CODE SWITCHING AND VIEWERS’ ATTITUDE TOWARD INTERVIEWS WITH PRESIDENT SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO (SBY): An Analysis of Interview Transcript from www.presidenri.go.id.

CODE SWITCHING AND VIEWERS’ ATTITUDE TOWARD INTERVIEWS WITH PRESIDENT SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO

(SBY)

(An Analysis of Interview Transcript from www.presidenri.go.id)

A Research Paper

Submitted to the English Education Department in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree

By: Ricky Nurhaki

0805941

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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Studi Kinerja Rumah Sakit Khusus

Gigi dan Mulut Kota Bandung

dengan Pendekatan Balanced

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Oleh Asaretkha Adjane A

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English Education at Secondary

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English Education at Secondary

Education

Oleh Didi Sukyadi

S.Pd IKIP Bandung, 1993 MA in Primary Education, 1997

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

Code Switching and Viewer’s Attitude Toward Interviews with President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY)

(An Analysis of Interview Transcripts from www.presidenri.go.id)

A Research Paper By

Ricky Nurhaki 0805941 Approved by

Head of Department of English Education Faculty of Languages and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed. NIP. 196211011987121001 First Supervisor

Dra. Sri Setyarini, M.A. NIP. 196312291990022001

Second Supervisor

Susi Septaviana R, M. Pd. NIP. 197609042009122002

ABSTRAK

Penelitianberjudul “Code Switching and Viewers’ Attitude toward President SBY’s

Interview (An Analysis of Interview Transcript from www.presidenri.go.id)”bertujuanuntukmengivenstigasitipedanfungsidariCode

Switching yang di temukan di

dalamtranskripwawancara.Penelitianinijugabertujuanuntukmengetahuisikapmahasisw adarijurusanBahasaInggris and Bahasa Indonesia terhadappengunaanCode Switch

yang di lakukanolehPresiden SBY dalamwawancaranya. Data dalampenelitianinidikumpulkanmelaluipenyebaranangketpertanyaanterhadapresponde ndarimahasiswaBahasaInggris (15 orang) danBahasa Indonesia (15 orang) dari UPI

(UniversitasPendidikan Indonesia)

dandigabungkandengandokumentranskripwawancara yang diambildari situ

www.presidenri.go.id.Teori-teori yang digunakandalammenganalisaantara lain: Poplack (1980) digunakanuntukmengetahuitipedariCode Switching, Koziol (2000) digunakanuntukmenginvestigasifungsidariCode Switching, sedangkan Lambert (1967) digunakanuntukmengetahuisikapterhadappenggunaanbahasadaripenontonterhadappen gunaanCode SwitcholehPresiden SBY. Berdasarkanhasiltemuan, adatigatipeCode

Switching yang ditemukandalamtranskripwawancaraPresiden SBY

antaralainIntrasententialSwitching, IntersententialSwitching, dan Tag Switching.FungsidariCode Switchingditemukan Sembilan fungsiantara lain

Reiteration, Personalization, Untranslatability, Substitution, Mitigating Message,

Interjection,Emphasis, Clarification, danQuotation.Selanjutnya,

temuandariangketpertanyaanmenunjukanhampirseluruhrespondendariMahasiswaBaha saInggrisdanBahasa Indonesia bersikap negative terhadappenggunaanCode

SwitchingolehPresiden SBY (17 orang).

BeberaparespondenmengatakanbahwapenggunaanCode

SwitchingtidakmenunjukanpenggunaanBahasa Indonesia yang baikdanbenarsesuai EYD (ejaan yang disempurnakan), menunjukanmerusakstrukturBahasa Indonesia.Sedangkanbeberapa orang yang menunjukansikappositif(13

orang)menyatakanCode Switchingbisamenambahkosa kata

ABSTRACT

The study entitled “Code Switching and Viewers’ Attitude toward President

SBY’s Interview (An Analysis of Interview Transcript from

www.presidenri.go.id)” aims to investigate types and functions of Code Switching found in the interview transcript.In addition, this research also aims to know the language attitudes of English and Indonesian students department toward the use of code switch in Presidents SBY’s interview.The data were collected through distributing questionnaires to respondentsof the English students (15 persons) and the Indonesian students (15 persons) of UPI and compiling the documents of interview transcriptstaken from www.presidenri.go.id. Some theories were used to analyse the data, namely Poplack (1980)was used to identify types of code switching, Koziol (2000) was applied to investigate functions of Code Switching, while Lambert (1967) was implemented to find out the attitude of the viewers’ toward the use of Code Switch by President SBY. Based on the results of analysis, it shows that there were three types of code switching found in President

SBY’sinterviews e.g.IntrasententialSwitching, IntersententialSwitching, and Tag Switching. In term of functions of code switching, nine functions were identified namelyReiteration, Personalization, Untranslatability, Substitution, Mitigating Message,Interjection,Emphasis, Clarification, and Quotation.Moreover, the findings from the questionnaires reveal that most respondents both from English and Indonesian Department perceived negatively to the use of Code Switchingdone byPresident SBY in theinterview (17 persons). Some respondents who gave the negative attitude stated that the use of Code Switching did not provide the proper use of Indonesian according to EYD (ejaan yang disempurnakan), but it was considered to ruin Indonesian language structure. In contrast, the rest of respondents (13 persons) gave the positive attitude towardCode Switching since they claimed that Code Switching may increase the global vocabulary.

Keywords: Code Switching, President SBY’s Interview, Types of Code Switching, Function of Code Switching, Attitudes

TABLE OF CONTENT

STATEMENT ... Error! Bookmark not defined. PREFACE ... Error! Bookmark not defined. ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... Error! Bookmark not defined. ABSTRACT ... Error! Bookmark not defined.

