Faktor risiko hipertensi, dislipidemia, merokok, Asam Urat, Obesitas, Diabetes Melitus, dan Riwayat Stroke Dalam Keluarga Pada Penderita Stroke
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Air, E.L and Kissela, B.M. 2007. Diabetes, the Metabolic Syndrome, and
Ischemic Stroke Epidemiology and Possible Mechanism. Diabetes
Care. 30(12) : 3131-3140.
Agus, D dan Tjahyana, B.I. 2011. Efek Merokok Terhadap Kesehatan
Fisik dan Mental. JIWA : Indonesia Psychiatric Quarterly. XLIV(4) : 147.
Barbara, V., Benke, K.S., Damasceno, B.P., Siqueira, L.H., Loscalzo, J.
2002. Paraoxonase 192 Gln3Arg Polymorphism An Independent
Risk Factor for Nonfatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke Among Young
Adults. Stroke. 33:1459-1464.
Basjiruddin, A. 2009. Diabetes Mellitus And Stroke: The Pathobiogenesis.
Dalam: Sjahrir, H., Anwar, Y., Kadri, A. (eds). Neurology Update
2009. FK USU. Medan. pp. 97-112.
Bharosay, A., Bharosay, V.V., Bandyopadhyay, D., Sodani, A., Varma, M.,
Baruah, H. 2014. Effect of Lipid Profile Upon Prognosis in Ischemic
and Hemorhhagic Cerebrovascular Stroke. Indian Journal of Clinical
Biochemistry. 29(3): 372-376.
Bigaard, J., Spanggaard, I., Thomsen, B.L., Overvad, K., Tjonneland, A.,
2005.
Self-reported
and
technician-measured
waist
circumferences differ in middle-aged men and women. The
Journal of Nutrition. 135(9): 2263-2270.
Bowman, T.S., Sesso, H.D., Ma, J., Kurth, T., Kase, C.S., Stampher, M.J.,
Gaziano, J.M. 2003. Cholesterol and The Risk of Ischemic Stroke.
Stroke. 34: 2930-2934.
Brouwser, H.B and Goldstein, J.N. 2012 Therapeutic Strategies in Acute
Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurotherapeutics. 9: 87-98.
Bushnell, C., McCullough, L.D., Awad, I.A., Chireau, M.V., Fedder, W.N.,
Furie, K.L., et all. 2014. Guidelines for the Prevention of Stroke in
Women A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the
American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke
Journal of The American Heart Association. pp 1-45.
Caplan, L.R. 2009. Basic Pathology, Anatomy, and Pathophysiology of
Stroke. In: Caplan’s Stroke: A clinical Approach. 4 th ed.
Saunders.Elsevier. Philadelphia. pp. 22-60.
98
Universitas Sumatera Utara
99
Caplan, L.R. 2009. Stroke Prevention. In: Caplan’s Stroke: A clinical
Approach. 4th ed. Saunders.Elsevier. Philadelphia. pp. 581-604.
Chen, J. H., Chuang, S.Y., Chen, H.J., Yeh, W.T. Pan, W.H. 2009. Serum
Uric Acid Level as an Independent Risk Factor for All-Cause,
Cardiovascular, and Ischemic Stroke Mortality: A Chinese Cohort
Study. Arthtritis & Rheumatism (Arthritis Care & Research).
American College of Rheumatology. 61(2). pp 225-232.
Chobanian, A.V., Bakris, G.L., Black, H.R., Cushman, W.C., Green. L.A.,
Izzo, J.L. 2004. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee
on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood
Pressure. National Institute of Health Publication. U.S. pp 1-65.
Conen, D., Wietlisbach, V., Bovet, P., Shamlaye, C., Riesen, W., Paccaud,
F., Burnier, M. 2004. Prevalence of Hyperuricemia and Relation of
Serum Uric Acid with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Developing
Country. BMC Public Health. 4(9): 1-9.
Demerci, S., Yalciner, B.Z., Bakac, G., Dayan, C., Aysal, F., Baybas, S.
2010. Risk Factors That Affect Stroke Recurrence. The Journal of
Psychiatry and Neurological Science. 23 : 38-43.
Duncan, J.S., Duncan, E.K., Schofield, G. 2009. Accuracy of body mass
index (BMI) thresholds for predicting excess body fat in girls from five
ethnicities. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 18(3): 404-411.
Durukan, A and Tatlisumak, T. 2009. Animal models of Ischemic Stroke.
In: Fisher, M., editor. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 3rd edition.
Elsevier. Edinburgh. pp 43-66.
Endres, M., Dirnagl, U., Moskowitz, M.A. 2009. The Ischemic Cascade
and Mediators of Ischemic Injury. In: Fisher, M., editor. Handbook of
Clinical Neurology. 3rd edition. Elsevier. Edinburgh. pp 31-41.
Fauci, A.S., Braunwald, E., Kasper, D.L., Hauser, S.L., Longo, D.L.,
Jameson, J.L., et al. 2009. Harrison’s Manual of Medicine: Gout,
Pseudogout, and Related Diseases. 17th edition. McGraw-Hill. New
York. pp 903-907.
Flossmann, E., Schulz, U., Rothwell, P. 2004. Systematic Review of
Methods and Results of Studies of The Genetic Epidemiology of
Ischemic Stroke. Stroke. 35: 212-227.
Goldstein, L.B., Adams, R., Alberts, M.J., Appel, L.J., Brass, L.M.,
Brushnel, C.D., et al. 2011. Primary Prevention Of Ischemic Stroke:
A Guidline from the American Heart Association / American Stroke
Association Stroke Council. Stroke. 42: 517-584.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
100
Goldszmidt, A.J and Caplan, L.R. 2009. Stroke Essentials. Dalam:
Wisurya, K., Indra, L. (Eds). Pengendalian Hipertensi. Penerbit Buku
Kedokteran EGC. Jakarta. Hal 83-91.
