Bahan presentasi Semnas TIH 2 18 mei 2017 Prof Eniya
WUJUDKAN ENERGI BERSIH
BISA?
Prof. Dr.-Eng. Eniya Listiani Dewi
18 May 2017, Semarang
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
BPPT H I STORY
BPPT establishment was first came from the former President, Soeharto’s idea passed to Prof Dr. Ing. B.J. Habibie on
28th January 1974.
With decree number 76/M/1974 on January 5th,1974, Prof Dr. Ing. B.J. Habibie was elected as Goverment advisor in the
field of advanced technology and aviation technology who responsible directly to President by forming Advance
Technology and Aviation Technology (ATTP) Pertamina.
Through Board of commisioners of Pertamina’s decree number 04/KPTS/DR/DU/1975 on April 1st , 1976, ATTP was
renamed into Pertamina Advanced Technology Division. Later, this name was changed into Agency for the Assessment
and Application of Technology (BPPT) through presidental decree Number 25 date August 21st 1978. Renewed with a
Presidential decree number 47 year 1991
1974
Prof. Dr.Ing. B.J.
Habibie
1998
1998 1998 1999 2001 2004 2006 2008
1998 1999 2001 2004 2006 2008 2014
Prof. Dr. Rahardi
Ramelan
Prof. Dr. Zuhal
MSEE
Dr. A.S. Hikam
Ir. M. Hatta
Rajasa
Dr. Kusmayanto
Kadiman
Prof. Ir. Said
Djauharsyah
Jenie, Sc.D
Dr. Ir. Marzan A.
Iskandar
2014
Dr. Ir. Unggul Priyanto,
MSc
Present
ORGAN I Z AT I ONAL ST RU CT U RE
3
Jumlah Penduduk
Jumlah Pulau
Luas Daratan
Luas Perairan
: 237.641.326 Jiwa (2010)
: 17.000 buah
: 1.922.570 Km2
: 3.257.483 Km2
Globa lizat ion – A “sm a lle r w orld”
INDONESIA
AS A MULTICULTURAL
NATION STATE
STATE
MODERN
NATION
More than
50 ethno-nations
nation
More than
700 ethnic
groups
And all major
religions
ADAT
ETHNIC
ADAT
RACE
ADAT
nation
nation
ADAT
RELIGION
ADAT
ADAT
CLASS
ADAT
ADAT
70.611
villages
with
distinct
customary
laws
NRE 23%
2025
Fuel Cell
Biodiesel
Solar panel
Wind turbine
Resource: Outlook Energi Indonesia 2015/BPPT
Nuclear
Jakarta
Limitations of energy resources led to the inability of domestic energy
production (fossil and renewable energy) to meet domestic consumption
in 2033 and Indonesia would become a Nett Energy Importer .
6,000
Import
NRE Production
Fossil Production
Export
5,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
Supply and
Energy Demand
Ensure
Energy
Sustainability
Achieve
2035
2034
2033
2032
2031
2030
2029
2028
2027
2026
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
0
2012
Million BOE
4,000
Nett Energy Importer in
2033
Energy
Sovereignty
Goals
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Critical Situation of Indonesia Energy
Supply :
It is hard to rely on the limited fossil fuel in the
next decades at this current yellow light
situation of fossil energy supply
Nett Crude Oil Importer Since Early 2000s
Nett Gas Importer in 2023
200
3000
100
2500
-600
1500
Gas Import (BAU)
1000
500
Crude Export
-1000
Crude Import
-1500
Net Import Crude
(BAU)
-2000
-2500
2034
2032
2030
2028
2026
2024
2022
2020
2018
-500
2016
0
2014
2034
2032
2030
2028
2026
Gas Export (HIGH)
2012
-300
-500
2000
BSCF
-200
-400
2024
2022
2020
2018
2016
2014
-100
2012
Million Barrels
0
Gas Import (HIGH)
Energi Oultook BPPT 2016
Pada 2030 hanya 12.5% NRE dihasilkan, target 23% tercapai? No.
Kebutuhan 30-40% masih dari fosil
Demand tinggi pada industry
dan transportasi
Hazardouos
Fuel Oil
Decreasing of
Stock
Negative effect to Envinronment
Global warming
Renewable energy
alternative (H2)
Great Concern on Green Technology Development
through the Utilization of Renewable Energy Source
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Non Renewable
Crude Oil
Gas
Coal
Peat
CBM
Fuel
Fuel
Fuel
Fuel
Fuel
Renewable
Solar
Wind
Geothermal
Hydro
Wave Power
Ocean Thermal
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Biomass
Electricity
Fuel
Strategic
Option
Too many things to do from the highest potential of palm :
World Largest CPO Production (30 million tones per annum)
World Largest Liquid Waste (Palm Oil Mill Effluent, POME)
World Largest Palm Solid Waste
Palm based energy sources is promising prospect for
our fuel supply in the near future
Palm Based Fuels
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Potential Distribution of Waste Biomass in Indonesia
(tons)
MALUKU&PAPUA
SULAWESI
KALIMANTAN
NUSA TENGGARA
JAWA
Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesia
SUMATERA
-
10.000.000 20.000.000 30.000.000 40.000.000 50.000.000 60.000.000 70.000.000 80.000.000
SUMATERA
JAWA
NUSA TENGGARA
KALIMANTAN
SULAWESI
MALUKU&PAPUA
TKS
20.940.304
68.560
-
4.863.893
691.118
133.589
Cangkang dan Serat
17.298.512
56.637
-
4.017.999
570.923
110.356
Sekam padi
3.020.300
7.179.163
663.535
889.032
1.400.417
55.398
Jerami
15.101.498
35.895.817
3.317.675
4.445.160
7.002.086
276.992
Tongkol jagung
1.995.309
4.533.697
489.809
138.503
1.353.743
21.916
Batang jagung
8.729.477
19.834.926
2.142.914
605.951
5.922.627
95.883
443.934
826.845
-
-
31.939
-
Bagasse
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Palm Oil Waste
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Biohydrogen Sources
35,000,000
30,000,000
25,000,000
20,000,000
Ton
Cassava
15,000,000
Palm Oil
Sugar Cane
10,000,000
5,000,000
-
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Area Vs Production of Palm Oil
and Cassava
35,000,000
30,000,000
25,000,000
Palm Oil Production
(ton)
Palm Oil Area (Ha)
20,000,000
15,000,000
Cassava Production
(Ton)
Casava Area (Ha)
10,000,000
5,000,000
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
-
Year
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
INDONESIA is the Biggest Crude Palm Oil (CPO)
Producer In the World
30 Million Ton CPO in 2014
NAD
319,2
Ha
SUMUT
1.057,8
Ha
RIAU
1.801,2
Ha
SUMBAR
347,8 Ha
JAMBI
494,1
Ha
BENGKUL
U
226,8 Ha
SUMSEL
737,2
Ha
LAMPUN
G
154,8 Ha
KALTENG
1.085,2
Ha
KALBAR
545,8Ha
KEPR
I
2,7H
a
BABEL
143,9
Ha
BANTE
N
15,4
Ha
JABAR
123 Ha
Name of
Province
Palm Area
(Thousand)
KALSEL
324,1
Ha
KALTIM
495,0
Ha
PAPUA
26,4
Ha
SULTEN
G
66,6 Ha
SULTR
A
23,3
Ha
SULBAR
108,1
Ha
SULSEL
17,5
Ha
IRJABA
R
31,5
Ha
Elaeis
guineensis
Existing = 8.5 Million Ha, Total Potential= 47 Million
Agency for the Assessment
and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Ha
From Biomass to Hydrogen
Resource
Process
Product
Textile
Waste
Amylase
Microbes
Pulp &
paper
Cellulase
Microbes
Ligno
cellulose
Cellulase
Microbes
Baverage
waste
Microbes
FCU-Taiwan
POME
Microbes
Taiwan-BPPT
Glycerol
Microbes
TPSE-BPPT
Molasses
Microbes
22
BIOHYDROGEN
PRODUCTION
RESEARCH ACTIVITY