TABLE OF CONTENT ... i

LIST OF TABLES ... Error! Bookmark not defined. LIST OF APPENDICES ... Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION……….1

1.1 Background of Study……….1

1.2 Statement of the Problems……….4

1.3 Aims of Study………5

1.4 Significance of Study………5

1.5 Research Methodology………..6

1.5.1 Research Design………..6

1.5.2 Data Collection and Data Source………7

1.5.3 Data Analysis………..7

1.6 Clarification of the Terms……….8

1.7 Organization of the Paper………..9

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK……….10

2.1 Bilingualism………10

2.2 Code Switching………..12

2.2.1 Definition of Code Switching………..12

2.2.2 Types of Code Switching……….14

2.2.3 Function of Code Switching………18

2.3 Language Attitude………..24

2.4 Previous Research………...27

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………...31

3.1 Statement of Problems……….31

3.2 Research Method……….31

3.3 Data Collection………33

3.3.1 Data Source………...34

3.3.2 Instruments………35

3.3.3 Respondents………..36

3.4 Data Analysis………..37

3.4.1 Identification……….37

3.4.2 Classification……….38

3.4.3 Quantification………...41

3.4.4 Viewers' Attitude………..42

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION……….43

4.1 Types of Code Switching………43

4.1.1 Intrasentential Switching………..44

4.1.3Tag Switching………..46

4.2 Functions of Code Switching………..47

4.2.1 Reiteration………49

4.2.2 Personalization………...50

4.2.3 Untranslatability……….51

4.2.4 Substitution………..52

4.2.5 Mitigating Message………53

4.2.6 Interjection………..54

4.2.7 Emphasis………..54

4.2.8Clarification………55

4.2.9 Quotation……….56

4.3 The Viewers' Attitude toward Code Switching………...56

4.3.1 Cognitive………...58

4.3.2 Affective………...66

4.3.3 Conative/ Behavioral………....70

4.4 Discussion………...73

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS………...77

5.1 Conclusion………...77

5.2 Suggestions………..78

BIBLIOGRAPHY………..80

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of Study

In this world, there are many cultures with their different languages across the globe. In order to cope with others, it seems to become a demand for people to master, or at least to speak more than one language. Nowadays, it is common for people to speak more than one language at the same time in a daily conversation. According to Wardaugh (1992) people who can speak more than one language are called bilinguals. In addition, Spolsky (1998:49) states that bilinguals often switch between two languages in the middle of a conversation. People who live in multilingual society, such as Indonesia, might become bilinguals or multilinguals. According to Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992), about half of the world’s population or 2.5

billion people are bilingual and kinds of bilingualism are probably present in every country in the world.

Bilingual interaction is an important aspect of language learning and a tool for cultural exchange between interlocutors. Chaer (1995:112) says that someone mastering more than one language can be said as a bilingual while the ability to use more than one language is called as bilingualism. As an individual who involved in two different languages and cultures, they cannot be separated from the effects of using two languages. One of the effects is the overlapping usage between two different language systems used from one

language elements into other language elements. As refer to Poplack (1998), the mixing of those elements called as code switching.

Code switching is a changing process from one language to another language in the middle of an utterance (Spolsky 1998). In line with Spolsky, Milroy and Gordon (2003) states that the term of code switching can describe a range of language (dialect) alternation and mixing phenomena whether within the same conversation, the same turn, or same sentence utterance. This phenomenon has been present in bilingual or multilingual societies where languages, dialects and different varieties of the same language are used.

Recently code switching has become a burning issue in Indonesia because many mass media provide many programs that contain code switching. For example, code switching in television programs like talkshow, interview, speech, movie, music channel, reality show and in printed media such as novels, advertisements, books, magazine, articles and newspapers. This phenomenon makes code switching more common in the society. Wardaugh (1992) states that code switching is a language shifting from one language to another language. It is used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries and also proposed to create, evoke, or change interpersonal relations with their rights and obligations (Wardaugh, 1992).

There are some researchers who have conducted research on code switching in interview setting. One of those researchers is Agnetha (2008). He examined that code switching appeared in the bilingual (Malay and English) speech of journalists and their interviewees in an interview setting. The

research discovered that the interviewees’ switches are more frequent for a wider variety of function that the journalists. In addition, the results also dispute the positive attitude that states code switching by interlocutors who alternate between two languages.

Furthermore, Velasquez (2010) examined the language and identity in Spanish-English Interviews. She observed that code switching appeared in Latin High School and students experiences in school toward their academic engagement or disengagement. The purpose of this research is to understand why and how language alternation occurs in bilingual interviews and its potential connection with identity. In addition, the findings show that the positive attitude toward the use of code switching by interlocutors who alternate between two languages.

Regarding this, the researcher finds it interesting to study a code switching phenomenon in President SBY’s interview in order to obtain new findings of code switching occurrences in a different segment of viewers. This research aims to identify types, functions of code switching toward interview with President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) and how the viewers’ attitude (English and Indonesian Department Students) to code switching. Many studies on Code Switching has been conducted by many researchers but only few of them investigated in interview setting, while much had been written about other types of settings, such as a university campus (Blommaert, 1987), government office (Heller, 1992), workplace (Morais, 1998), classroom (Sridhar, 1996), home (Kuang, 2002), kindergarten (Kow, 2000), campus

(Zuraidah, 2003), courtroom (David, 2003) and other settings, there is very little information about code switching in interviews.

Due to the explanation above, the researcher decided to conduct a research of code switching in interview setting. An interview with President Susillo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) is chosen as data source. The use of code switching in interview setting has reflected the concerns and anxieties of certain people who believe that it is not appropriate to mix different languages, especially if someone who has occupation as President (Nababan, 1986). The researcher argues that code switching prevents the preservation of the purity of a language especially the national language. Furthermore, the researcher is interested to study the case because SBY as the President of Republic of Indonesia has a considerable influence within the large amount of Indonesian people. Therefore, the language used by President SBY is interesting to be investigated in terms of context of the use of language in delivering his speech or opinion related to code switching phenomenon.

1.2Statement of the problems

This study investigates the appearances of code switching in a formal interview setting with President SBY. The research problems are formulated in the following questions:

1. What types of code-switching occur in the interview with President SBY?

2. What are the functions of code switching found in the interview with President SBY?

3. What are the viewers’ attitudes (English and Indonesian Department Students) toward the interview with President SBY?

1.3Aims of Study

Based on the research questions mentioned above, this study aims to discover the following issues:

1. Identify the types of code switching made by President SBY in his interview.

2. Identify the functions of code switching found in the interviewe with President SBY.

3. Find out the viewers’ attitudes (English and Indonesian Department Students) toward the interview with President SBY.

1.4Significance of the Study

The researcher hopes that by conducting this research, readers can get some insight on code switching expressions in relation to its types and functions in the form of materials taken from the interview with President SBY. There have been many studies that investigate code switching. However, analyzing code switching in a spoken material has not been well researched. This research, which is analyzing the use of code switching in spoken materials is expected to enrich the literature on code switching as a sociolinguistic phenomenon. On the other hand, the result of this research will enable the readers in the society to be aware of the advantages and

disadvantages of code switching. Thus, after the readers understand this phenomenon, they can be responsive in the occurrence of code switching.

