Analisis Histologi Embriogenesis Somatik Dari Apikal Bud Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) var Tenera

  Aberlenc-Bertossi, F., M. Noirot and Y. Duval. 1999. BA enhances the germination of oil palm somatic embryos derived from embryogenic suspension cultures. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 56:53-57. Abdullah R, Zainal A, Heng WY, Li LC, Beng YC, Phing LM, Sirajuddin SA,

  Ping WYS, Joseph JL, Jusoh SA, Muad MR, Huey YL. 2005. Immature embryo: A useful tool for oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) genetic transformation studies. Electron J. Biotechnol. 8:24-34. Abidin, Z. 1990. Dasar-Dasar Pengetahuan tentang Zat Pengatur Tumbuh.Penerbit Angkasa. Bandung. Ahloowalia, B.S, Prakash J. Savangikar. 2002. Low Cost Option for Tissue

  Culture Technology in Developing Countries, Proceedings of a Technical Meeting, FAO/IAEA, Vienna, Austria , 26-30 August 2002

  Bajaj, Y.P.S. 1990. Cryoppreservation of Germplasm of Legumes and Oilseed Crop. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. Vol. 10. Berlin: Spiringer Verlag.

  Beyl Caula A. 2005. Getting Started with Tissue Culture: Media Preparation, Sterile Technique, and Laboratory Equipment. 19-36, in Robert N.

  Trigiano and Dennis J. Gray (eds). Plant Development and Biotechnology. USA: CRC Press Bhojwani, S. S. M. K. Razdan. 1983. Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practic.

  Development in Crop Science 5. Amsterdam: Elsevier Press. Borgel. A, Duval. Y, Trouslot M.F, Sagnal.M, Gassama-Diai.Y.K., Aberlenc-

  Bertossi. F, Sane.D. 2006. Histologycal Analysis of Callogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis from Cell Suspensions of Date palm ( Phoenix

  dactylifera) . Ann Bot ( August 2006) 98 (2):301-308. Annals of Botanyaob.Oxford Journals.org. Chan P.L, Ma LS, Low. EL, Shariff. EM, Li Ooi LC, Cheah SC, Singh R. 2010.

  Normalized embryoid cDNA of Oil Palm ( Elaeis guineensis). Electronic journal of Biotechnology ISSN; 0717-3438. Vol. 13 No 1. Chochard. B,. 2009. Geographic and Genetic Structure of African Oil Palm

  Diversity Suggest New Approaches to Breeding. Tree Genetics &Genomes (2009) 5: 493-504

  Djafar, 1990. Dasar- Dasar Agronomi, Badan Kerjasama Universitas Wilayah Barat, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Jendral Pendidikan Tinggi, Agronomy Network WUAE Project, Palembang.

  De Jong AJ, Cordewener J, Lo Schiavo F, Terzi M, Vandekerckhove J, Van Kammen A, De Vries SC. 1992. A carrot somatic embryo mutant is rescued by chitinase. Plant Cell 4:425

  • –433 De Jong AJ, Hendriks T, Meijer EA, Penning M, Lom Schiavo F, Terzi M, Van Kammen A, De Vries SC. 1995 Transient reduction in secreted 32 kD chitinase prevents somatic embryogenesis in the carrot (Daucus carota L.) variant ts11. Devel Genet 16:332 –343

  De Touchet., Y. Duval, C. Pannetier. 1991.Plant Reneration from Embryogenic Suspension Cultures of Oil Plam ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) . Plant Cell Reports. 10: 529-532

  Eeuwens, C.J. 1976. Mineral requirements for growth and callus initiation of tissue explants excised from mature coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) and cultured in vitro. Physiol. Plant 36 (1): 23-28. Eeuwens CJ, Lord S, Donough CR, Rao V, Vallejo G, Nelson S. 2002. Effects of tissue culture conditions during embryoid multiplication on the incidence of “mantled” flowering in clonally propagated oil palm. Plant Cell Tissue Org. Cult. 70:311-323.