-Glycerol -
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Bio-Hydrogen Development
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Laboratory Experiment for Producing Bio-Hydrogen
uV(x10,000)
5.0 Chromatogram
4.5
H2/2.728
Capacity: 4 Liters
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
4
0.5
CO/4.900
/3.444
1.0
3.5
3
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
min
V (volt)
0.0
-0.5
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
2.5
2
1.5
1
i-v
0.5
0
0
0.05
0.1
p(watt)
1.5
0.15
I(A)
720 L/ day H2
Fuel Cell Test Using Bio-H2
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Laboratory Experiment for Producing Bio-Hydrogen
4.00
0.4
3.50
0.35
3.00
0.3
2.50
0.25
2.00
0.2
Capacity:15 Liters
I-V11:30
1.50
P (Watt)
V (volt)
I-V14:45
I-V20:00
I-V23:00
I-P23:00
0.15
I-P20:00
1.00
I-P14:45
0.1
I-P 11:30
0.50
0.05
0.00
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
I (Ampere)
0.8
3.50
0.7
3.00
0.6
2.50
0.5
100
I-V lab
I-V11:30
2.00
0.4
1.50
0.3
P (Watt)
V (volt)
I-V14:45
I-V20:00
I-V23:00
I-P23:00
I-P20:00
1.00
0.2
0.50
0.1
0.00
0
I-P14:45
I-P 11:30
I-P lab
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Flow (cc/minute
4.00
80
60
40
20
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
Hours
I (Ampere)
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Laboratory Experiment for Producing Bio-Hydrogen
Capacity:40 Liters
Produksi Gas
Flowrate gas (cc/menit)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
uV(x10,000)
5.0 Chromatogram
4.5
H2/2.728
Waktu Fermentasi (jam)
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
0.5
CO/4.900
/3.444
1.0
0.0
-0.5
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
min
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Paten
Bio-H2 production system and its
application for fuel cell, patent No.
P00201000740, 2012
BIOHYDROGEN
PRODUCTION
RESEARCH ACTIVITY
-POME -
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
PT Adolina PTPN IV Medan, Indonesia
Production capacity: 30 ton/hour
Waste: 600 Liter per ton FFB (18 L/hour)
Location: PTPN IV. Medan, Indonesia
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
PKS Kertajaya and Cikasungka PTPN
VIII, Indonesia
Production capacity: 30
ton/hour
Waste: 600 Liter per ton
FFB (36 L/hour)
Location: PTPN VIII.
Banten, Indonesia
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Biohydrogen Production
from POME
Lab experiment:
1. seed sludge innoculation
2. Screening microorganism
3. Pretreatment seed sludge
Hydrogen Storage
H2 Production
CH4 Production
Outlet POME
waste
: H2 Producer
: H2
: CH4 Producer
: CH4
: Other microbes
: CO2
32
PROJECT 2015
Household
stationary
Process Design
Laboratory Test
Reactor and Control System Design
Telecomunication
Gas Engine
Process Design for biohydrogen production will use
high speed production rate
with simultaneous enzymatic
& fermentation with POME as
its raw material
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Laboratory Test
POME was taken from PKS Kertajaya PTPN VIII Banten, Indonesia
COD 20,000 – 30,000 mg/L
(Chong et al. (2009) reported POME COD is 75,000 – 96,300 mg/L)
Batch
100 mL
Media
Condition
Biogas (ml)
POME + glucose +
activator
Sterile
273.59
non sterile
317.00
Glucose
327.42
Non-glucose
320.47
Activator
320.47
Non activator
311.79
POME
Batch
2L
Batch
40 L
POME
There wasn’t significantly different biogas production from different
condition POME without any addition nutrient and activator for
next volume scale up
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
From 2 L POME (pH 5.6 T 37oC)
without nutrient addition and
unsterile condition, was produced
0.1 L H2/L. media/ hour.
Batch
2L
Biogas Production (L)
Batch
100 mL
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
Batch
40 L
10
20
30
40
50
Time (h)
Biogas Production inside Fermenter 3 L Volume
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Experiment Scheme
(1) bioreactor, (2) Temperature Sensor , (3) Heater, (4) Controler, (5) Pump, (6) Hot plate, (7)
Substrate tank, (8) nutrient tank, (9) gas-liquid separator, (10) gas meter
ONE M3 MOBILE BIOH2 PRODUCTION
SYSTEM BY POME IS CONSTRUCTING
Industry-academic Joint Project between FCU and BPPT, Indonesia.
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
37
Control System Design for Bio-Hydrogen Fermentor
Control System Design for
Bio-hydrogen Fermenter
Temperature control
pH control
And software control and its reactor
acquisition
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
HYDROGEN
APPLICATION IN
INDONESIA
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Running fuel cell
Market possibility in Indonesia
>700 points BTS installed FC
Base station GSM need 3 kW
Base station CDMA need 5 kW
Remote area have >3000 station
Mostly use DC inverter, thus need to change DC on site
User: Telecommunication industries
43
PEMFC Hidrogen as BTS backup
power di Medan
Note:
1. Hydrogen consumption was 6 tank of
Hydrogen for 18 h
2. 3 tanks for operation 3 for backup
3. Fuel Cell 2.5 kW, standby 52.9 V, 0 A,
tank pressure 2036 psi dan 1186 psi,
stack 80 cell
4. Medan has 50 site BTS fuel cells
5. Hydrogen gas was supplied by
Samator dan Aneka Gas.
44
300 kW Fuel Cell in Ancol
Investasi KOYCA 3
juta USD
Investasi PEMDA
Investasi Jakarta
Properti
45
Backup server at Technology
Information Center BPPT
Area Puspiptek Serpong
PEM Fuel Cell installed as backupserver for Data Center of BPPT @Serpong
February 2015
Collaboration with PT. Cascadiant Indonesia
March 2015
Kuliah I
47
Governor of Jogyakarta Visit
Online Monitoring System
http://www.cascadiant.bussinesrails.com
Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Education Kit
PT. Global Tunam Energi (startup company)
INAFHE.ORG
Since 2014
Senior High School Education
Workshop and training on fuel cell and hydrogen implementation,
Jakarta Convention Center, 11-13 April 2016
Demonstration Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Kuliah I
54
Supported by IAHE (International
Association of Hydrogen Energy)
Participants: 24 countries, 370 speakers, publication for
Special Issue of 5 high impact factor journal
MoU Signing between PT. Cascadiant - BPPT
26/05/2017
55
THANK YOU
Bppt.go.id
Inafhe.org
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Limitations of energy resources led to the inability of domestic energy
production (fossil and renewable energy) to meet domestic consumption in
2033 and Indonesia would become a Nett Energy Importer .