1.5Research Methodology 1.5.1 Research Design

This research uses a descriptive qualitative method. Generally, qualitative method is the method used to analyze the problems which are not designed or arranged using statistic procedure (Subroto 2007: 5). It means that all the data in this research are in the form of sentences and words, not in the form of numbers. As Wilkinson (2000: 7) stated that the resulting data is presented in the form of descriptions so, the data in this research is in the form of descriptions. In addition, Maxwell (1996: 17) argues that strengths of qualitative research derive from its inductive approach, its focus on specific situation or people, and its emphasis on words rather than numbers. The sources of data in this research were utterances spoken by President SBY in his interview with interviewer.

The first step of analysis is underlining every word, phrase, and clause in the interview transcripts, which are related with code switching. The next steps are analyzing in terms of its types according to the theory by Poplack (1990) and the functions according to the theory by Koziol (2000). And the last step is analyzing the questionnaire to find out the viewers’ attitudes of code switching used by President SBY in his interview.

1.5.2 Data Collection and Data Source

The data were collected from the interview transcription from

President SBY interview in the form of words, phrases and sentences. The researcher used four transcripts interviews which are done by TVRI and CNN. The first interview was done by Soegeng Sarjadi from TVRI on 21 February 2012, the second interview was done by Andrew Steven from CNN on 11 June 2011, the third interview was done by Imam Prioyono from TVRI on 11 August 2011, and the last interview was done by Ramadhan Pohan from Jurnal Nasional on 10 Febuary 2011. The transcripts consist of 97 pages. The data was taken through presidential official website: http://www.presidenri.go.id.

1.5.3 Data Analysis

The data of the research were analyzed through three stages. Namely identification, classification, and quantification. The analysis concerns on what types, functions of code switching found in the interview with President SBY and how the viewers’ attitude responses to Code Switching. In analyzing data, some steps were taken as follows:

1. Reading and re-reading the script thoroughly to get deeper understanding of the issues in the interview, especially about the code switching used by President SBY.

2. Finding textual evidence from the script which is related to the code switching usage.

3. Finding and reading other sources related to the research to form the theoretical framework.

4. Investigating the questionnaires to the respondents.

5. Categorizing all the collected data, focusing on the code switching used.

6. Analyzing and interpreting the collected data based on theoretical framework of code switching.

7. Making conclusions and suggestions for further research.

1.6Clarification of Terms  Code Switching

Code switching is the phenomenon of combining the languages. Spolsky (1998) defines code switching as a changing from one language to another in the middle of utterances. Code switching can occur between the speakers involved in a conversation or within a speech turn of a single speaker, and appear on several language levels including syntactic (Poplack, 1980). In present study, the code switching involves Indonesian and English.

 Interview

Interview is a meeting face to face, usually a formal or official meeting for a consultation, a conference, conservation, or questioning for the purpose of obtaining information for publication (retrieved from Wikipedia, 2012).

 Attitude

Attitude is a way of acting or behaving, showing one’s feeling and thinking. In line with it, Chrystal (1992) defines attitude as a feeling people have about their own language or the language or the languages of others. It often comes because of ideology, concepts, and opinions.

1.7Organization of the Paper

The paper of the research will be organized as follows: CHAPTER I

This chapter contains the background, statement of the problems, aims of the study, significance of the study, methodology, and organization of the paper. CHAPTER II

It consists of theoretical foundation that provides a basis for conducting the research problems.

CHAPTER III

This part covers the methodology of the research, the steps of how the researcher conducts the research.

CHAPTER IV

This part reports the result of the research. This chapter contains the research findings and discussions.

CHAPTER V

This last chapter contains the interpretation toward the result of the research in the form of conclusion and suggestion in accordance with this research.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research method of the present research. It consists of five sections. Section 3.1 statement of problems. Section 3.2 describes the research method. Section 3.3 presents data collection. Section 3.4 describes data analysis including identification of the occurrences, classification, and quantification of the data.

3.1Statement of Problems

The research problems are formulated in the following research questions. 1. What types of code-switching are occurred in the interview with President

SBY?

2. What are the functions of code switching found in the interview with President SBY?

3. What are the viewers’ attitudes _{(English and Indonesian Department} Students) toward the interview with President SBY?

3.2Research Method

This research uses a descriptive qualitative method. It is qualitative because it deals with the natural phenomena such as the code switching used by President SBY in an interview setting. Generally, qualitative method is the method used to analyze the problems which are not designed or arranged using statistic procedure (Subroto 2007: 5). Maxwell (1996: 17) further explained that

strengths of qualitative research derived from its inductive approach, its focus on specific situation or people, and its emphasis on words rather than numbers. It means that all the data in this research are in the form of sentences and words, not in the form of numbers.

Additionally, Bodgan and Biklen (1982, as cited in Sugiyono, 2009) proposed five characteristics of qualitative research.

They are “qualitative research has the natural setting as the direct source of data and researcher is the key instrument”, “qualitative research is descriptive. The data collected is in the form of words of pictures rather than number”, “qualitative research are concerns with process rather than simply with outcomes or products”, “qualitative research tends to analyze their data inductively”, and “the ‘meaning’ is essential to the qualitative approach.”.

Based on the five characteristics of qualitative research as proposed by Bodgan and Bilken, this research showed the nature of the situation as it exists at the time of the collecting data and collected in words form.

This study also belongs to descriptive research, because it describes how and what the code switching used by the President SBY in the interview. Ary (1979:295) stated that descriptive research studies are designed to obtain information concerning the current status of phenomena. They are directed toward determining the nature of a situation as it exists at the time of the study. In addition, Gay (1987) stated that in using a descriptive method, collecting data has to be involved in order to answer the questions concerning the subject of study. Qualitative research is descriptive in what the researcher is interested in process, meaning, and understanding gained through word or picture (Creswell, 1994:145). Therefore, this research is descriptive qualitative. This method is considered

relevant to the present research since it involved the data collection for describing the existing of code switching.