Grau, A.J., Weimar, C., Buggle, F., Heinrich, A., Goertler, M., Neumier, S.,
Glahn, J., Brandt, T., Hacke, W., Dieber, H.C. 2001. Risk Factors,
Outcome, and Treatment in Subtypes of Ischemic Stroke. Stroke. 32:
2559-2566.
Gray, H.H., Dawkins, K.D., Morgan, J.M., Simpson, I.A. 2005. Lecturer
Notes: Cardiology, Dalam: Agoes, A., Rachmawati D.A. (Eds).
Lecturer Notes Kardiologi : Hipertensi. Edisi keempat. Penerbit
Erlangga. Surabaya. Hal 57-69.
Grundy, S.M., Becker, D., Clark, L.T., Cooper, R.S., Denke, M.A., Howard,
J., et al. 2002. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education
Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and
Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Panel III) Final
Report. Circulation. 106: 3143-3421.
Hussein, O., Kandeel, W.A., Elghany, A.F., Youssif, S.Y. 2012. Relation
Between Obesity and Ischemic Stroke Using Multiclice C.T. Journal
of Applied Sciences Research.8(1): 200-2006.
James, P.A., Oparil, S., Carter, B.L., Cushman, W.C., Himmelfard, C.D.,
Handler, J. 2013. 2014 Evidence-Based Guideline for the
Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults Report From the
Panel Member Appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee
(JNC 8). Journal Medical Association. pp 1-14.
Jellinger, P.S., Smith, D.A., Mehta, A.E., Ganda, O., Handelsman, Y.,
Rodbard, H.W. 2012. American Association of Clinical
Endocrinologist Guidelines For Management of Dyslipidemia And
Prevention of Atherosclerosis. Endocrine Practice. 18: 1-77.
Jha, P., Phil, M.D., Peto, R. 2014. Global Effects of Smoking, of Quitting,
and of Taxing Tobacco. The New England Journal of Medicine. 370:
60-68.
Kratz, A., Ferraro, M., Sluss, P.M., Lewandrowski, K.B. 2004. Laboratory
Reference Values. The new england journal of medicine. 351 :
1548-1563.
Kim, S.Y., Guevara, J.P., Kim, K.M., Choi, H.K., Heitjan, D.F., Albert, D.A.
2009. Hyperuricemia and Risk of Stroke : A Systematic Review and
Meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheumatology. 61(7) : 885-892.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
101
Knottnerus, I., Gielen, M., Lodder, J., Rouhl, R.P., Staals, J., Vlietinck, R.
2011. Family History of Stroke Is an Independent Risk Factor for
Lacunar Stroke Subtype With Asymptomatic Lacunar Infarcts at
Younger Ages. Stroke. 42: 1196-1200.
Kurth, T., Gaziano, M., Rexrode, K.M., Kase, C.S., Cook, N.R., Manson,
J.E., et al. 2005. Prospective Study of Body Mass Index and Risk of
Stroke in Apparently Healthy Women.Circulation. 111:1992-1998.
Kurth, T., Everett, B.M., Buring, J.E., Kase, C.S., Ridker, P.M., Gaziano,
J.M. 2007. Lipid Levels And The Risk of Ischemic Stroke In Women.
Neurology. 68(8): 556-562.
Lahano, A.K., Chandio, M.A., Bhatti, M.I. 2014. Frequency of Common
Modifible Risk Factors For Stroke. Gomal Journal of Medical
Sciences. 12(4): 222-226.
Lee, C.T., Williams, G.H., Lily, L.S. 2011. Hypertension. In: Lily, L.S.,
editor. Pathophysiology of Heart Disease.5th edition. Wolter Kluwer.
Lippincott Williams&Wilkins. Philadelphia. pp 301-323.
Lemeshow, S., Hosmer, D.W., Klar. J., Lwanga, S.K. 1990. Adequacy of
Sample Size in Health Studies. John Wiley&Sons. USA. pp 1-6.
Liao, Y., Greenlund, K.J., Croft, J.B., Keenan, N.L., Giles, W.H. 2009.
Factors Explaining Excess Stroke Prevalence in the US Stroke Belt.
Stroke. 40: 3336-3341.
Lohano, A.K., Samie, A., Siayal, N.N. 2014. Frequency of Stroke In
Hypertensive Patients. Professional Medical Journal. 21(3): 484-488.
Mahmood, A., Sharif, M.A., Khan, M.N., Ali, U.Z. 2010. Comparison of
Serum Lipid Profile in Ischaemic and Haemorrhagic Stroke. Journal
of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan. 20 (5): 317-320.
Mehrpour, M., Khuzan, M., Najmi, N., Motamed, M.R., Fereshtehnejad,
S.M. 2012. Serum Uric Acid Level in Acute Stroke Patients. Medical
Journal of Islamic Republic of Iran. 26(2) : 66-72.
Mirghani, Z., Zein, T. 2009. Total and LDL Cholesterol As Risk Factors of
Ischemic Stroke In Emirati Patients. The Internet Journal of
Neurology. 13(1): 1-6.
Misbach, J dan Jannis, J. 2011. Diagnosis Stroke. Dalam: Soertidewi, L.,
Jannis, J. (eds). Stroke Aspek Diagnostik, Patofisiologi, Manajemen.
Kelompok Stroke Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Saraf Indonesia.
Balai Penerbit FK UI. Jakarta. Hal 57-83.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
102
Misbach, J dan Rasyid, A. 2011. Prevensi Stroke. Dalam: Soertidewi, L.,
Jannis, J. (eds). Stroke Aspek Diagnostik, Patofisiologi, Manajemen.
Kelompok Stroke Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Saraf Indonesia.
Balai Penerbit FK UI. Jakarta. Hal 259-279.
Mitchell, A.B., Cole, J.W., McArdle, P.F., Cheng, Y., Ryan, K.A., Sparks,
J.M., Mitchell, B.D., et al. 2015. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics2015 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association.
