mano, borapo, seberapo”. And the question word “what” also can has three meanings, they are “siapo, berapo, apo”.

- While in Muko-Muko, the question words just have one meaning. The question word “dimano” means “where”, “dari mano” means “where from”, “kemano” means “where to”, “macam mano” means “how (manner)”, “berapo” means “how (quantity)”, “seberapo” means “how (quality)”, “siapo” means “who”, “berapo” means “what (asking time)”, and “apo” means “what (something)”.

f. English and Muko-Muko Question words are followed by an adjective. In Muko-Muko, adjective is put between question word and noun. In English, adjective is put after question word and followed by auxiliary verb.

Examples:

No English

(Question Word + Adjective + Auxiliary Verb + Noun)

Muko-Muko

(Question Word + Adjective + Noun + O/C)

1 How high is the tree? Seberapo tingging kayung itung? səbə:ʌpəʊ tɪŋgɪŋ kʌjʊŋ ɪtʊŋ? 2 How tall is she? Seberapo tingging inyo?

səbə:ʌpəʊ tɪŋgɪŋ ɪnjəʊ?

3 How big is your house? Seberapo gedang umah aban? səbə:ʌpəʊ gədʌŋ ʊmʌh ʌbʌn? 4 How wide is this river? Seberapo leba aik gedang iko?

səbə:ʌpəʊ lebʌ aɪk gədʌŋ ɪkəʊ? 5 How far is the city here? Seberapo jauh kota di siko?

səbə:ʌpəʊʤaʊh kɒtʌ dɪ sɪkəʊ?

Descriptions:

- The pattern in English: (Question Word + Adjective + Auxiliary Verb + Noun) - While the pattern in Muko-Muko: (Question Word + Adjective + Noun + O/C)

Corespondence Form of Question Words English and Muko-Muko Language

Language Repetition or

Confirmation Place Time Ownership Person Choice

Amount/

Manners Reason

English What Where When Whose Who

Whom Which

How How many How much

Why

Muko-Muko

Apo Ndak apo Untuk apo

Dimano Kemano Dari mano

Bilo Siapo (kepunyaan)

Siapo

(subject/object) Mano

Macam mano Berapo Seberapo

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion

After doing a contrastive study between English and Muko-Muko question words, some conclusions are drawn as follows:

1. English question words are nine, they are who, whom, what, where, when, which, whose, why and how. Muko-Muko language question words are eight, they are apo, siapo, mengapo, bilo, berapo, mano, macam mano, and dimano. 2. The function of question words in English and Muko-Muko can use for

asking about repetion, confirmation, place, time, ownership, person, choice, amount, manner, and reason.

3. The similarities of English and Muko-Muko question words are:

- English and Muko-Muko question words are put at the initial position or medial position and have usage as subject or object in interrogative sentences.

- Both English and Muko-Muko question words are followed by noun or adjective.

- A part of English and Muko-Muko question words are followed by preposition.

- A part of English and Muko-Muko question words used two different question words to ask same aim or have same meaning to ask the reason. 4. The differences of English and Muko-Muko question words are:

- The position of English question words are at the begining and Muko-Muko question words are put in initial, medial or final position.

- In English, noun is put after question word while in Muko-Muko, noun is put before the question word in interrogative sentences.

- In English question word, the auxiliary verb or verb form can change acoording to tenses or time (in present, past or future time) and noun (singular or plural, uncountable and countable etc). However, Muko-Muko question words do not change the auxuliary verb, verb, or noun to another form.

- In English two different question words can be used to give the same meaning, but in Muko-Muko cannot.

- A part of English question words, one question word has two or more meaning, but Muko-Muko question words do not.

- English and Muko-Muko Question words are followed by an adjective. In Muko-Muko, adjective is put between question word and noun. In English, adjective is put after question word and followed by auxiliary verb.

5.2. Suggestions

Having finishing the writing of this thesis, the writer would like to give the suggestions, as stated below:

1. The writer would like the readers or who are interested in this field of study to do further research, such as nation and distribution of question word form between English and Muko-Muko language.

2. The writer also axpects that this thesis could be a reference for those who want to do research in English and Muko-Muko language and students who have knowledge a both languages can deepen their science to both languages.

3. The writer believes that this thesiss is still far from being perfect so, contrastive, criticism will be comed and thanked.

4. Because of English is as international language, the writer want Muko-Muko society interest in learning English, especially the question words in English.

mʌʧʌm mʌnəʊʌbʌn dʌtʌŋ kek sɪkəʊ? 5 How much money do you

have?

Berapo manyak pitih yang aban punyo? bə:ʌpəʊ mʌnjʌk pɪtɪh jʌŋ ʌbʌn pʊnjəʊ? 6 How beautiful is she? Seberapo elok inyo?

səbə:ʌpəʊ elɒk njəʊ? 7 What is your name? Siapo nama aban?

sɪʌpəʊ nʌmʌʌbʌn? 8 What time is it? Jam berapo kining?