6,000
Import
NRE Production
Fossil Production
Export
Net Domestic Supply
5,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
Supply and
Energy Demand
Ensure
Energy
Sustainability
Achieve
Goals
Energy
Sovereignty
2035
2034
2033
2032
2031
2030
2029
2028
2027
2026
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
0
2012
Million BOE
4,000
Nett Energy Importer in
2033
Potential Distribution of Various Biomass Waste in Indonesia
(tons)
MALUKU&PAPUA
SULAWESI
KALIMANTAN
NUSA TENGGARA
Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesia
JAWA
SUMATERA
-
10.000.000 20.000.000 30.000.000 40.000.000 50.000.000 60.000.000 70.000.000 80.000.000
SUMATERA
JAWA
NUSA TENGGARA
KALIMANTAN
SULAWESI
MALUKU&PAPUA
TKS
20.940.304
68.560
-
4.863.893
691.118
133.589
Cangkang dan Serat
17.298.512
56.637
-
4.017.999
570.923
110.356
Sekam padi
3.020.300
7.179.163
663.535
889.032
1.400.417
55.398
Jeram i
15.101.498
35.895.817
3.317.675
4.445.160
7.002.086
276.992
Tongkol jagung
1.995.309
4.533.697
489.809
138.503
1.353.743
21.916
Batang jagung
8.729.477
19.834.926
2.142.914
605.951
5.922.627
95.883
443.934
826.845
-
-
31.939
-
Bagasse
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Candidate for Biohydrogen Sources
35,000,000
30,000,000
25,000,000
Ton
20,000,000
15,000,000
Cassava
Palm Oil
Sugar Cane
10,000,000
5,000,000
-
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Biogas Cycle
Solar energy
Photosynthesis
Biofuel production
Animal husbandry
Crop harvesting
CO2
Industrial processing
Human consumption
Organic
wastes
H2O
Energy
crops
Biofertilizer
Biogas
Anaerobic
digestion
Electrical and/or
thermal energy
Natural gas
pipeline
OUTLINE
The Process of Biodigestion
•
•
•
•
Liquefaction
Acid Production
Acetate Production
Methane Production
Complex Organic Carbon
Hydrolysis
Monomers & Oligomers
Acidogenesis
Organic Acids
Acetogenesis
Acetate – H2 /
CO2
Methanogenesis
CH4 + CO2
State Of The Art
Inokulum
Substrat
HRT
Konsentrasi
substrat
Optimal Index
Ref
C. butyricum
TISTR 1032
Sugarcane
juice
4
25 g sucrose/L
3.38 mmol H2/L/jam atau 1 mol H2/mol
hexose
Pattra, Lay, Lin, O-Thong &
Reungsang, 2011
municipal
sewage
treatment
Condensed
molasses
fermentatio
n soluble
(CMS)
4
40 g-COD/L
400 mmol H2/L/day atau 16.67 mmol
H2/L/jam atau 1 mol H2/mol hexose
J.-J. Chang et al., 2008
Cl. butyricum
CGS2
Pati
2
25 g Total
sugar/L
1,5 L H2/L/jam
Atau 66,9 mmol/L/jam atau 1,28 mol
H2/mol glukosa
J.-J. Chang et al., 2008
Anaerobic
digester
Cheese
whey
24
40 g COD/L
2,5 l H2/L/hari atau 4,6 mmol H2/L/jam
Atau 5 mmol/g-COD
Azbar, Dokgoz, Keskin,
Korkmaz & Syed, 2009
Anaerobic
granular
sludge
Cheese
whey
6
30 g/L
46,61 mmol H2/L/jam atau 2,8 mol
H2/mol lactose
Davil-Vazquez, Cota-Navaro,
Rosales-Colunga, LeonRodriquez & Razo-Flores,
2009
Anaerobic
sludge POME
POME
96
50 g/L
74 33 ml/jam/Liter
Yussof, Hassan, S.Abd-Aziz,
& Rahman, 2009
sludge POME
POME
48
4850 ml H2/liter
O-Thong, Hniman,
Prasertsan, & Imai, 2011
CSTR for hydrogen production
Inokulum
C. butyricum TISTR
1032
municipal sewage
treatment
Susbtrat
Sugarcane juice
HRT (jam)
4
4
Cl. butyricum CGS2
Condensed molasses
fermentation soluble
(CMS)
Starch
Anaerobic digester
Cheese whey
24
Anaerobic granular
sludge
Sludge POME
Municipal sewage
sludge
Cheese whey
6
POME
96
Glucose
0.5
Anaerobic sludge
Glucose
4
Sucrose
4
Sucrose
8
Municipal sewage
sludge
Municipal sewage
sludge
2
Optimal index
3.38 mmol H2/L/jam atau 1
mol H2/mol hexose
400 mmol H2/L/day atau
16.67 mmol H2/L/jam atau
1 mol H2/mol hexose
1,5 L H2/L/jam
Atau 66,9 mmol/L/jam atau
1,28 mol H2/mol glukosa
2,5 l H2/L/hari atau 4,6
mmol H2/L/jam
Atau 5 mmol/g-COD
46,61 mmol H2/L/jam atau
2,8 mol H2/mol lactose
74 – 33 ml/jam/Liter
Max H2 yield 1.81 mol/mol
glucose
Max H2 prod rate 0.11568
mmol/hari
Max H2 yield 4.7 mol/mol
sucrose
Max H2 yield 4.52 mol/mol
sucrose
Ref
Pattra dkk, 2011
Chang, 2008
Chen, 2008
Azbar, 2009
Vazquez, 2009
Yussof, 2009
Wang, 2009
Wang, 2009
Wang, 2009
Wang, 2009
Clostridium acetobutylicum…
Anaerobically digested sludge
Thermoanaerobacterium…
Thermoanaerobacterium…
Municipal sewage sludge
Mixed culture
Anaerobic mixed microflora
Mixed culture
Anaerobis sludge
Cattle dung compost
municipal wastewater
Mixed culture
Cracked cereals
Anaerobic sludge
Waste activated sludge
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Yield (mol H2/mol glukosa)
3
T. thermosaccharolyticum W16
Clostridium sp.HR-1 (from cow…
Clostridium butyricum CGS5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Yield (mol H2/mol xilosa)
0
2.5
Anaerobic digester sludge
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Yield (ml H2/gram pati)
Sludge POME
Thermoanaerobacterium…
Sludge POME
Anaerobic sludge
Anaerobic seed sludge
Clostridium pasteurianum CH4
Clostridium butyricum EB6
Clostridium butyricum CGS5
POME Sludge
Wasted activated sludge
0
1
2
3
4
5
Yield (mol H2/mol sukrosa)
6
Thermoanaerobacterium rich sludge
0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Yield (ml H2/L POME)
Operating condition parameter
Organism
Temperature
pH
Alkalinity
Macro nutrients
Micro nutrients
Toxicity
Reaction time
Substrate transfer
Oxidize ammonia to nitrites
Oxidize nitrites to nitrates.