Circulation. 131: 1-294.
Mvundura, M., McGruder, H., Khoury, M.J., Valdez, R., Yoon, P.W. 2010.
Family History as a Risk Factor for Early-Onset Stroke/Transient
Ischemic Attact among Adults in the United States. Public Health
Genomics. 8: 491-501.
Nichols, F.T., Shaltoni, H.M., Yatsu, F.M. 2009. A Cerebrovascular
Perspective of Atherosclerosis. In: Fisher, M., editor. Handbook of
Clinical Neurology. 3rd edition. Elseiver. pp 215-238.
Onysko, J., Maxwell, C., Eliasziw, M., Zhang, J.X., Johansen, H.,
Campbell, N.R. 2006. Large Increases in Hypertension Diagnosis
and Treatment in Canada After a Healthcare Professional. Stroke.
43: 853-860.
Oparil, S., Zaman, M.A., Calhoun, D.A. 2003. Pathogenesis of
Hypertension. Annals of Internal Medicine. 139: 761-776.
Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 109 Tahun 2012
Tentang Pengamanan Bahan Yang Mengandung Zat Adiktif Berupa
Produk Tembakau Bagi Kesehatan. 2013. Dalam: Undang-Undang
RI Nomor 36 Tahun 2009 Tentang Kesehatan dan Undang-Undang
RI Nomor 44 Tahun 2009 Tentang Rumah Sakit. Penerbit Citra
Umbara. Bandung. pp 162-202.
Petrea, R.E., Beiser, A.S., Seshadri, S., Kelly-Hayes, M., Kase, C.S., Wolf,
P.A. 2009. Stroke in women - Gender Differences in Stroke
Incidence and Post- stroke Disability in the Framingham Heart
Study. Stroke. 40(4):1032–1037
Ponniah, S. 2008. Monitoring Tobacco Use in New Zealand: A technical
report on defining smoking status and estimates of smoking
prevalence. Ministry of Health. New Zealand. pp 1-12.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
103
Rambe, A.S., Fithrie, A., Nasution, I., Tonam. 2013. Profil Pasien Stroke
Pada 25 Rumah Sakit di Sumatera Utara 2012 Survei Berbasis
Rumah Sakit. Neurona. 30 (2).
Riset Kesehatan Dasar (RISKESDAS). 2013. Badan Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementrian RI Tahun 2013.
Ropper, A.H., Samuels, M.A., Klein, P.J. 2014. Headache and Other
Craniofacial Pains. In: Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology.
10th edition. McGraw Hill Education. USA. pp 168-197.
Ropper, A.H., Samuels, M.A., Klein, P.J. 2014. Imaging,
Electrophysiologic, and Laboratory Techniques for Neurologic
Diagnosis. In: Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology. 10th
edition. McGraw Hill Education. USA. pp 13-39.
Ryden, L., Standl, E., Bartnik, M., Berghe, G., Betteridge, J., Boer, M., et
al. 2007. Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular
diease: executive summary. European Heart Journal. 28: 88 – 136.
Sacco, R.L., Kasner, S.E., Broderick, J.P., Caplan, L.R.,Culebras, A.,
Elkind, M.S.V.,et al. 2013. An Update Defenition of Stroke for the 21st
Century: a Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the
American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke.
44: 2064-2089.
Sander, D., Sander, K., Poppert, H. 2008. Stroke In Type 2 Diabetes.
British Journal of Diabetes and Vascular Disease. 8: 222-229.
Sastri, S., Safrita, Y., Dinata, C.A. 2013. Gambaran Faktor Risiko dan Tipe
Stroke Pada Pasien Rawat Inap di Bagian Penyakit Dalam RSUD
Kabupaten Solok Selatan Periode 1 Januari 2010-31 Juni 2012.
Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas. 2: 57-61.
Seshadri, S., Beise, A., Pikula, A., Himali, J.J., Hayes, M.K., Debette, S.,
et.al. 2010. Parental Occurence of Stroke and Risk of Stroke in Their
Children. Circulation. 121: 1304-1312.
Shah, S.M., Khan, S., Rehman, S.U., Khan, Z.A., Ahmed, W., Zubair.
2013. Addressing the impact of Stroke Risk Factors in a Case
Control Study in Tertiary Care Hospitals : A Case Control Study in
Tertiary Care Hospitals of Peshawar, Khyber Phukhtoonkhwa (KPK)
Pakistan. BMC Research Notes. 6: 268.
Shah, RS and Cole, JW. 2010. Smoking and Stroke: The More You
Smoke The More You Stroke. Expert Review of Cardiovascular
Therapy. 8(7): 917-932.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
104
Shahar, E., Chambles, L.E., Rosamond, W.D., Boland, L.L., Ballantyne,
C.M., McGovern, P.G., Sharrett, A.R. 2003. Plasma Lipid Profile and
Incident Ischemic Stroke The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities
(ARIC) Study. Stroke. 34: 623-631.
Silbernagl, S. 2007. Heart and Circulation: Atherosclerosis. In: Silbernagl,
S., Lang., F. Color Atlas of Patophysiology. Thieme StuatGard. New
York. pp 236-239.
Sjahrir, H. 2003. Stroke Iskemik. Yandira Agung Medan.
Skolarus, L.E., Sanchez, B.N., Levine, D.A., Baek, J., Kerber, K.A.,
Morgenstern, L.B.,et.al. 2014. Association of Body Mass Index and
Mortality After Acute Ischemic Stroke. Circulation Cardiovascular
Quality and Outcomes Journal. 7: 64-69.
Smith, M., M and Minson, C., T., 2012. Obesity and Adipokines : Effect on
Sympathetic Overactivity. The Journal of Physiology. 590(8): 17871801.
Song, Y.M., Sung, J., Smith, G.D., Ebrahim, S. 2004. Body Mass Index
and Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Prospective Study in
Korean Man. Stroke. 35: 831-836.