  Fehér A, Pasternak TP, Dudits D. 2003. Transition of somatic plant cells to an embryogenic state. Plant Cell Tissue Org. Cult. 74:201- 228. Fehér A. 2006. Why somatic plant cells start to form embryos? In: Mujib A, Samaj J (eds), Somatic embryogenesis. Springer, Heidelberg pp. 85-101.

  Gaj M.D. 2004. Factors Influencing Somatic Embryogenesis Induction and plant regeneration with particular reference to Arabidopsis thaliana (L). Heynh.

  Plant Growth Regul 43: 27-47. Ginting, G., dan Fatmawati. 1997. suspensi sel pada kelapa sawit (Elaeis

  

guineensis Jacq). Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit. (5) 3. Hal: 153-160

  Ginting, G., dan Fatmawati. 1999. Upaya menurunkan biaya produksi kalus kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) melalui penggunaan media cair.Warta PPKS. (7) 3: 109-114

  Guedes , Silva , Luis , Scherwinski-Pereira . 2011. Initial Requirements for Embryogenic Calusses Initiation in Thin Cell Layers Explants from Immature Female Oil palm Inflorecences.African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 10 (52), pp. 10774-10780.

  Gupta, P.K, R. Timmis, W.Carlson. 2003. Abstrak Kongres tentang In VitroBiologi. Oregon. P. 14A

  Hartmann H.T, Kester D.E, Davies Jr FT dan Geneve RL. 1997. Tanaman Propagasi, Prinsip dan Praktek. Keenam edisi. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. 130-134

  Ibrahim, M.S.D., O Rostiana, dan N Khumaida. 2010. Pengaruh Umur Eksplan Terhadap Keberhasilan Pembentukan Kalus Embriogenik pada Kultur Meristem Jahe (Zingiber officinale Rosc). Jurnal LITTRI Vol. 16 (1) : 37-

  42 Jimenez, V.M. 2001. Regulation of in Vitro Somatic Embryogenesis with Emphasis on the role of Endogenous Hormone. Revista Brasileira de

Fisiologia Vegetal, 13 (2) : 196 – 223

  Kanchanapoom .K, Chourykaew. B, 1998. Somatic Embryogenesis From Cell Suspension Cultures Of Oil Palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Departemen of Biology, Faculty Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat yai, Songkla 90112. J. Sci. Thailand, 24 : 241-250. Kanchanapoom, K. Tinnongjig, S. 2001. Histology of embryoid development in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)cell suspension culture Songklanakarin J.

  Sci. Technol., 2001, 23(Suppl.): 643-648. Kartasasmita ,. 2011. Fakta Kelapa Sawit, final Draft)

  • – TAMSI DMSI. Seminar ilm iah “Bibit unggul Kelapa Sawit Kunci Mensejahterakan Rakyat” di

  Medan Kasi PD, Sumaryono. 2008. Perkembangan kalus embriognik sagu (Metroxylon

  sagu Rottb) pada tiga sistem kultur in vitro. Menara Perkebunan. 76(1), 1-

  10 Kiswanto, Purwanta, J,M & B. Wijayanto, 2008. Teknologi Budidaya Kelapa Sawit, Balai Besar Pengkajian Pertanian, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian

  Kushairi. A, Tarmizi. A. H, Zamzuri I, Ong-Abdullah M, Samsul Kamal R, Ooi S E and Rajanaidu N. 2010. Production, Performance and Advances in Oil Palm Tissue Culture. Paper presented at the International Seminar on Advances in Oil Palm Tissue Culture, held on 29 May 2010 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Organized by the International Society for Oil Palm Breeders (ISOPB).23 pp.

  Kutschera A. 1994. The current status of the acid-growth hypothesis. New Phytol.

  126 : 549 – 569. Kysely W, Jacobsen HJ. 1990. Somatic embryogenesis from pea embryos and shoot apices. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 20 : 7-14.