Remove BOD
Add oxygen
Remove carbon dioxide
Remove excess nitrogen and other inert gasses
Remove turbidity and clarify the water
Remove various organic contaminants
Provide a substrate for various
bacteria to attach and grow
Hydrogen Production at different substrate
concentration
Total
sugar
concentrat
ion (g/L)
HPR
(L/L/d)
HY (mol
H2/mol
sugar)
10
5.59±0.81
0.68±0.14
28.34±1.91
71.62±1.90 95.68±4.19
15
17.18±1.04
1.62±0.09
44.80±0.73
55.20±0.73 91.71±2.49
20
20.37±0.86
1.41±0.05
42.56±1.76
57.56±1.61 91.71±5.36
30
21.10±2.18
1.60±0.08
45.24±1.75
55.94±2.43 64.47±6.70
Gas composition (%)
H2
Substrate
utilization
CO2
SMP at different substrate concentration
Subst
Buty
H2
Effluent (SMP) g/L
rate
rate/ selektifi
conve
aceta
ty
rsion
te /(Acetat
mol
L/L/d H2/mol (%) Ethan Butha
Propio butyr (mol/ e+butyr
mol)
ay
glukose
ol
nol
Acetate nate
ate
ate)
TS
g/L
% H2 HPR
10
28,34
5,59
0,68
95,68
0,25
0,00
0,62
0,16
1,28
1,41
1,08
15
44,8
17,18
1,61
91,71
1,01
0,00
0,92
0,18
3,16
2,37
2,37
20
42,56 20,37
1,41
91,71
1,43
0,00
0,72
0,40
5,04
4,87
1,999
30
45,24
1,61
64,47
1,14
0,00
0,97
0,54
4,94
4,10
1,71
21,1
yield
Biomass concentration
Phase II
Phase III Phase IV Phase I
7
14
6
12
5
10
4
8
3
6
2
4
1
2
0
0
0
10
20
30
Time (day)
40
50
60
HRT (h)
VSS (g/L)
Phase I
VSS bottom (g/L)
VSS middle (g/L)
VSS top (g/L)
HRT (h)
Hydraulic Retention Time effect
60
140
Restart
120
100
HPR
40
80
30
60
20
40
10
20
0
0
0
10
20
30
40
Time (day)
50
60
70
HRT, H2 content
50
HPR (L H2/L/day)
H2 content (%)
HRT (h)
Soluble Metabolite Product at different Hydraulic Retention Time
Effluent (SMP) g/L
Butyrat H2
HRT % H2 HPR yiel Subst
e/acetat Selek
rate
(h)
(l/L/da d
tifity/
e
mol conve
y)
(mol/m (Acet
(H2/ rsion(
ate+b
ol)
mol %) Etha Buth Acetat Propio Buty
utyra
gluc
nol anol
e
nate
rate
te)
ose)
8
46,22
13,74
1,8
98,86
0,17
0,08
0,32
0,39
1,57
2,73
3,01
4
45,93
28,64
1,82 94,54
0,34
0,00
1,51
0,15
5,53
2,64
2,35
1
40,57
83,69
1,42 91,89
1,0
0
0,7
0,3
3,3
3,26
2,33
40,31 124,87 1,17 82,54
0,5
0
0.5
0,5
4,1
5,66
2,04
0,5
VSS at different substrate concentration
30
16
VSS bottom (g/L)
VSS middle (g/L)
VSS top (g/L)
HRT (h)
14
12
VSS (g/L)
20
10
15
8
6
10
4
5
2
0
0
10
20
30
40
Time (day)
50
60
70
HRT (h)
25
Carrier effect
M365
M190
No carrier
4
4
4
Biogas rate (L biogas/L/d)
61.82±1.62
47.88±1.55
35.89±1.65
% H2
44.43±3.16
42.56±1.76
43.04±1.50
HPR (L H2/L/d)
27.27±1.05
20.37±0.86
15.45±1.81
Substrate utilization (%)
97.97±0.68
91.71±5.36
85.44±9.04
Yield (mol H2/mol sugar)
2.03±0.15
1.41±0.05
1.47±0.18
HRT (h)
Soluble metabolit products (SMP)
Carrier
Total
type
SMP
(mg
Total
Butyric/A
%
TVFA (mg Ethanol
COD/L)
Acetic
Propionic
Butyric
acid
acid
acid
cetic
COD/L)
No
738.14
7709.91
8.74
17.12
0.00
74.14
10.82
M365
452.65
7941.26
5.39
22.41
0.57
71.57
7.98
M190
3242
20,721.26
23.22
5.61
9.61
61.57
27.44
carrier
Established the technology of granulation and optimization on
biohydrogen production bacteria
Granular
Sludge
carrier
75
Conclusion
•
•
•
•
Substrate concentration of 15-20 g sugar/liter give high yield and HPR
Recommended operating condition is HRT 1 hour and substrate concentration 20 g
sugar/L with HPR 88.73 73 L H2/L/day, substrates utilization and yield respectively,
92.95% and 1.42 mol H2/mol glucose , HRT of 0.5 hours gives the highest HPR, it
was 124.87 L H2/L/day, on the other hand, substrate utilization and yield were low,
which were 82.39% and 1.17 mol H2/mol glucose, respectively.
The larger of carrier surface area, the higher of biohydrogen production. M365 is
more suitable for biohydrogen production from sugary waste water. It has higher
extensive surface area specific than the M190 that provides higher contact area
between microorganisms and susbtrate.
There are differences in biomass concentration distribution at the bottom, middle
and top part of the bioreactor at low HRT (HRT 1 hand 0.5 h). At HRTT 0.5 hour,
the concentration of biomass at the bottom, middle and top of which were 26.80;
7.73 and 1.86 g VSS/L, respectively.
Terima Kasih
Dr. Unggul Priyanto
Dr. Chen Yeon Chu
Prof. Chen Yu Lin
Dr. Mahyudin (R.I.P)
Zulaicha Dwi Hastuti
Kurniawan
Lies A. W.
Herri Susanto
Oka Pradipta Arjasa
Siti Julekha
Sandia Primera
Kesimpulan
•
•
•
•
Proses fermentasi limbah pabrik minuman menjadi biohidrogen yang baik terjadi
pada konsentrasi 15 20 g gula/liter. Pada konsentrasi ini memberikan nilai HPR
dan yield yang tinggi.
Kondisi operasi yang direkomendasikan adalah HRT 1 jam dan konsentrasi substrat
20 g gula/L dengan HPR 88,73 73 L H2/L/hari, penggunaan substrat dan yield
masing-masing, 92,95 % dan 1,42 mol H2/mol glukosa. Pada HRT 0,5 jam
memberikan HPR tertinggi, yakni 124,87 L H2/L/hari, namum konversi substrat dan
yieldnya rendah, yakni masing-masing 82,39% dan 0 mol H2/mol glukosa.
Carrier yang memiliki luas permukaan lebih besar menghasilkan kecepatan
produksi biohidrogen yang lebih tinggi. M365 lebih cocok untuk produksi
biohidrogen dari limbah pabrik minumam karena M365 memiliki luas luas
permukaan specifik lebih tinggi dari M190 sehingga memberikan luas bidang
kontak antara mikroorganisme dengan susbtrat yang baik.
Terdapat perbedaan distribusi konsentrasi biomass pada bagian bawah, tengah
dan atas bioreaktor ketika HRT yang rendah, 1 jam dan 0,5 jam Pada HRTT 0,5 jam,
konsentrasi biomassa pada bagian bawah, tengah dan atas yakni masing-masing
26,80; 7,73 dan 1,86 g VSS/L.