Sorganvi, V., Kulkarni, M.S., Kadeli, D., Atharga, S. 2014. Risk Factors For
Stroke:A Case Control Study. International Journal of Current
Research and Review; 6 (3): 46-52.
Soyama, Y., Miura, K., Morikawa, Y., Nishijo, M., Nakanishi, Y., Naruse,
Y., et.al. 2003. High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Risk of
Stroke in Japanese Men and Women: The Oyabe Study. Stroke. 34:
863-868.
Storhaug, H.M., Norvik, J.V., Toft, I., Erikson, B.O., Lochen, M., Zykova,
S., et.al. 2013. Uric Acid is Risk Factor for Ischemic Stroke and Allcause Mortality in The General Population: a gender Specific
Analysis From The Tromso Study. BMC Cardiovascular Disorsdes.
13 (115) : 1-10
Suh, I.I., Jee, H.S., Kim, H.C., Nam, C.M., Kim, S., Appel, L.J. 2001. Low
Serum Cholesterol and Hemorrhagic Stroke in Men: Korea Medical
Insurance Corporation Study. The LANCET. 357: 922-925.
Suyono S, Waspadji S, Soegondo S, Soewondo P, Subekti I, Semiardji G,
dkk. 2011. Konsensus Pengelolaan dan Pencegahan Diabetes
Melitus Tipe 2 Di Indonesia 2011. Perkumpulan Endokrinologi
Indonesia. Jakarta.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
105
Tian, X., Tao, Z.T., Mei, Y., Huan, Z., Qing, L.W., Yan, K., et.al. 2014.
Dyslipidemia and Outcome in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke.
Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Journal. 27(2): 106-110.
Tjokroprawiro, A., Hendromartono., Sutjahjo, A., Pranoto, A., Murtiwi, S.,
Adi, S., Wibisono, S. 2007. Diabetes Mellitus. Dalam: Tjokroprawiro,
A., Setiawan, P.B., Santoro, D., Soegiarto, G. (eds). Buku Ajar Ilmu
Penyakit Dalam. Airlangga University Press. Surabaya. Hal 29-76.
Tortora, G.J., Derrickson, B. 2009. The Endocrine System. In: Roesch, B.
(eds). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. 12th edition.
Willey&Son Inc. United States. pp 642-688.
Vannorsdall, T.D., Jinnah., Gordon, B., Kraut, M., Schretlen, D.J. 2008.
Cerebral Ischemia Mediates the Effect of Serum Uric Acid on
Cognitive Function. Stroke. 39: 3418-3420.
Vemmos, K.N., Spengos, K., Tsivgoulis, G., Zakopoulos, N., Manios, E.,
Kotsis, V., Daffertshoefer, M., Vassilopoulos, D. 2004. Factors
Influencing Acute Blood Pressure Values in Stroke Subtypes. Journal
of Human Hypertension. 18: 253-259.
Vohra, E.A., Ahmed, W.U., Ali, M. 2000. Aetiology and prognostic factors
of patients admitted for stroke. Journal. Pakistan Medical
Association. 50: 234-36.
Wadden, T., Pories, W., Blair, S., Hubbard, V.S., Becker, D.M., Bouchard,
C., et al. 2002. The Practical Guide : Identification, Evaluation, and
Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. National Heart,
Lung and Blood Institute.
Wieberdink, R.G., Poels, M.M., Vernooji, M.W., Koudstaal, P.J., Hofman,
A., Lugt, A., et.all. 2011. Serum Lipid Levels and The Risk of
Intracrebral Hemorrhage: The Rotterdam Study. Stroke: 31: 29822989.
Wilson, M. E., 2013. Stroke: Understanding the Differences between
Males and Females. Pflugers Archiv; 465(5): 595-600.
Wilson, L.M. 2006. Gagal Ginjal Kronik. Dalam: Hartanto, H., Susi, N.,
Wulansari, P., et al. (eds). Patofisiologi: Konsep-Konsep Klinis
Proses-Proses Penyakit. Balai Penerbit EGC. Jakarta. Hal 933-934.
Yikilkan, H., Serini, K., Aypak, C., Gorpelioglu, S. 2013. Comorbid Disease
and Dyslipidemia Among Elderly Home Care Stroke Patients. Acta
Medica; 2: 48-52.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
106
Yogiantoro, M. 2006. Hipertensi Esensial. Dalam: Sudoyo, A.W.,
Setiyohadi, B., Alwi, I., dkk. (eds). Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam.
Jilid I. Edisi 4. Pusat Penerbitan Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam
FKUI. Jakarta. Hal 599-603.
Zafar, A., Shahid, S.K., Siddiqui, M., Khan, F.S. 2007. Pattern of Stroke In
Type 2 Diabetic Subjects Versus Non Diabetics Subjects. Journal of
Ayub Medical College Abottad. 19(4): 64-67.
Zhang, B., Goa, C., Yang, N., Zhang, W., Song, X., Yin, J., Pu, S., Yi, Y.,
Gao, Q. 2010. Is elevated SUA associated with a worse outcome in
young Chinese patients with acute cerebral ischemic stroke? BMC
Neurology. 10 (82). pp 1-6.
Zhang, X., Shu, O.X., Yang, G., Li, H.L., Xiang, Y.B., Gao, Y.T., et al.
2005. Association of Passive Smoking by Husbands with Prevalence
of Stokr among Chinese Women Nonsmokers. American Journal of
Epidemiology. 161 (3): 213-218.
Zhang, Y., Tuomilehto, J., Jousilahti, P., Wang, Y., Antikainen, R, Hu, G.
2012. Total and High density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Stroke
Risk. Stroke: 43: 1768-1774.