Additionally, this research uses some quantification to show percentages of the code switching types, functions and the viewers’ attitute appearance that are analyzed in form of the table.

3.3Data Collection

The data were collected in the form of interview transcripts between President SBY and his interviewer. The data were collected through presidential official website: http://www.presidenri.go.id. It means that all the data in this research are in the form of document. In the line of this, Creswell (2007, as cited in Heigham 2009) state that in depth data collection, the investigator explores the data over time through detailed analysis by involving multiple source information like documents. Furthermore, this research used document analysis as the technique of the data collection. Bowen (2009: 27) stated that document analysis is a well organized process for reviewing or evaluating documents. This document analysis is used to gain understanding of documents and develop empirical knowledge (Corbin and Strauss, 2008 as cited in Bowen, 2008:27).

Furthermore, the researcher is interested to study the case because SBY as the President of Republic of Indonesia has a considerable influence within the large amount of Indonesian people. Additionally, the language used by President SBY is interesting to be investigated in terms of context of the use of language in delivering his speech or opinion related to code switching phenomenon.

3.3.1Data Source

This research is conducted to find out the types, the functions and how the viewers attitude to the code switching performed by President SBY in his interview. The data were collected through presidential official website:

http://www.presidenri.go.id.

Presidenri.go.id is a presidential official website of President SBY as the President of the Republic of Indonesia. This presidential official website is dedicated for people of Indonesia. It provides information that related to President SBY’s activities, news, speeches, interviews and policies. In the interview section, there are many collections of President SBY’s interview from 2009 until today. For instances the transcript interview from TVRI and CNN. Furthermore, the language use in the content of President SBY’s interview using a combination of Indonesia- English (code switching phenomenon).

The researcher chose four transcripts interviews which are done by TVRI and CNN. The first interview was done by Soegeng Sarjadi from TVRI on 21 February 2012, the second interview was done by Andrew Steven from CNN on 11 June 2011, the third interview was done by Imam Prioyono from TVRI on 11 August 2011, and the last interview was done by Ramadhan Pohan from Jurnal Nasional on 10 Febuary 2011. The transcripts consist of 97 pages.

The first interview was done by Soegeng Sarjadi from TVRI on 21 Febuary 2012. The main theme in this interview was a figure of President of Indonesia. The second interview was done by Andrew Steven from CNN on June 2011. The one hour interview raised various issues, including the President's

views on security and stability, promoting economic growth, combating terrorism, radicalism, corruption, leading ASEAN, empowering the national human resource, Indonesian Islamism, the complexities of navigating in times of change and reform, his leadership, his legacy and his life after 2014. The third interview was done by Imam Prioyono from TVRI on 11 August 2011. The interview started off with an elaboration of his achievement as the leader of ASEAN and focused on ASEAN community creation in 2015. And the last interview was done by Ramadhan Pohan from Jurnal Nasional on 10 Febuary 2011. The interview focused on the issue of governance and the decision making process, the President highlighted that although he won 60% in the election, the parliamentary votes were quite balanced. Decision making process required a longer political consensus process.

In the present research, the researcher used SBY’s interviews as the document. The researcher gained information about code switching used by President SBY in his interview especially in types and functions of code switching.

3.3.2Instrument

In this research, the instruments used are transcripts and questionnaires. It is used to explore the relation between code switching phenomenon in formal interview with President SBY and the viewers’ attitude towards it. Alwasilah (2003) states that a questionnaire is extensively used to collect the data about phenomena that are not observable, such as inner experience, opinions, perception, values, interests, and the like.

There were two types of questions of questionnaire: close or open. Closed-questions showed in form of multiple choice, yes or no answer, or ranking schemes. The respondents were much easier to deal with and to score the questions because they were given fixed format to inquire responses. While, open-question allowed any answer from the respondents. But it is difficult to score because the respondents were given a freedom to express their view or opinion. In the present research, the questionnaires consisted of 11 questions, which were multiple choices set in the form of semi open questions and closed questions.

3.3.3Respondents

The data of viewers’ response was obtained through questionnaires. Respondents were asked to fill the questionnaires related to the research. The respondents of the present research were the student of Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (Indonesia University of Education) majoring in English and Indonesian. They were also the viewers of Presiden SBY interview in several occasions. There were 30 students chosen as respondent, fifteen students from English program and fifteen students from Indonesian program at Indonesia University of Education. These two populations were purposively chosen because the researcher wanted to find out the different effects of the code switching being presented in President SBY interviews to each group, since they were majoring in different subjects of study. Furthermore, both groups have already learnt the notion of code switching in one of their subjects in each department.

3.4Data Analysis

The data of the research are analyzed through three stages. They were the identification of the occurrences, classification into the types and the functions, and quantification for making an interpretation of SBY’s interview related to the use of code switching.

3.4.1 Identification

To find the occurrences of code switching the researcher identified the 97 pages in SBY’s interview transcript. The researcher read the transcripts thoroughly to get deeper understanding of issues in the interview, especially about the code switching exercised by President SBY. Subsequently, the researcher made a mark by underlining form in every word, phrase, and clause in the transcripts that contain code switching. This underlining was intended to mark occurrences of code switching in the text. For example, a sentence in the SBY’s interview transcript has been observed. President SBY said the sample sentence as follow. It is used two languages, first is Indonesian and second is English. The sample sentence is shown in [10].

[10] “DanI have made my decision, saya putuskan berangkat.” (p. 5)

In this sentence, President SBY uses Indonesian as his first language (L1) in his utterances. The sentence “Dan..., saya putuskan berangkat” written in an italic form to marked as the L1, then the sentence “I have made my decision” written in an underlined because it mark as the L2.