BISA?
Prof. Dr.-Eng. Eniya Listiani Dewi
18 May 2017, Semarang
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
BPPT H I STORY
BPPT establishment was first came from the former President, Soeharto’s idea passed to Prof Dr. Ing. B.J. Habibie on
28th January 1974.
With decree number 76/M/1974 on January 5th,1974, Prof Dr. Ing. B.J. Habibie was elected as Goverment advisor in the
field of advanced technology and aviation technology who responsible directly to President by forming Advance
Technology and Aviation Technology (ATTP) Pertamina.
Through Board of commisioners of Pertamina’s decree number 04/KPTS/DR/DU/1975 on April 1st , 1976, ATTP was
renamed into Pertamina Advanced Technology Division. Later, this name was changed into Agency for the Assessment
and Application of Technology (BPPT) through presidental decree Number 25 date August 21st 1978. Renewed with a
Presidential decree number 47 year 1991
1974
Prof. Dr.Ing. B.J.
Habibie
1998
1998 1998 1999 2001 2004 2006 2008
1998 1999 2001 2004 2006 2008 2014
Prof. Dr. Rahardi
Ramelan
Prof. Dr. Zuhal
MSEE
Dr. A.S. Hikam
Ir. M. Hatta
Rajasa
Dr. Kusmayanto
Kadiman
Prof. Ir. Said
Djauharsyah
Jenie, Sc.D
Dr. Ir. Marzan A.
Iskandar
2014
Dr. Ir. Unggul Priyanto,
MSc
Present
ORGAN I Z AT I ONAL ST RU CT U RE
3
Jumlah Penduduk
Jumlah Pulau
Luas Daratan
Luas Perairan
: 237.641.326 Jiwa (2010)
: 17.000 buah
: 1.922.570 Km2
: 3.257.483 Km2
Globa lizat ion – A “sm a lle r w orld”
INDONESIA
AS A MULTICULTURAL
NATION STATE
STATE
MODERN
NATION
More than
50 ethno-nations
nation
More than
700 ethnic
groups
And all major
religions
ADAT
ETHNIC
ADAT
RACE
ADAT
nation
nation
ADAT
RELIGION
ADAT
ADAT
CLASS
ADAT
ADAT
70.611
villages
with
distinct
customary
laws
NRE 23%
2025
Fuel Cell
Biodiesel
Solar panel
Wind turbine
Resource: Outlook Energi Indonesia 2015/BPPT
Nuclear
Jakarta
Limitations of energy resources led to the inability of domestic energy
production (fossil and renewable energy) to meet domestic consumption
in 2033 and Indonesia would become a Nett Energy Importer .
6,000
Import
NRE Production
Fossil Production
Export
5,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
Supply and
Energy Demand
Ensure
Energy
Sustainability
Achieve
2035
2034
2033
2032
2031
2030
2029
2028
2027
2026
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
0
2012
Million BOE
4,000
Nett Energy Importer in
2033
Energy
Sovereignty
Goals
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Critical Situation of Indonesia Energy
Supply :
It is hard to rely on the limited fossil fuel in the
next decades at this current yellow light
situation of fossil energy supply
Nett Crude Oil Importer Since Early 2000s
Nett Gas Importer in 2023
200
3000
100
2500
-600
1500
Gas Import (BAU)
1000
500
Crude Export
-1000
Crude Import
-1500
Net Import Crude
(BAU)
-2000
-2500
2034
2032
2030
2028
2026
2024
2022
2020
2018
-500
2016
0
2014
2034
2032
2030
2028
2026
Gas Export (HIGH)
2012
-300
-500
2000
BSCF
-200
-400
2024
2022
2020
2018
2016
2014
-100
2012
Million Barrels
0
Gas Import (HIGH)
Energi Oultook BPPT 2016
Pada 2030 hanya 12.5% NRE dihasilkan, target 23% tercapai? No.
Kebutuhan 30-40% masih dari fosil
Demand tinggi pada industry
dan transportasi
Hazardouos
Fuel Oil
Decreasing of
Stock
Negative effect to Envinronment
Global warming
Renewable energy
alternative (H2)
Great Concern on Green Technology Development
through the Utilization of Renewable Energy Source
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Non Renewable
Crude Oil
Gas
Coal
Peat
CBM
Fuel
Fuel
Fuel
Fuel
Fuel
Renewable
Solar
Wind
Geothermal
Hydro
Wave Power
Ocean Thermal
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Biomass
Electricity
Fuel
Strategic
Option
Too many things to do from the highest potential of palm :
World Largest CPO Production (30 million tones per annum)
World Largest Liquid Waste (Palm Oil Mill Effluent, POME)
World Largest Palm Solid Waste
Palm based energy sources is promising prospect for
our fuel supply in the near future
Palm Based Fuels
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Potential Distribution of Waste Biomass in Indonesia
(tons)
MALUKU&PAPUA
SULAWESI
KALIMANTAN
NUSA TENGGARA
JAWA
Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesia
SUMATERA
-
10.000.000 20.000.000 30.000.000 40.000.000 50.000.000 60.000.000 70.000.000 80.000.000
SUMATERA
JAWA
NUSA TENGGARA
KALIMANTAN
SULAWESI
MALUKU&PAPUA
TKS
20.940.304
68.560
-
4.863.893
691.118
133.589
Cangkang dan Serat
17.298.512
56.637
-
4.017.999
570.923
110.356
Sekam padi
3.020.300
7.179.163
663.535
889.032
1.400.417
55.398
Jerami
15.101.498
35.895.817
3.317.675
4.445.160
7.002.086
276.992
Tongkol jagung
1.995.309
4.533.697
489.809
138.503
1.353.743
21.916
Batang jagung
8.729.477
19.834.926
2.142.914
605.951
5.922.627
95.883
443.934
826.845
-
-
31.939
-
Bagasse
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Palm Oil Waste
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Biohydrogen Sources
35,000,000
30,000,000
25,000,000
20,000,000
Ton
Cassava
15,000,000
Palm Oil
Sugar Cane
10,000,000
5,000,000
-
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Area Vs Production of Palm Oil
and Cassava
35,000,000
30,000,000
25,000,000
Palm Oil Production
(ton)
Palm Oil Area (Ha)
20,000,000
15,000,000
Cassava Production
(Ton)
Casava Area (Ha)
10,000,000
5,000,000
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
-
Year
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
INDONESIA is the Biggest Crude Palm Oil (CPO)
Producer In the World
30 Million Ton CPO in 2014
NAD
319,2
Ha
SUMUT
1.057,8
Ha
RIAU
1.801,2
Ha
SUMBAR
347,8 Ha
JAMBI
494,1
Ha
BENGKUL
U
226,8 Ha
SUMSEL
737,2
Ha
LAMPUN
G
154,8 Ha
KALTENG
1.085,2
Ha
KALBAR
545,8Ha
KEPR
I
2,7H
a
BABEL
143,9
Ha
BANTE
N
15,4
Ha
JABAR
123 Ha
Name of
Province
Palm Area
(Thousand)
KALSEL
324,1
Ha
KALTIM
495,0
Ha
PAPUA
26,4
Ha
SULTEN
G
66,6 Ha
SULTR
A
23,3
Ha
SULBAR
108,1
Ha
SULSEL
17,5
Ha
IRJABA
R
31,5
Ha
Elaeis
guineensis
Existing = 8.5 Million Ha, Total Potential= 47 Million
Agency for the Assessment
and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Ha
From Biomass to Hydrogen
Resource
Process
Product
Textile
Waste
Amylase
Microbes
Pulp &
paper
Cellulase
Microbes
Ligno
cellulose
Cellulase
Microbes
Baverage
waste
Microbes
FCU-Taiwan
POME
Microbes
Taiwan-BPPT
Glycerol
Microbes
TPSE-BPPT
Molasses
Microbes
22
BIOHYDROGEN
PRODUCTION
RESEARCH ACTIVITY
-Glycerol -