Zychowska M, Rojewska E, Przewlocka B, Mika J. 2013. Mechanisms and
pharmacology of diabetic neuropathy – experimental and clinical
studies. Pharmacological Reports. 65: 1601 – 1610.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Air, E.L and Kissela, B.M. 2007. Diabetes, the Metabolic Syndrome, and
Ischemic Stroke Epidemiology and Possible Mechanism. Diabetes
Care. 30(12) : 3131-3140.
Agus, D dan Tjahyana, B.I. 2011. Efek Merokok Terhadap Kesehatan
Fisik dan Mental. JIWA : Indonesia Psychiatric Quarterly. XLIV(4) : 147.
Barbara, V., Benke, K.S., Damasceno, B.P., Siqueira, L.H., Loscalzo, J.
2002. Paraoxonase 192 Gln3Arg Polymorphism An Independent
Risk Factor for Nonfatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke Among Young
Adults. Stroke. 33:1459-1464.
Basjiruddin, A. 2009. Diabetes Mellitus And Stroke: The Pathobiogenesis.
Dalam: Sjahrir, H., Anwar, Y., Kadri, A. (eds). Neurology Update
2009. FK USU. Medan. pp. 97-112.
Bharosay, A., Bharosay, V.V., Bandyopadhyay, D., Sodani, A., Varma, M.,
Baruah, H. 2014. Effect of Lipid Profile Upon Prognosis in Ischemic
and Hemorhhagic Cerebrovascular Stroke. Indian Journal of Clinical
Biochemistry. 29(3): 372-376.
Bigaard, J., Spanggaard, I., Thomsen, B.L., Overvad, K., Tjonneland, A.,
2005.
Self-reported
and
technician-measured
waist
circumferences differ in middle-aged men and women. The
Journal of Nutrition. 135(9): 2263-2270.
Bowman, T.S., Sesso, H.D., Ma, J., Kurth, T., Kase, C.S., Stampher, M.J.,
Gaziano, J.M. 2003. Cholesterol and The Risk of Ischemic Stroke.
Stroke. 34: 2930-2934.
Brouwser, H.B and Goldstein, J.N. 2012 Therapeutic Strategies in Acute
Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurotherapeutics. 9: 87-98.
Bushnell, C., McCullough, L.D., Awad, I.A., Chireau, M.V., Fedder, W.N.,
Furie, K.L., et all. 2014. Guidelines for the Prevention of Stroke in
Women A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the
American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke
Journal of The American Heart Association. pp 1-45.
Caplan, L.R. 2009. Basic Pathology, Anatomy, and Pathophysiology of
Stroke. In: Caplan’s Stroke: A clinical Approach. 4 th ed.
Saunders.Elsevier. Philadelphia. pp. 22-60.
98
Universitas Sumatera Utara
99
Caplan, L.R. 2009. Stroke Prevention. In: Caplan’s Stroke: A clinical
Approach. 4th ed. Saunders.Elsevier. Philadelphia. pp. 581-604.
Chen, J. H., Chuang, S.Y., Chen, H.J., Yeh, W.T. Pan, W.H. 2009. Serum
Uric Acid Level as an Independent Risk Factor for All-Cause,
Cardiovascular, and Ischemic Stroke Mortality: A Chinese Cohort
Study. Arthtritis & Rheumatism (Arthritis Care & Research).
American College of Rheumatology. 61(2). pp 225-232.
Chobanian, A.V., Bakris, G.L., Black, H.R., Cushman, W.C., Green. L.A.,
Izzo, J.L. 2004. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee
on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood
Pressure. National Institute of Health Publication. U.S. pp 1-65.
Conen, D., Wietlisbach, V., Bovet, P., Shamlaye, C., Riesen, W., Paccaud,
F., Burnier, M. 2004. Prevalence of Hyperuricemia and Relation of
Serum Uric Acid with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Developing
Country. BMC Public Health. 4(9): 1-9.
Demerci, S., Yalciner, B.Z., Bakac, G., Dayan, C., Aysal, F., Baybas, S.
2010. Risk Factors That Affect Stroke Recurrence. The Journal of
Psychiatry and Neurological Science. 23 : 38-43.
Duncan, J.S., Duncan, E.K., Schofield, G. 2009. Accuracy of body mass
index (BMI) thresholds for predicting excess body fat in girls from five
ethnicities. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 18(3): 404-411.
Durukan, A and Tatlisumak, T. 2009. Animal models of Ischemic Stroke.
In: Fisher, M., editor. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 3rd edition.
Elsevier. Edinburgh. pp 43-66.
Endres, M., Dirnagl, U., Moskowitz, M.A. 2009. The Ischemic Cascade
and Mediators of Ischemic Injury. In: Fisher, M., editor. Handbook of
Clinical Neurology. 3rd edition. Elsevier. Edinburgh. pp 31-41.
Fauci, A.S., Braunwald, E., Kasper, D.L., Hauser, S.L., Longo, D.L.,
Jameson, J.L., et al. 2009. Harrison’s Manual of Medicine: Gout,
Pseudogout, and Related Diseases. 17th edition. McGraw-Hill. New
York. pp 903-907.
Flossmann, E., Schulz, U., Rothwell, P. 2004. Systematic Review of
Methods and Results of Studies of The Genetic Epidemiology of
Ischemic Stroke. Stroke. 35: 212-227.
Goldstein, L.B., Adams, R., Alberts, M.J., Appel, L.J., Brass, L.M.,
Brushnel, C.D., et al. 2011. Primary Prevention Of Ischemic Stroke:
A Guidline from the American Heart Association / American Stroke
Association Stroke Council. Stroke. 42: 517-584.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
100
Goldszmidt, A.J and Caplan, L.R. 2009. Stroke Essentials. Dalam:
Wisurya, K., Indra, L. (Eds). Pengendalian Hipertensi. Penerbit Buku
Kedokteran EGC. Jakarta. Hal 83-91.