3.4.2 Classification

The second stage is classification. The main purpose in this stage is based on types and functions. They were three types of code switching proposed by poplack (1990, as cited in Hamers, 2000, p. 259) which are Tag switching,

Intrasentential switching, and Intersentential switching. For the functions of code switching, the researcher used fourteen functions of code switching as proposed by Koziol (2000 as cited in Nitiswari2009), they were personalization (when people want to clarify a point, they create a certain atmosphere of shared ethnic experience, heritage, and distinctiveness), reiteration (when people want to reemphasize a meaning, they repeat what they have said in another language),

designation (it uses to direct the message to one particular person among several addresses present in the immediate environment.), substitution (some people like to use their language for a term of endearment to designate one of their friends),

emphasis (this function occurs to emphasize a particular segment of utterance),

clarification (this function occurs when people want to specify what they are talking about or to make a clarification of the message), objectification (when people want to resist creating a more intimate, friendly, or comfortable atmosphere, they do switching), untranslatability (this function usually occurs to an issue or concept that is rather abstract), mitigating message (to make the message sound more polite and less demanding, people may switch their language), interjection (to get the interlocutor’s attention and also to highlight

what follows the interjection, people may use an interjection in a language that is not used in the general conversation), parenthesis (it is any incidental or extra

information that the speaker chooses to give his interlocutor on a certain subject he has just mentioned), aggravating message (it emphasizes the demand by showing a certain switch), quotation (this function occurs because direct quotations are almost recounted in the original language), and topic shift (it occurs when people discuss two things in different topic).

In this stage, the most frequent of language switching in SBY’s interview transcript are also observed. The researcher analyzed which the most frequent types and functions of code switching that are used by President SBY. The example was shown in [81].

[81] “…tapi itulah realitas yang saya hadapi dan saya tidak boleh menyerah dan terus maju melewati smuanya, I have to move on, I have to go through semuanya itu.”

The sample sentence [81] is spoken by President SBY. It is identified as an

Intersentential switching because this type occurs at a clause or sentence level, in which each clause or sentence is in different language (Poplack 1990). The sentence “I have to move on, I have to go through” occurs after the speaker (President SBY) has finished his sentence before. He switched in English on his next sentence, so it is classified as an Intersentential switching. For the function, the sample sentence is labeled as a reiteration. This function occurs when a speaker repeats exactly what he said in another language to reemphasize the point (Koziol, 2000). In the sample sentence, “I have to move on, I have to go through” is a translation for “saya tidak boleh menyerah dan terus maju melewati

smuanya”. Since the underlined sentence repeated, therefore it is classified as

reiteration.

The identification and the classification process are conducted to answer the first, the second and the third statement of problems. The data analyzed and classified into the category of each type and functions of switching in form of table. Table of types and functions of code switching presented in table 1 whiles the frequent of types and functions of code switching are presented in a table 2.

Table 1

Table of types and functions of code switching No. Sentences Code

Switching

Types of Code

Switching Functions 1. [1] “Tentu, bisa kita bikin

baik negeri kita. That’s my

belief, keyakinan saya yang kuat.”

That’s my

belief,

Intra-sentential

switching Reiteration

2. [2] “Dan ketika dunia

mengalami krisis, negara lain berguguran, kita

survived dan bahkan bisa bertahan.”

survived Intra-sentential

switching

Personalizati on 3. [3] “Kemudian, sepertinya

good news is no news. Untuk mewartakan yang baik-baik sepertinya tidak elok. Itulah yang membikin rakyat kita sendiri tidak menerima informasi dan gambaran yang utuh.”

good news is no news

Intra-sentential switching

Personalizati on

4. [4] “…demokrasi memang

penuh dengan noise,

kegaduhan, debat,” noise

Intra-sentential

switching Reiteration

5. [5]”…boleh saya sebut

begitu, antara Barat dan Timur tentang mindset.”

mindset. Intra-sentential switching

Untranslatab ility

Table 2

Table the occurrences of types and functions of code switching

NO Functions Frequency Total

Tag Intersentential Intrasentential

1. Reiteration - 2 44 46

2. Personalization 2 6 37 45

3. Untranslatability - - 29 29

4. Substitution - - 10 10

5. Mitigating Message - 6 4 10

6. Interjection - - 6 6

7. Emphasis - 1 2 3

8. Clarification 1 1 - 2

9. Quotation - - 1 1

Total 3 16 133 152

3.4.3 Quantification

To find out the frequency and the percentage of the occurrences code switching in SBY’s interview transcripts, the researcher conducted the present research in quantification. Although this research is carried out in a descriptive qualitative method but this research also needs an accurate quantification to complete the research study. This stage was conducted to discover the most frequent constituents switched into other languages by using formula stated by Sugana (1986, as cited in Hasiani 2010). The formula is as follow:

3.4.4 Viewers’ Attitudes

This was another analysis on the viewers’ attitudes toward the use of code switching represented by President SBY in his interview. The viewers were asked to fill in the semi-open questionnaires (see Appendix C) related to their personal opinions about the use of code switching. The questions explored the respondents’ opinion toward the language use. The last step is interpreting the data by drawing a conclusion from the analysis of data.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This last chapter presents some conclusions and suggestions. It is divided into two sections. Section 5.1 discusses some conclusions of the present study in line with the research problems. Section 5.2 presents some suggestions for the researchers who have similar interest in conducting the sociolinguistics research specifically on code switching.

5.1Conclusions

This section describes the conclusions of the present research with regard to the research problems. The present research aims to discover what types and functions of code switching found in President SBY’s interview by TVRI and

CNN taken from www.presidenri.go.id. Additionally, this research also aims to reveal the language attitude of the viewers toward the use of code switching in the President SBY’s interview.

Based on the data analysis result, some conclusions can be drawn as the following:

First, there were three types of code switching discovered in Presidents

SBY’s Interview namely Intrasentential, Intrasentential, and Tag Switching as proposed by Poplack (1980 as cited in Romaine 1989). Intrasentential Switching

appeared as the most frequent in President SBY’s interview.