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Bio-Hydrogen Development
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Laboratory Experiment for Producing Bio-Hydrogen
uV(x10,000)
5.0 Chromatogram
4.5
H2/2.728
Capacity: 4 Liters
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
4
0.5
CO/4.900
/3.444
1.0
3.5
3
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
min
V (volt)
0.0
-0.5
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
2.5
2
1.5
1
i-v
0.5
0
0
0.05
0.1
p(watt)
1.5
0.15
I(A)
720 L/ day H2
Fuel Cell Test Using Bio-H2
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Laboratory Experiment for Producing Bio-Hydrogen
4.00
0.4
3.50
0.35
3.00
0.3
2.50
0.25
2.00
0.2
Capacity:15 Liters
I-V11:30
1.50
P (Watt)
V (volt)
I-V14:45
I-V20:00
I-V23:00
I-P23:00
0.15
I-P20:00
1.00
I-P14:45
0.1
I-P 11:30
0.50
0.05
0.00
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
I (Ampere)
0.8
3.50
0.7
3.00
0.6
2.50
0.5
100
I-V lab
I-V11:30
2.00
0.4
1.50
0.3
P (Watt)
V (volt)
I-V14:45
I-V20:00
I-V23:00
I-P23:00
I-P20:00
1.00
0.2
0.50
0.1
0.00
0
I-P14:45
I-P 11:30
I-P lab
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Flow (cc/minute
4.00
80
60
40
20
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
Hours
I (Ampere)
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Laboratory Experiment for Producing Bio-Hydrogen
Capacity:40 Liters
Produksi Gas
Flowrate gas (cc/menit)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
uV(x10,000)
5.0 Chromatogram
4.5
H2/2.728
Waktu Fermentasi (jam)
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
0.5
CO/4.900
/3.444
1.0
0.0
-0.5
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
min
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Paten
Bio-H2 production system and its
application for fuel cell, patent No.
P00201000740, 2012
BIOHYDROGEN
PRODUCTION
RESEARCH ACTIVITY
-POME -
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
PT Adolina PTPN IV Medan, Indonesia
Production capacity: 30 ton/hour
Waste: 600 Liter per ton FFB (18 L/hour)
Location: PTPN IV. Medan, Indonesia
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
PKS Kertajaya and Cikasungka PTPN
VIII, Indonesia
Production capacity: 30
ton/hour
Waste: 600 Liter per ton
FFB (36 L/hour)
Location: PTPN VIII.
Banten, Indonesia
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Biohydrogen Production
from POME
Lab experiment:
1. seed sludge innoculation
2. Screening microorganism
3. Pretreatment seed sludge
Hydrogen Storage
H2 Production
CH4 Production
Outlet POME
waste
: H2 Producer
: H2
: CH4 Producer
: CH4
: Other microbes
: CO2
32
PROJECT 2015
Household
stationary
Process Design
Laboratory Test
Reactor and Control System Design
Telecomunication
Gas Engine
Process Design for biohydrogen production will use
high speed production rate
with simultaneous enzymatic
& fermentation with POME as
its raw material
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Laboratory Test
POME was taken from PKS Kertajaya PTPN VIII Banten, Indonesia
COD 20,000 – 30,000 mg/L
(Chong et al. (2009) reported POME COD is 75,000 – 96,300 mg/L)
Batch
100 mL
Media
Condition
Biogas (ml)
POME + glucose +
activator
Sterile
273.59
non sterile
317.00
Glucose
327.42
Non-glucose
320.47
Activator
320.47
Non activator
311.79
POME
Batch
2L
Batch
40 L
POME
There wasn’t significantly different biogas production from different
condition POME without any addition nutrient and activator for
next volume scale up
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
From 2 L POME (pH 5.6 T 37oC)
without nutrient addition and
unsterile condition, was produced
0.1 L H2/L. media/ hour.
Batch
2L
Biogas Production (L)
Batch
100 mL
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
Batch
40 L
10
20
30
40
50
Time (h)
Biogas Production inside Fermenter 3 L Volume
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Experiment Scheme
(1) bioreactor, (2) Temperature Sensor , (3) Heater, (4) Controler, (5) Pump, (6) Hot plate, (7)
Substrate tank, (8) nutrient tank, (9) gas-liquid separator, (10) gas meter
ONE M3 MOBILE BIOH2 PRODUCTION
SYSTEM BY POME IS CONSTRUCTING
Industry-academic Joint Project between FCU and BPPT, Indonesia.
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
37
Control System Design for Bio-Hydrogen Fermentor
Control System Design for
Bio-hydrogen Fermenter
Temperature control
pH control
And software control and its reactor
acquisition
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
HYDROGEN
APPLICATION IN
INDONESIA
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Running fuel cell
Market possibility in Indonesia
>700 points BTS installed FC
Base station GSM need 3 kW
Base station CDMA need 5 kW
Remote area have >3000 station
Mostly use DC inverter, thus need to change DC on site
User: Telecommunication industries
43
PEMFC Hidrogen as BTS backup
power di Medan
Note:
1. Hydrogen consumption was 6 tank of
Hydrogen for 18 h
2. 3 tanks for operation 3 for backup
3. Fuel Cell 2.5 kW, standby 52.9 V, 0 A,
tank pressure 2036 psi dan 1186 psi,
stack 80 cell
4. Medan has 50 site BTS fuel cells
5. Hydrogen gas was supplied by
Samator dan Aneka Gas.
44
300 kW Fuel Cell in Ancol
Investasi KOYCA 3
juta USD
Investasi PEMDA
Investasi Jakarta
Properti
45
Backup server at Technology
Information Center BPPT
Area Puspiptek Serpong
PEM Fuel Cell installed as backupserver for Data Center of BPPT @Serpong
February 2015
Collaboration with PT. Cascadiant Indonesia
March 2015
Kuliah I
47
Governor of Jogyakarta Visit
Online Monitoring System
http://www.cascadiant.bussinesrails.com
Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Education Kit
PT. Global Tunam Energi (startup company)
INAFHE.ORG
Since 2014
Senior High School Education
Workshop and training on fuel cell and hydrogen implementation,
Jakarta Convention Center, 11-13 April 2016
Demonstration Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Kuliah I
54
Supported by IAHE (International
Association of Hydrogen Energy)
Participants: 24 countries, 370 speakers, publication for
Special Issue of 5 high impact factor journal
MoU Signing between PT. Cascadiant - BPPT
26/05/2017
55
THANK YOU
Bppt.go.id
Inafhe.org
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Limitations of energy resources led to the inability of domestic energy
production (fossil and renewable energy) to meet domestic consumption in
2033 and Indonesia would become a Nett Energy Importer .