ʤʌm bə:ʌpəʊ kɪnɪŋ? 9 What is your hobby? Apo hobi aban?

ʌpəʊ hɒbɪʌbʌn?

Descriptions:

- In English, the question word “where” can have three meanings, they are “dimano, dari mano, and kemano”. The question word “how” can has three meanings, they are “macam mano, borapo, seberapo”. And the question word “what” also can has three meanings, they are “siapo, berapo, apo”.

- While in Muko-Muko, the question words just have one meaning. The question word “dimano” means “where”, “dari mano” means “where from”, “kemano” means “where to”, “macam mano” means “how (manner)”, “berapo” means “how (quantity)”, “seberapo” means “how (quality)”, “siapo” means “who”, “berapo” means “what (asking time)”, and “apo” means “what (something)”.

f. English and Muko-Muko Question words are followed by an adjective. In Muko-Muko, adjective is put between question word and noun. In English, adjective is put after question word and followed by auxiliary verb.

Examples:

No English

(Question Word + Adjective + Auxiliary Verb + Noun)

Muko-Muko

(Question Word + Adjective + Noun + O/C)

1 How high is the tree? Seberapo tingging kayung itung? səbə:ʌpəʊ tɪŋgɪŋ kʌjʊŋ ɪtʊŋ? 2 How tall is she? Seberapo tingging inyo?

səbə:ʌpəʊ tɪŋgɪŋ ɪnjəʊ?

3 How big is your house? Seberapo gedang umah aban? səbə:ʌpəʊ gədʌŋ ʊmʌh ʌbʌn? 4 How wide is this river? Seberapo leba aik gedang iko?

səbə:ʌpəʊ lebʌ aɪk gədʌŋ ɪkəʊ? 5 How far is the city here? Seberapo jauh kota di siko?

səbə:ʌpəʊʤaʊh kɒtʌ dɪ sɪkəʊ?

Descriptions:

- The pattern in English: (Question Word + Adjective + Auxiliary Verb + Noun) - While the pattern in Muko-Muko: (Question Word + Adjective + Noun + O/C)

Corespondence Form of Question Words English and Muko-Muko Language

Language Repetition or

Confirmation Place Time Ownership Person Choice

Amount/

Manners Reason

English What Where When Whose Who

Whom Which

How How many How much

Why

Muko-Muko

Apo Ndak apo Untuk apo

Dimano Kemano Dari mano

Bilo Siapo (kepunyaan)

Siapo

(subject/object) Mano

Macam mano Berapo Seberapo

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion

After doing a contrastive study between English and Muko-Muko question words, some conclusions are drawn as follows:

1. English question words are nine, they are who, whom, what, where, when, which, whose, why and how. Muko-Muko language question words are eight, they are apo, siapo, mengapo, bilo, berapo, mano, macam mano, and dimano. 2. The function of question words in English and Muko-Muko can use for

asking about repetion, confirmation, place, time, ownership, person, choice, amount, manner, and reason.

3. The similarities of English and Muko-Muko question words are:

- English and Muko-Muko question words are put at the initial position or medial position and have usage as subject or object in interrogative sentences.

- Both English and Muko-Muko question words are followed by noun or adjective.

- A part of English and Muko-Muko question words are followed by preposition.

- A part of English and Muko-Muko question words used two different question words to ask same aim or have same meaning to ask the reason. 4. The differences of English and Muko-Muko question words are:

- The position of English question words are at the begining and Muko-Muko question words are put in initial, medial or final position.

- In English, noun is put after question word while in Muko-Muko, noun is put before the question word in interrogative sentences.

- In English question word, the auxiliary verb or verb form can change acoording to tenses or time (in present, past or future time) and noun (singular or plural, uncountable and countable etc). However, Muko-Muko question words do not change the auxuliary verb, verb, or noun to another form.

- In English two different question words can be used to give the same meaning, but in Muko-Muko cannot.

- A part of English question words, one question word has two or more meaning, but Muko-Muko question words do not.

- English and Muko-Muko Question words are followed by an adjective. In Muko-Muko, adjective is put between question word and noun. In English, adjective is put after question word and followed by auxiliary verb.

5.2. Suggestions

Having finishing the writing of this thesis, the writer would like to give the suggestions, as stated below:

1. The writer would like the readers or who are interested in this field of study to do further research, such as nation and distribution of question word form between English and Muko-Muko language.

2. The writer also axpects that this thesis could be a reference for those who want to do research in English and Muko-Muko language and students who have knowledge a both languages can deepen their science to both languages.

3. The writer believes that this thesiss is still far from being perfect so, contrastive, criticism will be comed and thanked.

4. Because of English is as international language, the writer want Muko-Muko society interest in learning English, especially the question words in English.