Second, regarding to the functions of code switching, there were only nine functions found in Presidents SBY’s interview, e.g. Reiteration, Personalization,

Untranslatability, Substitution, Mitigating Message, Interjection, Emphasis, Clarification, and Quotation. Those were nine functions out of fourteen functions as proposed by Koziol (2000). Reiteration appeared as the most frequent function

Lastly, the analysis results of the questionnaires show that the two groups of respondents (English and Indonesian department students) tend to have negative attitudes toward code switching. Most of the respondents disagreed with the use of code switched by president SBY because it was considered as inappropriate action; as they stated “especially as a president, he should not mix his utterances” (Affective Aspect). Additionally, most of the respondents argued that the use of code switching did not provide the proper use of Indonesian according to EYD (ejaan yang disempurnakan), but it was considered to ruin Indonesian language structure (Behavioral Aspect). Furthermore, it is assumed that both groups of respondents understand the utterances spoken in English by President SBY in his interview (Cognitive Aspect). In Contrast, the rest of respondents gave the positive attitude toward Code Switching since they claimed that Code Switching may increase the global vocabulary.

5.2Suggestions

In accordance with the findings, the following suggestions are proposed. First, the present research focuses on the use of code switching performed by President SBY in interview setting. It is suggested that further research may focus on the use of code switching performed by the President in speech setting.

Second, the object of research is an interview setting. Further research may compare two or more interviews with the different person to find the similarities

and differences in the use of code switching. It is also suggested that further research may discuss another code switching phenomenon in another media such as public figure speech, television show, news anchor, quiz, etc. Research can also focus on other languages including local languages such as, Sundanese, Javanese, and other foreign languages.

Finally, there are still many aspects concerning the problems of language attitude differences between male and female respondents that have not been covered yet. Therefore, further research may focus on the other areas of the use of code switching not only in oral setting but also in writing setting such as novel, autobiography, song lyrics, etc.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allport, G. 1933. Institutional Behaviour. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press

Alwasilah, A.Chaedar. 2002. Pokoknya Kualitatif. Jakarta: PT. Dunia Pustaka Jaya.

Alwasilah, A. Chaedar. 1993. Pengantar Sosiologi Bahasa. Bandung: Angkasa Alwasilah, A. Chaedar. 1993. Linguistic Suatu Pengantar Bahasa. Bandung:

Angkasa

Apple, Rene, and Pieter Musyken. 1976. Language Contact and Bilingualism.

London: Arnold.

Apriani, J.D. 2006. Code Switching and the Viewers’ Attitude: A Case Study On Television Program MTV Getar Cinta. Unpublished Paper UPI: Bandung Auer, P. 1998. Code Switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction and

Identity. New York: Routledge

Baker, C. 1992. Attitudes and Language. Great Britain: WBC Print Ltd. Baker, C. 2001. Foundation of Bilingual. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters

Beebe, L. M. 1977. Dialect of Code Switching of Bilingual Children in their second language. CUNY Forum, 141-158 [Online]. Available at www.journals.tclibrary. [September, 2012]

Blommaert, J. (1987) Codeswitching and the Exclusivity of Social Identities: Some Data from Campus Kiswahili. Codeswitching-Multilingual Matters Journal 89, 57-70.

Chaer, Abdul & Leonie Agustina. 1995. Sosiolinguistik Suatu Pengantar.Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

Cheng, L. & Butler, K. 1989. Code-switching: A Natural Phenomenon vs.

Language “Deficiency”. World Englishes 8(3).

Corder, S.P. (1981) Error Analysis and Interlanguage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Cresswel, John W. 1994. Research Designs: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. California: SAGE Publication, Inc.

Crystal, D. 1987. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

David, M.K. (2003) Role and Functions of Code Switching in Malaysian Courtrooms. Multilingua Journal of Cross Cultural and Interlanguage Communication 22:1, 5-20.

Di Pietro, R. 1977. Code Switching as a Verbal Strategy among Bilinguals. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation

Ellis, R. 2000. Understanding Second Language Acquistion. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Fasold, Ralph. 1984. The Sociolinguistics of Sociey. New York: Blakcwell Publisher

Fauzia, Novika Hani. 2007. Code Switching on a Chicklit Novel: Beauty Case by Icha Rahmanti. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia: Unpublished Paper. Grosjean, F. 1982. Life with Two Languages. Cambridge: Harvard University

Gumperz, J.J. (1982). Discourse strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gumperz, J. and Hymes, D. (eds). (1972) Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication. New York:Holt

Hancock, Beverley. 1998. An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Trent Focus Heigham, J & Croker, Robert A. 2009. Qualitative Research in Applied

Linguistics (A Practical Introduction). Mc Millan: Palgrave

Heller, M. (1995). Code-switching and the politics of language. In L. Milroy, & P. Muysken (Eds.), One speaker, two languages: Cross-disciplinary perspectives on

code-switching (pp. 158- 174). New York: Cambridge University Press. Heller, M. (2007). Bilingualism: A social approach. New York: Palgrave

Macmillan.

Heller, M. (1992) The Politics of Code-switching and Language Choice. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 13, 23-142.

Hoffman, Charlotte. 1991. An Introduction to Bilingualism. London: Longman Holmes, J. 2001. An Introduction to Bilingualism. London: Longman.

Hymes, D. 1964. Toward Ethnographies of Communicative Events. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Indharyati, Nieke. 2006. Code Switching in a Top 40 Countdown Radio Program (A Case Study in a Radio Program in Bandung).Unpublished. UPI Bandung.

Jariah, M. J. 2003. Code Switching for Power Wielding: Inter-gender Discourse at the Workplace. Multilingua: Code Switching in Malaysia\

Kow, Y.C. 2003. Strategies Employed by Pre-School Children in Communicating Meaning. University of Malaya: Unpublished PHD Thesis.

Koziol, Jessica Marie. 2000. Code Switching Between Spanish and English in Contemporary American Society. Available at www.google.com

[September, 2012]

Krismayanty, Leny. 2005. An Analysis of Code Switching in the Novel Jendela-Jendela by Fira Basuki. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia: Unpublished Paper.

Kuang, C.H. 2002. Code Switches: A Measurement for Language Shift, A Case Study of a Malaysian Chinese Family. Frankfurt: Peter Lang

Kurniawan, A. 2008. The Language Attitude towards Bahasa Sunda. Unpublished Paper UPI: Bandung

Lambert, W. E. 1967. A Social Psychology of Bilingualism. In Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 23. (p. 410-17)

Lee, P. M. 1999. Code Switching in Hongkong Popular Magazine. City University of Hongkong: Hongkong. Available at www.google.com [September, 2012]

Milroy, Lesley and Matthew Gordon. 2003. Sociolinguistics; Method and Interpretation. Oxford: Blackwell.