6,000
Import
NRE Production
Fossil Production
Export
Net Domestic Supply
5,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
Supply and
Energy Demand
Ensure
Energy
Sustainability
Achieve
Goals
Energy
Sovereignty
2035
2034
2033
2032
2031
2030
2029
2028
2027
2026
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
0
2012
Million BOE
4,000
Nett Energy Importer in
2033
Potential Distribution of Various Biomass Waste in Indonesia
(tons)
MALUKU&PAPUA
SULAWESI
KALIMANTAN
NUSA TENGGARA
Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesia
JAWA
SUMATERA
-
10.000.000 20.000.000 30.000.000 40.000.000 50.000.000 60.000.000 70.000.000 80.000.000
SUMATERA
JAWA
NUSA TENGGARA
KALIMANTAN
SULAWESI
MALUKU&PAPUA
TKS
20.940.304
68.560
-
4.863.893
691.118
133.589
Cangkang dan Serat
17.298.512
56.637
-
4.017.999
570.923
110.356
Sekam padi
3.020.300
7.179.163
663.535
889.032
1.400.417
55.398
Jeram i
15.101.498
35.895.817
3.317.675
4.445.160
7.002.086
276.992
Tongkol jagung
1.995.309
4.533.697
489.809
138.503
1.353.743
21.916
Batang jagung
8.729.477
19.834.926
2.142.914
605.951
5.922.627
95.883
443.934
826.845
-
-
31.939
-
Bagasse
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Candidate for Biohydrogen Sources
35,000,000
30,000,000
25,000,000
Ton
20,000,000
15,000,000
Cassava
Palm Oil
Sugar Cane
10,000,000
5,000,000
-
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology – Indonesia
Biogas Cycle
Solar energy
Photosynthesis
Biofuel production
Animal husbandry
Crop harvesting
CO2
Industrial processing
Human consumption
Organic
wastes
H2O
Energy
crops
Biofertilizer
Biogas
Anaerobic
digestion
Electrical and/or
thermal energy
Natural gas
pipeline
OUTLINE
The Process of Biodigestion
•
•
•
•
Liquefaction
Acid Production
Acetate Production
Methane Production
Complex Organic Carbon
Hydrolysis
Monomers & Oligomers
Acidogenesis
Organic Acids
Acetogenesis
Acetate – H2 /
CO2
Methanogenesis
CH4 + CO2
State Of The Art
Inokulum
Substrat
HRT
Konsentrasi
substrat
Optimal Index
Ref
C. butyricum
TISTR 1032
Sugarcane
juice
4
25 g sucrose/L
3.38 mmol H2/L/jam atau 1 mol H2/mol
hexose
Pattra, Lay, Lin, O-Thong &
Reungsang, 2011
municipal
sewage
treatment
Condensed
molasses
fermentatio
n soluble
(CMS)
4
40 g-COD/L
400 mmol H2/L/day atau 16.67 mmol
H2/L/jam atau 1 mol H2/mol hexose
J.-J. Chang et al., 2008
Cl. butyricum
CGS2
Pati
2
25 g Total
sugar/L
1,5 L H2/L/jam
Atau 66,9 mmol/L/jam atau 1,28 mol
H2/mol glukosa
J.-J. Chang et al., 2008
Anaerobic
digester
Cheese
whey
24
40 g COD/L
2,5 l H2/L/hari atau 4,6 mmol H2/L/jam
Atau 5 mmol/g-COD
Azbar, Dokgoz, Keskin,
Korkmaz & Syed, 2009
Anaerobic
granular
sludge
Cheese
whey
6
30 g/L
46,61 mmol H2/L/jam atau 2,8 mol
H2/mol lactose
Davil-Vazquez, Cota-Navaro,
Rosales-Colunga, LeonRodriquez & Razo-Flores,
2009
Anaerobic
sludge POME
POME
96
50 g/L
74 33 ml/jam/Liter
Yussof, Hassan, S.Abd-Aziz,
& Rahman, 2009
sludge POME
POME
48
4850 ml H2/liter
O-Thong, Hniman,
Prasertsan, & Imai, 2011
CSTR for hydrogen production
Inokulum
C. butyricum TISTR
1032
municipal sewage
treatment
Susbtrat
Sugarcane juice
HRT (jam)
4
4
Cl. butyricum CGS2
Condensed molasses
fermentation soluble
(CMS)
Starch
Anaerobic digester
Cheese whey
24
Anaerobic granular
sludge
Sludge POME
Municipal sewage
sludge
Cheese whey
6
POME
96
Glucose
0.5
Anaerobic sludge
Glucose
4
Sucrose
4
Sucrose
8
Municipal sewage
sludge
Municipal sewage
sludge
2
Optimal index
3.38 mmol H2/L/jam atau 1
mol H2/mol hexose
400 mmol H2/L/day atau
16.67 mmol H2/L/jam atau
1 mol H2/mol hexose
1,5 L H2/L/jam
Atau 66,9 mmol/L/jam atau
1,28 mol H2/mol glukosa
2,5 l H2/L/hari atau 4,6
mmol H2/L/jam
Atau 5 mmol/g-COD
46,61 mmol H2/L/jam atau
2,8 mol H2/mol lactose
74 – 33 ml/jam/Liter
Max H2 yield 1.81 mol/mol
glucose
Max H2 prod rate 0.11568
mmol/hari
Max H2 yield 4.7 mol/mol
sucrose
Max H2 yield 4.52 mol/mol
sucrose
Ref
Pattra dkk, 2011
Chang, 2008
Chen, 2008
Azbar, 2009
Vazquez, 2009
Yussof, 2009
Wang, 2009
Wang, 2009
Wang, 2009
Wang, 2009
Clostridium acetobutylicum…
Anaerobically digested sludge
Thermoanaerobacterium…
Thermoanaerobacterium…
Municipal sewage sludge
Mixed culture
Anaerobic mixed microflora
Mixed culture
Anaerobis sludge
Cattle dung compost
municipal wastewater
Mixed culture
Cracked cereals
Anaerobic sludge
Waste activated sludge
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Yield (mol H2/mol glukosa)
3
T. thermosaccharolyticum W16
Clostridium sp.HR-1 (from cow…
Clostridium butyricum CGS5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Yield (mol H2/mol xilosa)
0
2.5
Anaerobic digester sludge
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Yield (ml H2/gram pati)
Sludge POME
Thermoanaerobacterium…
Sludge POME
Anaerobic sludge
Anaerobic seed sludge
Clostridium pasteurianum CH4
Clostridium butyricum EB6
Clostridium butyricum CGS5
POME Sludge
Wasted activated sludge
0
1
2
3
4
5
Yield (mol H2/mol sukrosa)
6
Thermoanaerobacterium rich sludge
0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Yield (ml H2/L POME)
Operating condition parameter
Organism
Temperature
pH
Alkalinity
Macro nutrients
Micro nutrients
Toxicity
Reaction time
Substrate transfer
Oxidize ammonia to nitrites
Oxidize nitrites to nitrates.