  Lizawati. 2012. Proliferasi Kalus dan Embriogenik Somatik Jarak Pagar (

  Jatropha curcas L.) dengan Berbagai Kombinasi ZPT dan Asam

  Amino.Vol. 1 No 4. Universitas Jambi ISSN : 2302 - 6472 Low, E T L; Alias, H; Boon,S H; Shariff, E M; Tan, C Y A; Ooi, L C L; Cheah, S

  C; Raha, A R; Wan, K L and Sigh R. 2008. Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) tissue culture ESTs: Identifying genes associated with callogenesis and embryogenesis. BMC Plant Biology 8:62

  Mariani T S., Miyake H., Takeoka Y. 1998. Change in surface structure during direct somatic embryogenesis in rice scutellum observed by scanning electron microscopy. Plant Production Science 1 (3): 223-231

  Muniran F, Bhore SJ, Farida HS. 2008. Micropropagation of Elaeis guineensis

  Regeneration. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. Vol.46 January 2008, pp.79-82

  Pahan, I. 2006. Panduan Lengkap Kelapa Sawit Manajemen Agribisnis dari Hulu ke Hilir. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta. 411 hal. _______. 2008. Panduan Lengkap Kelapa Sawit Manajemen Agribisnis dari Hulu ke Hilir. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta. 411 hal Pandiangan D., Surbanas A. 2011. Produksi Katarantin Melalui Kultur Jaringan.

  Penerbit Lubuk Agung : Bandung Pannetier C, Arthius P, Lievoux DE, 1991. Neoformation de jeuneus planlets

  d'Elaeis guineensis a partier de eals primaries obttenus sur fragments foliaires in vitro. Oleagineux 36: 119 - 122.

  Pierik, R. L. M. 1987. In Vitro Culture of Hinger Plant. Martinus Nijhoft Publisher. Netherlands. Pierik, R.L.M. 1997. In Vitro Culture of Higher Plants. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishrs, Dordrecht. Purnamaningsih, 2002. Regenerasi Tanaman melalui Embriogenesis Somatik dan Beberapa Gen yang Mengendalikannya. Buletin Agro Bio 5(2):51-58. Rahayu B, Dwi Puji,. Retno Mastuti, Anna Roosdiana. 2010. Kultur kalus sebagai penghasil Betalain secara In Vitro. FMIPA. Universitas Brawijaya Malang.

  Indonesia Rahayu B, Solichatun, Anggarwulan E. 2002. Pengaruh asam 2,4

  Diklofenoksiasetat (2,4-D) terhadap pembentukkan dan pertumbuhan kalus serta kandungan Flavonoid Kultur kalus Acalypha indica L. FMIPA. UNS. Surakarta. Indonesia

  Redenbaugh,K, Fuji, J.A. 1987. Encapsulation of Somatic Embryos in Syntetic Seed Coats. Hortsciense 22(5): 83-03-80 Scherwinski-Pereira JE, Guedes RS, Fermino PCP, Silva TL, Costa FHS.

  2010. Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in oil palm using the thin cell layer technique. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 46: 378-385. Schwendiman, J., Pannetier, C. Michaux-Ferriere, N. 1988. Histology of somatic embryogenesis from leaf explants of the oil palm Elaeisguineensis Jacq. Ann. Bot. 62: 43-52. Schwendiman, J., Michaux-Ferriere, N. 1992. Histology of Somatic

  Embryogenesis, Reproductiv and plant Breeding 1992, pp 247

  • – 259 Sianipar N. 2006. Karakterisasi Abnormal Embrio Somatik Kelapa sawit (Elaeis

  guineensis Jacq) IPB. Indonesia

  Sitompul, S. M. dan Guritno, B. 1995. Analisis Pertumbuhan Tanaman. UGM Press. Yogyakarta. Smith DL , Krikorian AD. 1990. pH control of carrot somatic embryogenesis. N :

  Nijkamp HJJ, van der Plas LHW , Van Aartrijk J(eds). Progress in Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology (pp. 449

  • – 453). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

  Smith, E.F. 1992. Plant Tissue Culture: Techniques and Experiments. New York: Academic Press Inc. Steinmacher D.A, Krohn N.G, Dantas A.C, Stefenon V.M, Clement C.R , Guerra

  M.P, 2007. Somatic Embryogenesis in Peach Palm Using The Thin Cell Layer Technigue; Induction, Morpho

  • – Histological Aspects and AFLP Analysis of Somaclonal Variation. Annals of Botany 1 – 11, 2007.