Myers-Scotton. Carol. 1997. The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell Publisher

Nababan, P.W.J. 1986. Sosiolinguistik: Suatu Pengantar . Jakarta: PT. Gramedia. Nilep, C. 2006. Code Switching in Sociocultural Linguistics. Colorada Research

in Linguistics

Ningtyas, Issusantie. 2007. Code Switching in Electronic Store Conversation: A Case Study at Electronic City Be-Mall Bandung. Unpublisher Paper Upi: Bandung

Nitiswari, Nadya. 2009. Code Switching and the Reader’s Attitude (A case study on editorials of Gogilr! Magazine). Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia: Unpublished Paper.

Ong, Usha. G. 2008. Code Switching in Interviews. University of Malaya: Unpublished Paper

Pascasio, E.M. (1978) Dynamics of Code Switching in the Business Domain.

Phillipine Journal of Linguistics, 9:112, 42-45.

Poplack, S. 1980. Sometime I’ll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en Espanol.

Linguistics 18: 581-618

Poplack, S. (1988) Contrasting Patterns of Code Switching in Two Communities, in Heller, M. (ed.), Codeswitching: Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspectives (pp.180-199). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Riyanda, H. 2005. Code Switching in Hotel Transaction Conversation.

Unpublished Paper UPI: Bandung

Romaine, Suzanne. 1989. Bilingualism. Oxford: Bassil Blackwell

Romaine, Suzanne. 1994. Language and Society. Oxford: Oxford Publishing Press

Spolsky, Bernard. 1998. Sociolinguistic. New York: Oxford University Press Sridhar, K. K. (1996) Societal Multilingualism. In S. L. McKay & N. H.

Hornberger (Eds.), Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching (pp. 47-70). New York, NY: Cambridge University.

Subroto, Edi. 1992. Pengantar Metode Penelitian Linguistik Struktural. Surakarta: Sebelas Maret University Press.

Sumarsono & Pratana, 2004. Sosiolinguistik. Yogyakarta: Sabda

Velasquez, Maria. 2010. Language and Identity: Bilingual Code Switching in Spanish-English Interviews. University of Toronto: Unpublished Paper Wardhaugh, Ronald. 1998. An Introduction to Socilinguistics. New York: Basil

Blackwell.

Zentella, C. (2008). Preface. In M. Niño-Murcia & J. Rothman (Eds.),

Bilingualism and identity. Spanish at the crossroads with other languages

(pp. 3-10). Philadelphia:John Benjamins B.V.

Zuraidah, M.D. (2003) Vitality perceptions and intergroup contacts: Kelantanese in a new ethnolinguistic environment. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 161, 21-40.

(---). 1998. Concise Ocford Companion to the English Language. New York: Oxford University Press

78 Ricky Nurhaki, 2013

Code Switching And Viewers Attitude Toward Interviews With President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

Untranslatability, Substitution, Mitigating Message, Interjection, Emphasis, Clarification, and Quotation. Those were nine functions out of fourteen functions as proposed by Koziol (2000). Reiteration appeared as the most frequent function

Lastly, the analysis results of the questionnaires show that the two groups of respondents (English and Indonesian department students) tend to have negative attitudes toward code switching. Most of the respondents disagreed with the use of code switched by president SBY because it was considered as inappropriate action; as they stated “especially as a president, he should not mix his utterances” (Affective Aspect). Additionally, most of the respondents argued that the use of code switching did not provide the proper use of Indonesian according to EYD (ejaan yang disempurnakan), but it was considered to ruin Indonesian language structure (Behavioral Aspect). Furthermore, it is assumed that both groups of respondents understand the utterances spoken in English by President SBY in his interview (Cognitive Aspect). In Contrast, the rest of respondents gave the positive attitude toward Code Switching since they claimed that Code Switching may increase the global vocabulary.

5.2Suggestions

In accordance with the findings, the following suggestions are proposed. First, the present research focuses on the use of code switching performed by President SBY in interview setting. It is suggested that further research may focus on the use of code switching performed by the President in speech setting.

Second, the object of research is an interview setting. Further research may compare two or more interviews with the different person to find the similarities

79 Ricky Nurhaki, 2013

Code Switching And Viewers Attitude Toward Interviews With President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu

and differences in the use of code switching. It is also suggested that further research may discuss another code switching phenomenon in another media such as public figure speech, television show, news anchor, quiz, etc. Research can also focus on other languages including local languages such as, Sundanese, Javanese, and other foreign languages.

Finally, there are still many aspects concerning the problems of language attitude differences between male and female respondents that have not been covered yet. Therefore, further research may focus on the other areas of the use of code switching not only in oral setting but also in writing setting such as novel, autobiography, song lyrics, etc.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allport, G. 1933. Institutional Behaviour. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press

Alwasilah, A.Chaedar. 2002. Pokoknya Kualitatif. Jakarta: PT. Dunia Pustaka Jaya.

Alwasilah, A. Chaedar. 1993. Pengantar Sosiologi Bahasa. Bandung: Angkasa Alwasilah, A. Chaedar. 1993. Linguistic Suatu Pengantar Bahasa. Bandung:

Angkasa

Apple, Rene, and Pieter Musyken. 1976. Language Contact and Bilingualism. London: Arnold.

Apriani, J.D. 2006. Code Switching and the Viewers’ Attitude: A Case Study On Television Program MTV Getar Cinta. Unpublished Paper UPI: Bandung Auer, P. 1998. Code Switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction and

Identity. New York: Routledge

Baker, C. 1992. Attitudes and Language. Great Britain: WBC Print Ltd. Baker, C. 2001. Foundation of Bilingual. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters

Beebe, L. M. 1977. Dialect of Code Switching of Bilingual Children in their second language. CUNY Forum, 141-158 [Online]. Available at www.journals.tclibrary. [September, 2012]

Blommaert, J. (1987) Codeswitching and the Exclusivity of Social Identities: Some Data from Campus Kiswahili. Codeswitching-Multilingual Matters Journal 89, 57-70.

Chaer, Abdul & Leonie Agustina. 1995. Sosiolinguistik Suatu Pengantar.Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.