Remove BOD
Add oxygen
Remove carbon dioxide
Remove excess nitrogen and other inert gasses
Remove turbidity and clarify the water
Remove various organic contaminants
Provide a substrate for various
bacteria to attach and grow
Hydrogen Production at different substrate
concentration
Total
sugar
concentrat
ion (g/L)
HPR
(L/L/d)
HY (mol
H2/mol
sugar)
10
5.59±0.81
0.68±0.14
28.34±1.91
71.62±1.90 95.68±4.19
15
17.18±1.04
1.62±0.09
44.80±0.73
55.20±0.73 91.71±2.49
20
20.37±0.86
1.41±0.05
42.56±1.76
57.56±1.61 91.71±5.36
30
21.10±2.18
1.60±0.08
45.24±1.75
55.94±2.43 64.47±6.70
Gas composition (%)
H2
Substrate
utilization
CO2
SMP at different substrate concentration
Subst
Buty
H2
Effluent (SMP) g/L
rate
rate/ selektifi
conve
aceta
ty
rsion
te /(Acetat
mol
L/L/d H2/mol (%) Ethan Butha
Propio butyr (mol/ e+butyr
mol)
ay
glukose
ol
nol
Acetate nate
ate
ate)
TS
g/L
% H2 HPR
10
28,34
5,59
0,68
95,68
0,25
0,00
0,62
0,16
1,28
1,41
1,08
15
44,8
17,18
1,61
91,71
1,01
0,00
0,92
0,18
3,16
2,37
2,37
20
42,56 20,37
1,41
91,71
1,43
0,00
0,72
0,40
5,04
4,87
1,999
30
45,24
1,61
64,47
1,14
0,00
0,97
0,54
4,94
4,10
1,71
21,1
yield
Biomass concentration
Phase II
Phase III Phase IV Phase I
7
14
6
12
5
10
4
8
3
6
2
4
1
2
0
0
0
10
20
30
Time (day)
40
50
60
HRT (h)
VSS (g/L)
Phase I
VSS bottom (g/L)
VSS middle (g/L)
VSS top (g/L)
HRT (h)
Hydraulic Retention Time effect
60
140
Restart
120
100
HPR
40
80
30
60
20
40
10
20
0
0
0
10
20
30
40
Time (day)
50
60
70
HRT, H2 content
50
HPR (L H2/L/day)
H2 content (%)
HRT (h)
Soluble Metabolite Product at different Hydraulic Retention Time
Effluent (SMP) g/L
Butyrat H2
HRT % H2 HPR yiel Subst
e/acetat Selek
rate
(h)
(l/L/da d
tifity/
e
mol conve
y)
(mol/m (Acet
(H2/ rsion(
ate+b
ol)
mol %) Etha Buth Acetat Propio Buty
utyra
gluc
nol anol
e
nate
rate
te)
ose)
8
46,22
13,74
1,8
98,86
0,17
0,08
0,32
0,39
1,57
2,73
3,01
4
45,93
28,64
1,82 94,54
0,34
0,00
1,51
0,15
5,53
2,64
2,35
1
40,57
83,69
1,42 91,89
1,0
0
0,7
0,3
3,3
3,26
2,33
40,31 124,87 1,17 82,54
0,5
0
0.5
0,5
4,1
5,66
2,04
0,5
VSS at different substrate concentration
30
16
VSS bottom (g/L)
VSS middle (g/L)
VSS top (g/L)
HRT (h)
14
12
VSS (g/L)
20
10
15
8
6
10
4
5
2
0
0
10
20
30
40
Time (day)
50
60
70
HRT (h)
25
Carrier effect
M365
M190
No carrier
4
4
4
Biogas rate (L biogas/L/d)
61.82±1.62
47.88±1.55
35.89±1.65
% H2
44.43±3.16
42.56±1.76
43.04±1.50
HPR (L H2/L/d)
27.27±1.05
20.37±0.86
15.45±1.81
Substrate utilization (%)
97.97±0.68
91.71±5.36
85.44±9.04
Yield (mol H2/mol sugar)
2.03±0.15
1.41±0.05
1.47±0.18
HRT (h)
Soluble metabolit products (SMP)
Carrier
Total
type
SMP
(mg
Total
Butyric/A
%
TVFA (mg Ethanol
COD/L)
Acetic
Propionic
Butyric
acid
acid
acid
cetic
COD/L)
No
738.14
7709.91
8.74
17.12
0.00
74.14
10.82
M365
452.65
7941.26
5.39
22.41
0.57
71.57
7.98
M190
3242
20,721.26
23.22
5.61
9.61
61.57
27.44
carrier
Established the technology of granulation and optimization on
biohydrogen production bacteria
Granular
Sludge
carrier
75
Conclusion
•
•
•
•
Substrate concentration of 15-20 g sugar/liter give high yield and HPR
Recommended operating condition is HRT 1 hour and substrate concentration 20 g
sugar/L with HPR 88.73 73 L H2/L/day, substrates utilization and yield respectively,
92.95% and 1.42 mol H2/mol glucose , HRT of 0.5 hours gives the highest HPR, it
was 124.87 L H2/L/day, on the other hand, substrate utilization and yield were low,
which were 82.39% and 1.17 mol H2/mol glucose, respectively.
The larger of carrier surface area, the higher of biohydrogen production. M365 is
more suitable for biohydrogen production from sugary waste water. It has higher
extensive surface area specific than the M190 that provides higher contact area
between microorganisms and susbtrate.
There are differences in biomass concentration distribution at the bottom, middle
and top part of the bioreactor at low HRT (HRT 1 hand 0.5 h). At HRTT 0.5 hour,
the concentration of biomass at the bottom, middle and top of which were 26.80;
7.73 and 1.86 g VSS/L, respectively.
Terima Kasih
Dr. Unggul Priyanto
Dr. Chen Yeon Chu
Prof. Chen Yu Lin
Dr. Mahyudin (R.I.P)
Zulaicha Dwi Hastuti
Kurniawan
Lies A. W.
Herri Susanto
Oka Pradipta Arjasa
Siti Julekha
Sandia Primera
Kesimpulan
•
•
•
•
Proses fermentasi limbah pabrik minuman menjadi biohidrogen yang baik terjadi
pada konsentrasi 15 20 g gula/liter. Pada konsentrasi ini memberikan nilai HPR
dan yield yang tinggi.
Kondisi operasi yang direkomendasikan adalah HRT 1 jam dan konsentrasi substrat
20 g gula/L dengan HPR 88,73 73 L H2/L/hari, penggunaan substrat dan yield
masing-masing, 92,95 % dan 1,42 mol H2/mol glukosa. Pada HRT 0,5 jam
memberikan HPR tertinggi, yakni 124,87 L H2/L/hari, namum konversi substrat dan
yieldnya rendah, yakni masing-masing 82,39% dan 0 mol H2/mol glukosa.
Carrier yang memiliki luas permukaan lebih besar menghasilkan kecepatan
produksi biohidrogen yang lebih tinggi. M365 lebih cocok untuk produksi
biohidrogen dari limbah pabrik minumam karena M365 memiliki luas luas
permukaan specifik lebih tinggi dari M190 sehingga memberikan luas bidang
kontak antara mikroorganisme dengan susbtrat yang baik.
Terdapat perbedaan distribusi konsentrasi biomass pada bagian bawah, tengah
dan atas bioreaktor ketika HRT yang rendah, 1 jam dan 0,5 jam Pada HRTT 0,5 jam,
konsentrasi biomassa pada bagian bawah, tengah dan atas yakni masing-masing
26,80; 7,73 dan 1,86 g VSS/L.