Grau, A.J., Weimar, C., Buggle, F., Heinrich, A., Goertler, M., Neumier, S.,
Glahn, J., Brandt, T., Hacke, W., Dieber, H.C. 2001. Risk Factors,
Outcome, and Treatment in Subtypes of Ischemic Stroke. Stroke. 32:
2559-2566.
Gray, H.H., Dawkins, K.D., Morgan, J.M., Simpson, I.A. 2005. Lecturer
Notes: Cardiology, Dalam: Agoes, A., Rachmawati D.A. (Eds).
Lecturer Notes Kardiologi : Hipertensi. Edisi keempat. Penerbit
Erlangga. Surabaya. Hal 57-69.
Grundy, S.M., Becker, D., Clark, L.T., Cooper, R.S., Denke, M.A., Howard,
J., et al. 2002. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education
Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and
Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Panel III) Final
Report. Circulation. 106: 3143-3421.
Hussein, O., Kandeel, W.A., Elghany, A.F., Youssif, S.Y. 2012. Relation
Between Obesity and Ischemic Stroke Using Multiclice C.T. Journal
of Applied Sciences Research.8(1): 200-2006.
James, P.A., Oparil, S., Carter, B.L., Cushman, W.C., Himmelfard, C.D.,
Handler, J. 2013. 2014 Evidence-Based Guideline for the
Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults Report From the
Panel Member Appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee
(JNC 8). Journal Medical Association. pp 1-14.
Jellinger, P.S., Smith, D.A., Mehta, A.E., Ganda, O., Handelsman, Y.,
Rodbard, H.W. 2012. American Association of Clinical
Endocrinologist Guidelines For Management of Dyslipidemia And
Prevention of Atherosclerosis. Endocrine Practice. 18: 1-77.
Jha, P., Phil, M.D., Peto, R. 2014. Global Effects of Smoking, of Quitting,
and of Taxing Tobacco. The New England Journal of Medicine. 370:
60-68.
Kratz, A., Ferraro, M., Sluss, P.M., Lewandrowski, K.B. 2004. Laboratory
Reference Values. The new england journal of medicine. 351 :
1548-1563.
Kim, S.Y., Guevara, J.P., Kim, K.M., Choi, H.K., Heitjan, D.F., Albert, D.A.
2009. Hyperuricemia and Risk of Stroke : A Systematic Review and
Meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheumatology. 61(7) : 885-892.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
101
Knottnerus, I., Gielen, M., Lodder, J., Rouhl, R.P., Staals, J., Vlietinck, R.
2011. Family History of Stroke Is an Independent Risk Factor for
Lacunar Stroke Subtype With Asymptomatic Lacunar Infarcts at
Younger Ages. Stroke. 42: 1196-1200.
Kurth, T., Gaziano, M., Rexrode, K.M., Kase, C.S., Cook, N.R., Manson,
J.E., et al. 2005. Prospective Study of Body Mass Index and Risk of
Stroke in Apparently Healthy Women.Circulation. 111:1992-1998.
Kurth, T., Everett, B.M., Buring, J.E., Kase, C.S., Ridker, P.M., Gaziano,
J.M. 2007. Lipid Levels And The Risk of Ischemic Stroke In Women.
Neurology. 68(8): 556-562.
Lahano, A.K., Chandio, M.A., Bhatti, M.I. 2014. Frequency of Common
Modifible Risk Factors For Stroke. Gomal Journal of Medical
Sciences. 12(4): 222-226.
Lee, C.T., Williams, G.H., Lily, L.S. 2011. Hypertension. In: Lily, L.S.,
editor. Pathophysiology of Heart Disease.5th edition. Wolter Kluwer.
Lippincott Williams&Wilkins. Philadelphia. pp 301-323.
Lemeshow, S., Hosmer, D.W., Klar. J., Lwanga, S.K. 1990. Adequacy of
Sample Size in Health Studies. John Wiley&Sons. USA. pp 1-6.
Liao, Y., Greenlund, K.J., Croft, J.B., Keenan, N.L., Giles, W.H. 2009.
Factors Explaining Excess Stroke Prevalence in the US Stroke Belt.
Stroke. 40: 3336-3341.
Lohano, A.K., Samie, A., Siayal, N.N. 2014. Frequency of Stroke In
Hypertensive Patients. Professional Medical Journal. 21(3): 484-488.
Mahmood, A., Sharif, M.A., Khan, M.N., Ali, U.Z. 2010. Comparison of
Serum Lipid Profile in Ischaemic and Haemorrhagic Stroke. Journal
of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan. 20 (5): 317-320.
Mehrpour, M., Khuzan, M., Najmi, N., Motamed, M.R., Fereshtehnejad,
S.M. 2012. Serum Uric Acid Level in Acute Stroke Patients. Medical
Journal of Islamic Republic of Iran. 26(2) : 66-72.
Mirghani, Z., Zein, T. 2009. Total and LDL Cholesterol As Risk Factors of
Ischemic Stroke In Emirati Patients. The Internet Journal of
Neurology. 13(1): 1-6.
Misbach, J dan Jannis, J. 2011. Diagnosis Stroke. Dalam: Soertidewi, L.,
Jannis, J. (eds). Stroke Aspek Diagnostik, Patofisiologi, Manajemen.
Kelompok Stroke Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Saraf Indonesia.
Balai Penerbit FK UI. Jakarta. Hal 57-83.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
102
Misbach, J dan Rasyid, A. 2011. Prevensi Stroke. Dalam: Soertidewi, L.,
Jannis, J. (eds). Stroke Aspek Diagnostik, Patofisiologi, Manajemen.
Kelompok Stroke Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Saraf Indonesia.
Balai Penerbit FK UI. Jakarta. Hal 259-279.
Mitchell, A.B., Cole, J.W., McArdle, P.F., Cheng, Y., Ryan, K.A., Sparks,
J.M., Mitchell, B.D., et al. 2015. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics2015 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association.
Circulation. 131: 1-294.