  Stone SL, Kwong LW, Yee KM, Pelletier J, Lepiniec L, Fischer RL, Goldberg RB, Harada JJ. 2001 Leafy cotyledon encodes a B3 domain transcription factor that induces embryo development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:11806 –11811

  Sumaryono, I. Riyadi, P. D. Kasi, G. Ginting 2007. Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan kalus embriogenik dan embrio somatik kelapa sawit (Elaeis

  guineensis Jacq) pada sistem perendaman sesaat. Menara Perkebunan, 75 (1), 32-42.

  Singh R, Soon GT, Jothi MP, Rahman AR, Leslie CL Ooi, ET Low, Mukesh S, Johannes J,dan Suan-Choo Cheah. 2009. Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) for Fatty Acid Composition in an Interspecific Cross of Oil Plam.

  BMC Plant Biology, 9:114 Suskendriyati, H. 2003. “Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Saponin Kultur Kalus

Talinum paniculatum Gaertn. dengan Variasi Pemberian Sumber Karbon”

  Skripsi. Jurusan Biologi F MIPA UNS. Surakarta Stafford, A. 1991. Natural Products and Metabolites from Plants and Plant Tissue

  Cultures, pp. 124-162. In:Stafford, A., and G. Warren, (eds.). Plant Cell and Tissue Culture (1991). Tahardi, JS Parwono, TW, Siswanto, Santoso, D , Naatmadja R.

  (ed.). 1997.Embriogenesis somatik dari kultur suspensi sel kelapa sawit. Proc. Dari BITG Lokakarya Peningkatan kelapa sawit melalui Bioteknologi. Bogor

  Teixeira JB, Sondahl MR, Nakamura T, Kirby EG. 1995. Establishment of oil palm cell suspensions and plant regeneration. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 40 : 105 –111. Thuzar.M, Vanavichit.A, Tragoonrung.S, Jantasuriyarat,C. 2012. Recloning of Regerenerated from Elite Oil Palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacg.) cv. Tenera.

  African Journal of Biotechnology ( oktober 2012). 11 (82), pp. 14761- 14770. Tonga, B.I., Siregar, E.B.M, Anna,N. 2012. Respon Eksplan Biji Gaharu

  (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.) Terhadap Pemberian 2,4-D Secara In Vitro . Anonymous 2012. Tsuro, M et al. 1998. Comparative Effect of Different Types of Cytokinin for

  Shoot Formation and Plant Regeneration in Leaf-derived Callus of lavender. (Lavandula vera DC). Laboratory of Plant Breeding Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo-Hangi Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8522 : Japan

  Widyawati, G. 2010. Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi NAA dan BAP terhadap Induksi dan Pertumbuhan Kalus Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas L.). Tesis Program Pasca Sarjana UNS. Surakarta.

  Wong G, Chong SP , tan CC, Soh AC. 1999. Liquid Suspension culture- Apotential technique for mass production production of oil palm clones.

  Palm oil Res. Inst. Of Malaysia. P: 3-10. Yang .X, Zhang.X,. 2010. Regulation of Somatic Embryogenesis in Higher Plants. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences (January 2010), 29 (1), pg.36-

  57 Yelnititis, T E Komar. 2010. Upaya Induksi Kalus Embriogenik dari Potongan

Daun Ramin. Indonesia’s Work Programme for 2008 ITTO CITES Project. Pusat Penelitian dan /Pengembangan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam

  BadanLitbang Kehutanan, Kementerian Kehutanan, Indonesia. 14 p Zulkarnain. 2011. Kultur Jaringan Tanaman (Solusi Perbanyakan Tanaman Budi

  Daya). Penerbit Bumi Aksara : Jakarta