Cheng, L. & Butler, K. 1989. Code-switching: A Natural Phenomenon vs. Language “Deficiency”. World Englishes 8(3).

Corder, S.P. (1981) Error Analysis and Interlanguage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Cresswel, John W. 1994. Research Designs: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. California: SAGE Publication, Inc.

Crystal, D. 1987. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

David, M.K. (2003) Role and Functions of Code Switching in Malaysian Courtrooms. Multilingua Journal of Cross Cultural and Interlanguage Communication 22:1, 5-20.

Di Pietro, R. 1977. Code Switching as a Verbal Strategy among Bilinguals. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation

Ellis, R. 2000. Understanding Second Language Acquistion. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Fasold, Ralph. 1984. The Sociolinguistics of Sociey. New York: Blakcwell Publisher

Fauzia, Novika Hani. 2007. Code Switching on a Chicklit Novel: Beauty Case by Icha Rahmanti. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia: Unpublished Paper. Grosjean, F. 1982. Life with Two Languages. Cambridge: Harvard University

Gumperz, J.J. (1982). Discourse strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gumperz, J. and Hymes, D. (eds). (1972) Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication. New York:Holt

Hancock, Beverley. 1998. An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Trent Focus Heigham, J & Croker, Robert A. 2009. Qualitative Research in Applied

Linguistics (A Practical Introduction). Mc Millan: Palgrave

Heller, M. (1995). Code-switching and the politics of language. In L. Milroy, & P. Muysken (Eds.), One speaker, two languages: Cross-disciplinary perspectives on

code-switching (pp. 158- 174). New York: Cambridge University Press. Heller, M. (2007). Bilingualism: A social approach. New York: Palgrave

Macmillan.

Heller, M. (1992) The Politics of Code-switching and Language Choice. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 13, 23-142.

Hoffman, Charlotte. 1991. An Introduction to Bilingualism. London: Longman Holmes, J. 2001. An Introduction to Bilingualism. London: Longman.

Hymes, D. 1964. Toward Ethnographies of Communicative Events. Philadelphia:

University of Pennsylvania Press.

Indharyati, Nieke. 2006. Code Switching in a Top 40 Countdown Radio Program (A Case Study in a Radio Program in Bandung).Unpublished. UPI Bandung.

Jariah, M. J. 2003. Code Switching for Power Wielding: Inter-gender Discourse at the Workplace. Multilingua: Code Switching in Malaysia\

Kow, Y.C. 2003. Strategies Employed by Pre-School Children in Communicating Meaning. University of Malaya: Unpublished PHD Thesis.

Koziol, Jessica Marie. 2000. Code Switching Between Spanish and English in Contemporary American Society. Available at www.google.com

[September, 2012]

Krismayanty, Leny. 2005. An Analysis of Code Switching in the Novel Jendela-Jendela by Fira Basuki. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia: Unpublished Paper.

Kuang, C.H. 2002. Code Switches: A Measurement for Language Shift, A Case Study of a Malaysian Chinese Family. Frankfurt: Peter Lang

Kurniawan, A. 2008. The Language Attitude towards Bahasa Sunda. Unpublished Paper UPI: Bandung

Lambert, W. E. 1967. A Social Psychology of Bilingualism. In Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 23. (p. 410-17)

Lee, P. M. 1999. Code Switching in Hongkong Popular Magazine. City University of Hongkong: Hongkong. Available at www.google.com [September, 2012]

Milroy, Lesley and Matthew Gordon. 2003. Sociolinguistics; Method and Interpretation. Oxford: Blackwell.

Myers-Scotton. Carol. 1997. The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell Publisher

Nababan, P.W.J. 1986. Sosiolinguistik: Suatu Pengantar . Jakarta: PT. Gramedia. Nilep, C. 2006. Code Switching in Sociocultural Linguistics. Colorada Research

in Linguistics

Ningtyas, Issusantie. 2007. Code Switching in Electronic Store Conversation: A Case Study at Electronic City Be-Mall Bandung. Unpublisher Paper Upi: Bandung

Nitiswari, Nadya. 2009. Code Switching and the Reader’s Attitude (A case study on editorials of Gogilr! Magazine). Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia: Unpublished Paper.

Ong, Usha. G. 2008. Code Switching in Interviews. University of Malaya: Unpublished Paper

Pascasio, E.M. (1978) Dynamics of Code Switching in the Business Domain. Phillipine Journal of Linguistics, 9:112, 42-45.

Poplack, S. 1980. Sometime I’ll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en Espanol. Linguistics 18: 581-618

Poplack, S. (1988) Contrasting Patterns of Code Switching in Two Communities, in Heller, M. (ed.), Codeswitching: Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspectives (pp.180-199). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Riyanda, H. 2005. Code Switching in Hotel Transaction Conversation. Unpublished Paper UPI: Bandung

Romaine, Suzanne. 1989. Bilingualism. Oxford: Bassil Blackwell

Romaine, Suzanne. 1994. Language and Society. Oxford: Oxford Publishing Press

Spolsky, Bernard. 1998. Sociolinguistic. New York: Oxford University Press Sridhar, K. K. (1996) Societal Multilingualism. In S. L. McKay & N. H.

Hornberger (Eds.), Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching (pp. 47-70). New York, NY: Cambridge University.

Subroto, Edi. 1992. Pengantar Metode Penelitian Linguistik Struktural. Surakarta: Sebelas Maret University Press.

Sumarsono & Pratana, 2004. Sosiolinguistik. Yogyakarta: Sabda

Velasquez, Maria. 2010. Language and Identity: Bilingual Code Switching in Spanish-English Interviews. University of Toronto: Unpublished Paper Wardhaugh, Ronald. 1998. An Introduction to Socilinguistics. New York: Basil

Blackwell.

Zentella, C. (2008). Preface. In M. Niño-Murcia & J. Rothman (Eds.), Bilingualism and identity. Spanish at the crossroads with other languages (pp. 3-10). Philadelphia: John Benjamins B.V.

Zuraidah, M.D. (2003) Vitality perceptions and intergroup contacts: Kelantanese in a new ethnolinguistic environment. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 161, 21-40.

(---). 1998. Concise Ocford Companion to the English Language. New York: Oxford University Press