Mvundura, M., McGruder, H., Khoury, M.J., Valdez, R., Yoon, P.W. 2010.
Family History as a Risk Factor for Early-Onset Stroke/Transient
Ischemic Attact among Adults in the United States. Public Health
Genomics. 8: 491-501.
Nichols, F.T., Shaltoni, H.M., Yatsu, F.M. 2009. A Cerebrovascular
Perspective of Atherosclerosis. In: Fisher, M., editor. Handbook of
Clinical Neurology. 3rd edition. Elseiver. pp 215-238.
Onysko, J., Maxwell, C., Eliasziw, M., Zhang, J.X., Johansen, H.,
Campbell, N.R. 2006. Large Increases in Hypertension Diagnosis
and Treatment in Canada After a Healthcare Professional. Stroke.
43: 853-860.
Oparil, S., Zaman, M.A., Calhoun, D.A. 2003. Pathogenesis of
Hypertension. Annals of Internal Medicine. 139: 761-776.
Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 109 Tahun 2012
Tentang Pengamanan Bahan Yang Mengandung Zat Adiktif Berupa
Produk Tembakau Bagi Kesehatan. 2013. Dalam: Undang-Undang
RI Nomor 36 Tahun 2009 Tentang Kesehatan dan Undang-Undang
RI Nomor 44 Tahun 2009 Tentang Rumah Sakit. Penerbit Citra
Umbara. Bandung. pp 162-202.
Petrea, R.E., Beiser, A.S., Seshadri, S., Kelly-Hayes, M., Kase, C.S., Wolf,
P.A. 2009. Stroke in women - Gender Differences in Stroke
Incidence and Post- stroke Disability in the Framingham Heart
Study. Stroke. 40(4):1032–1037
Ponniah, S. 2008. Monitoring Tobacco Use in New Zealand: A technical
report on defining smoking status and estimates of smoking
prevalence. Ministry of Health. New Zealand. pp 1-12.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
103
Rambe, A.S., Fithrie, A., Nasution, I., Tonam. 2013. Profil Pasien Stroke
Pada 25 Rumah Sakit di Sumatera Utara 2012 Survei Berbasis
Rumah Sakit. Neurona. 30 (2).
Riset Kesehatan Dasar (RISKESDAS). 2013. Badan Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementrian RI Tahun 2013.
Ropper, A.H., Samuels, M.A., Klein, P.J. 2014. Headache and Other
Craniofacial Pains. In: Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology.
10th edition. McGraw Hill Education. USA. pp 168-197.
Ropper, A.H., Samuels, M.A., Klein, P.J. 2014. Imaging,
Electrophysiologic, and Laboratory Techniques for Neurologic
Diagnosis. In: Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology. 10th
edition. McGraw Hill Education. USA. pp 13-39.
Ryden, L., Standl, E., Bartnik, M., Berghe, G., Betteridge, J., Boer, M., et
al. 2007. Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular
diease: executive summary. European Heart Journal. 28: 88 – 136.
Sacco, R.L., Kasner, S.E., Broderick, J.P., Caplan, L.R.,Culebras, A.,
Elkind, M.S.V.,et al. 2013. An Update Defenition of Stroke for the 21st
Century: a Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the
American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke.
44: 2064-2089.
Sander, D., Sander, K., Poppert, H. 2008. Stroke In Type 2 Diabetes.
British Journal of Diabetes and Vascular Disease. 8: 222-229.
Sastri, S., Safrita, Y., Dinata, C.A. 2013. Gambaran Faktor Risiko dan Tipe
Stroke Pada Pasien Rawat Inap di Bagian Penyakit Dalam RSUD
Kabupaten Solok Selatan Periode 1 Januari 2010-31 Juni 2012.
Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas. 2: 57-61.
Seshadri, S., Beise, A., Pikula, A., Himali, J.J., Hayes, M.K., Debette, S.,
et.al. 2010. Parental Occurence of Stroke and Risk of Stroke in Their
Children. Circulation. 121: 1304-1312.
Shah, S.M., Khan, S., Rehman, S.U., Khan, Z.A., Ahmed, W., Zubair.
2013. Addressing the impact of Stroke Risk Factors in a Case
Control Study in Tertiary Care Hospitals : A Case Control Study in
Tertiary Care Hospitals of Peshawar, Khyber Phukhtoonkhwa (KPK)
Pakistan. BMC Research Notes. 6: 268.
Shah, RS and Cole, JW. 2010. Smoking and Stroke: The More You
Smoke The More You Stroke. Expert Review of Cardiovascular
Therapy. 8(7): 917-932.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
104
Shahar, E., Chambles, L.E., Rosamond, W.D., Boland, L.L., Ballantyne,
C.M., McGovern, P.G., Sharrett, A.R. 2003. Plasma Lipid Profile and
Incident Ischemic Stroke The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities
(ARIC) Study. Stroke. 34: 623-631.
Silbernagl, S. 2007. Heart and Circulation: Atherosclerosis. In: Silbernagl,
S., Lang., F. Color Atlas of Patophysiology. Thieme StuatGard. New
York. pp 236-239.
Sjahrir, H. 2003. Stroke Iskemik. Yandira Agung Medan.
Skolarus, L.E., Sanchez, B.N., Levine, D.A., Baek, J., Kerber, K.A.,
Morgenstern, L.B.,et.al. 2014. Association of Body Mass Index and
Mortality After Acute Ischemic Stroke. Circulation Cardiovascular
Quality and Outcomes Journal. 7: 64-69.
Smith, M., M and Minson, C., T., 2012. Obesity and Adipokines : Effect on
Sympathetic Overactivity. The Journal of Physiology. 590(8): 17871801.
Song, Y.M., Sung, J., Smith, G.D., Ebrahim, S. 2004. Body Mass Index
and Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Prospective Study in
Korean Man. Stroke. 35: 831-836.
