K2 Sistem kontrol dalam unit

Sistem kontrol saraf dan
endokrin
Departemen Fisiologi
Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Sumatera Utara

Specific Learning Objectives
1. Mengidentifikasi level organisasi dalam
organisme.
2. Mengidentifikasi sistem organ dalam
tubuh manusia dan komponen utama tiap
sistem.
3. Sistem kontrol oleh saraf dan endokrin
,dan karakteristik masing-masing.

Levels of
Organization:
♠

CHEMICAL LEVEL - includes all chemical

substances necessary for life; together form the next higher level

♠ CELLULAR

LEVEL - cells are the basic structural

and functional units of the human body & there are many different
types of cells (e.g., muscle, nerve, blood, and so on)

♠ TISSUE

LEVEL - a tissue is a group of cells that

perform a specific function and the basic types of tissues in the
human body include epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective
tissues

♠ ORGAN

LEVEL - an organ consists of 2 or more

tissues that perform a particular function (e.g., heart, liver, stomach,
and so on)

♠ SYSTEM

LEVEL - an association of organs that have a

common function; the major systems in the human body include
digestive, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, urinary, and
reproductive.

Fertilised
ovum
Cell Division
Differentiation
Tissues

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous

Organs
Heart, Lungs, Kidneys, Liver, Brain, Pancreas etc...

60,000,000,000,000 cells

200 cell
types

Levels of Organization:1

Levels of Organization:2

Organs are classified
into systems based
on their function.
Organ systems are composed
of two or more different organs
that work together to provide a
common function.

10
major organ
systems in the
There are

human body, they

Skeletal
System:

Muscular
System:

Respiratory
System:

Nervous
System:

Circulatory

System:

Digestive
System:

Excretory
System:

Endocrine
System:

Reproductive
System:

Lymphatic/Immu
ne System:

Skeletal System:
Major Role:
The main role of the

skeletal system is to
provide support for the
body, to protect delicate
internal organs and to
provide attachment sites for
the organs

Major Organs:
Bones, cartilage, tendons
and ligaments

Muscular System:
Major Role:
The main role of the muscular system
is to provide movement. Muscles
work in pairs to move limbs and
provide the organism with mobility.
Muscles also control the movement of
materials through some organs, such
as the stomach and intestine, and the

heart and circulatory system.
Major Organs:
Skeletal muscles and smooth
muscles throughout the body.

Cardiovascular System:
Establishing the factors
responsible for the heart
beat
How the heart pumps
the blood around the
circulation
How it is distributed to
perfuse the tissues
according to their needs

Respiratory System:
 How is the air moved
in & out of the lungs
How is the volume of

air breathed adjusted to
meet the requirements of
the body
What limits the rate of
O2 uptake in the lungs

Digestive System:
 How is food ingested
(broken down &
ingested)
How are the individual
nutrients absorbed
How is the food moved
through the gut
How are the
indigestible remains
eliminated from the
body.

Kidney & Urinary System:

 How do the kidney regulate
the ... Of the blood
 How do they eliminate toxic
waste
 How do they respond to
stresses such as dehydration
What mechanisms allow the
storage & elimination of the
urine

Reproductive System:
 How are the sperm & egg
produced
What is the mechanism of
fertilization
Female:

 How does the embryo grow &
develope
How is it delivered &

nourished until it can tend for it
self

Lymphatic/Immune System:

Major Role:
The main role of the immune
system is to destroy and remove
invading microbes and viruses
from the body. The lymphatic
system also removes fat and
excess fluids from the blood.
Major Organs:
Lymph, lymph nodes and vessels,
white blood cells, T- and B- cells.

Nervous System:
Major Role:
The main role of the nervous system
is to relay electrical signals through

the body. The nervous system
directs behaviour and movement
and, along with the endocrine
system, controls physiological
processes such as digestion,
circulation, etc.

Major Organs:
Brain, spinal cord and peripheral
nerves

Endocrine System:
Major Role:
The main role of the endocrine
system is to relay chemical messages
through the body. In conjunction with
the nervous system, these chemical
messages help control physiological
processes such as nutrient
absorption, growth, etc.
Major Organs:
Many glands exist in the body that
secrete endocrine hormones. Among
these are the hypothalamus, pituitary,
thyroid, pancreas and adrenal glands.

Function of Control System:
• Activities of all tissues must be coordinated to maintain normal function
and to ensure survival of the organism.
• The organism must respond to chemical
and physical changes in environment

Control &
Integration
• Nerves
– rapid response
• milli-seconds
– short duration
• seconds
Eg. Pain/withdrawal reflex

The



Hormones
 slower response
minutes/hours/days
 sustained duration
days/months/years
Eg. Growth/pregnancy

Nervous and Endocrine
Systems are Integrated.

Regulation
of
Body Function

Endocrine system

Negative feedback

Nervous system

Positive feedback

Regulates mainly
the metabolic
function

Homeostasis and
Feedback Control

Regulates mainly
muscular and
secretory activities

Nervous System
• The master controlling and
communicating system of the body
• Functions
• Sensory input – monitoring stimuli occurring
inside and outside the body
• Integration – interpretation of sensory input
• Motor output – response to stimuli by
activating effector organs

Endocrine system
• Maintenance of the internal
environment in the body
• Integration and regulation of growth and
development.
• Control, maintenance and instigation of
sexual reproduction, including
gametogenesis, coitus, fertilization, fetal
growth and development and
nourishment of the newborn.

NERVOUS SYSTEM INTERACT WITH
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?
Endocrine

tissue innervated
Some neurons produce hormones
Neurosecretory cells do not make
synaptic connections, but instead
release neurohormones into blood
stream.
Thus, a part of the nervous system is
a part of the endocrine system.

NERVOUS SYSTEM vs ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
PROPERTIY

NERVOUS SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Anatomic

“wired” system; specific structural
arrangement between neurons &
their target cells

“wireless” system, widely
dispersed & not structurally
related to their target cells

Type of Chemical
messenger

Neurotransmitter released into
synaptic cleft

Hormones release into blood

Distance of action
Very short distance
of chemical messenger

Long distance (carried by
blood)

Means of specificity
of action on target cell

Dependent on close anatomic
relationship between nerve cell &
their target cells

Dependent on specifity of
target cell binding &
responsiveness to a particular
hormone

Speed of response

Rapid (milliseconds)

Slow (minutes to hour)

Duration of action

Brief (millisecond)

Long (minutes to days or
longer)

Major function

Coordinates rapid, precise
responses

Controls activities that require
long duration rather than
speed.

Terima kasih