Sorganvi, V., Kulkarni, M.S., Kadeli, D., Atharga, S. 2014. Risk Factors For
Stroke:A Case Control Study. International Journal of Current
Research and Review; 6 (3): 46-52.
Soyama, Y., Miura, K., Morikawa, Y., Nishijo, M., Nakanishi, Y., Naruse,
Y., et.al. 2003. High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Risk of
Stroke in Japanese Men and Women: The Oyabe Study. Stroke. 34:
863-868.
Storhaug, H.M., Norvik, J.V., Toft, I., Erikson, B.O., Lochen, M., Zykova,
S., et.al. 2013. Uric Acid is Risk Factor for Ischemic Stroke and Allcause Mortality in The General Population: a gender Specific
Analysis From The Tromso Study. BMC Cardiovascular Disorsdes.
13 (115) : 1-10
Suh, I.I., Jee, H.S., Kim, H.C., Nam, C.M., Kim, S., Appel, L.J. 2001. Low
Serum Cholesterol and Hemorrhagic Stroke in Men: Korea Medical
Insurance Corporation Study. The LANCET. 357: 922-925.
Suyono S, Waspadji S, Soegondo S, Soewondo P, Subekti I, Semiardji G,
dkk. 2011. Konsensus Pengelolaan dan Pencegahan Diabetes
Melitus Tipe 2 Di Indonesia 2011. Perkumpulan Endokrinologi
Indonesia. Jakarta.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
105
Tian, X., Tao, Z.T., Mei, Y., Huan, Z., Qing, L.W., Yan, K., et.al. 2014.
Dyslipidemia and Outcome in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke.
Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Journal. 27(2): 106-110.
Tjokroprawiro, A., Hendromartono., Sutjahjo, A., Pranoto, A., Murtiwi, S.,
Adi, S., Wibisono, S. 2007. Diabetes Mellitus. Dalam: Tjokroprawiro,
A., Setiawan, P.B., Santoro, D., Soegiarto, G. (eds). Buku Ajar Ilmu
Penyakit Dalam. Airlangga University Press. Surabaya. Hal 29-76.
Tortora, G.J., Derrickson, B. 2009. The Endocrine System. In: Roesch, B.
(eds). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. 12th edition.
Willey&Son Inc. United States. pp 642-688.
Vannorsdall, T.D., Jinnah., Gordon, B., Kraut, M., Schretlen, D.J. 2008.
Cerebral Ischemia Mediates the Effect of Serum Uric Acid on
Cognitive Function. Stroke. 39: 3418-3420.
Vemmos, K.N., Spengos, K., Tsivgoulis, G., Zakopoulos, N., Manios, E.,
Kotsis, V., Daffertshoefer, M., Vassilopoulos, D. 2004. Factors
Influencing Acute Blood Pressure Values in Stroke Subtypes. Journal
of Human Hypertension. 18: 253-259.
Vohra, E.A., Ahmed, W.U., Ali, M. 2000. Aetiology and prognostic factors
of patients admitted for stroke. Journal. Pakistan Medical
Association. 50: 234-36.
Wadden, T., Pories, W., Blair, S., Hubbard, V.S., Becker, D.M., Bouchard,
C., et al. 2002. The Practical Guide : Identification, Evaluation, and
Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. National Heart,
Lung and Blood Institute.
Wieberdink, R.G., Poels, M.M., Vernooji, M.W., Koudstaal, P.J., Hofman,
A., Lugt, A., et.all. 2011. Serum Lipid Levels and The Risk of
Intracrebral Hemorrhage: The Rotterdam Study. Stroke: 31: 29822989.
Wilson, M. E., 2013. Stroke: Understanding the Differences between
Males and Females. Pflugers Archiv; 465(5): 595-600.
Wilson, L.M. 2006. Gagal Ginjal Kronik. Dalam: Hartanto, H., Susi, N.,
Wulansari, P., et al. (eds). Patofisiologi: Konsep-Konsep Klinis
Proses-Proses Penyakit. Balai Penerbit EGC. Jakarta. Hal 933-934.
Yikilkan, H., Serini, K., Aypak, C., Gorpelioglu, S. 2013. Comorbid Disease
and Dyslipidemia Among Elderly Home Care Stroke Patients. Acta
Medica; 2: 48-52.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
106
Yogiantoro, M. 2006. Hipertensi Esensial. Dalam: Sudoyo, A.W.,
Setiyohadi, B., Alwi, I., dkk. (eds). Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam.
Jilid I. Edisi 4. Pusat Penerbitan Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam
FKUI. Jakarta. Hal 599-603.
Zafar, A., Shahid, S.K., Siddiqui, M., Khan, F.S. 2007. Pattern of Stroke In
Type 2 Diabetic Subjects Versus Non Diabetics Subjects. Journal of
Ayub Medical College Abottad. 19(4): 64-67.
Zhang, B., Goa, C., Yang, N., Zhang, W., Song, X., Yin, J., Pu, S., Yi, Y.,
Gao, Q. 2010. Is elevated SUA associated with a worse outcome in
young Chinese patients with acute cerebral ischemic stroke? BMC
Neurology. 10 (82). pp 1-6.
Zhang, X., Shu, O.X., Yang, G., Li, H.L., Xiang, Y.B., Gao, Y.T., et al.
2005. Association of Passive Smoking by Husbands with Prevalence
of Stokr among Chinese Women Nonsmokers. American Journal of
Epidemiology. 161 (3): 213-218.
Zhang, Y., Tuomilehto, J., Jousilahti, P., Wang, Y., Antikainen, R, Hu, G.
2012. Total and High density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Stroke
Risk. Stroke: 43: 1768-1774.
Zychowska M, Rojewska E, Przewlocka B, Mika J. 2013. Mechanisms and
pharmacology of diabetic neuropathy – experimental and clinical
studies. Pharmacological Reports. 65: 1601 – 1610.
Universitas Sumatera Utara