Hubungan antara Kadar Kalsium, Fosfor dan Produk Kalsium Fosfor Serum dengan Skor Pruritus pada Pasien yang Menjalani Hemodialisis di RSUP Haji Adam Malik Medan
58
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Bargman JM, Skorecki K. Chronic kidney disease. In: Fauci AS, Kasper
DL, Longo DL, Braunwald E, Hauser SL, Jameson JL et al, editors.
Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York. McGrawHill; 2012.Narita I, Alchi B, Omori K, Sato F, Ajiro J, Saga D et al.
Etiology and prognostic significance of severe uremic pruritus in chronic
hemodialysis
patients.
Kidney
Int
2006;69:1626-32.
Doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5000251.
2. Resic H, Alendar F, Kukavica N, Masnic F, Cengic B. Uremic Pruritus in
Haemodialysis Patients. BANTAO Journal [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2015
Sep 25];5(1):20. Available from: http://www.bantao.org/5_1/5_1_7.pdf.
3. Patel TS, Freedman BI, Yosipovitch G. An update on pruritus associated
with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007 Jul;50 (1):11-20.
Doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.03.010.
4. Suwitra K. Penyakit Ginjal Kronik. In: Setiati S, Alwi I, Sudoyo AW,
Simadibrata M, Setiyohadi B, Syam AF, editors. Buku ajar ilmu penyakit
dalam. 6th ed. Jakarta. InternaPublishing; 2014.
5. Perhimpunan Nefrologi Indonesia. Konsensus gangguan mineral dan
tulang pada penyakit ginjal kronik; 2009.
6. Yosipovitch G, Patel TS. Patophysiology and clinical aspects of pruritus.
In: Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffel DJ, Wolff K,
editors. Fitzpatrick’s dermatology in general medicine. 8th ed. New York.
McGraw-Hill; 2012.
7. Mirnezami M, Rahimi H. Factors Associated with Uremic Pruritus in
Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A report from Arak Valiasr Hospital.
Iranian Journal of Dermatology [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2015 Aug
10];13(1):12-5.
Available
from:
http://www.sid.ir/en/VEWSSID/J_pdf/90420105104.pdf.
8. Simanungkalit R. Pengaruh hemodialisa terhadap kelainan-kelainan kulit
pada penderita gagal ginjal kronis. [Tesis]. Medan: Universitas Sumatera
Utara; 1999.
9. Riza DN. Prevalensi dan derajat terjadinya pruritus pada pasien
hemodialisis di RSUP H. Adam Malik Medan. [Skripsi]. Medan:
Universitas Sumatera Utara; 2012.
10. Narita I, Alchi B, Omori K, Sato F, Ajiro J, Saga D et al. Etiology and
prognostic significance of severe uremic pruritus in chronic hemodialysis
patients. Kidney Int 2006;69:1626-32. Doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5000251.
11. WikstrÖm B. Itchy skin: a clinical problem for haemodialysis patients.
Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007;22(5):v3-7. Doi:10.1093/ndt/gfm292.
12. Khan SLA, Tareen IK. Clinical characteristics of uremic pruritus in patient
undergoing
hemodialysis.
Available
from:
http://pjmhsonline.com/clinical_characteristics_of_urem.htm.
13. Aşıcıoğlu E, Kahvec A, Koç M, Özener C. Uremic Pruritus: Still Itching.
Turk Neph Dial Transpl 2011;20(1):7-13. Doi: 10.5262/tndt.2011.1001.02.
14. Manenti L, Tansinda P, Vaglio A. Uraemic Pruritus: Clinical
Characteristics, Pathophysiology and Treatment. Drugs 2009;69(3):25163. Doi: 10.2165/00003495-200969030-00002.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
59
15. Goicoechea, M, de Sequera P, Ochando A, Andrea C, Caramelo C.
Uremic pruritus: An unresolved problem in hemodialysis patients.
Nephron 1999 May;82(1):73-4. Doi:10.1159/000045371.
16. Duque MI, Thevarajah S, Chan YH, Tuttle AB, Freedman BI, Yosipovitch
G. Uremic pruritus is associated with higher Kt/V and serum calcium
concentration. Clin Nephr [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2015 29];66(3):184-91.
Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16995341.
17. Gatmiri SM, Mazdeh MM, Pezeshki ML, Abbasi M. Uremic pruritus and
serum phosphorus level. Acta Medica Iranica [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2015
Sep
25];51(7):476-81.
Available
from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23945893.
18. Pisoni RL, Wikstrom B, Elder SJ, Akizawa T, Asano Y, Keen ML et al.
Pruritus in haemodialysis patients: international results from the Dialysis
Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Nephrol Dial Transplant.
2006;21:3495-505. Doi:10.1093/ndt/gfl461.
19. Momose A, Kudo S, Sato M, Saito H, Nagai K, Katabira Y. Calcium ions
are abnormally distributed in the skin of haemodialysis patients with
uraemic pruritus. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19:2061-6. Doi:
10.1093/ndt/gfh287.
20. Bibb PC, Cochrane DE. Replenishment of the cellular calcium required for
non-immunologic stimulation of mast cell histamine secretion:
temperature sensitivity and inhibition by manganese and sodium-free
conditions. Agents Actions 1988;25:27-36. Doi: 10.1007/BF01969090.
21. James WD, Berger TG, Elston DM. Andrew’s disease of the skin clinical
dermatology 10th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2006. Chapter 4,
Pruritus and neurocutaneous dermatoses; p.51-68.
22. Yosipovitch G, Bernhard JD. Chronic pruritus. N Engl J Med 2013
Apr;368(17):1625-34. Doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1208814.
23. Reamy BV, Bunt CW, Fletcher S. A diagnostic approach to pruritus.
Am Fam Physician [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2015 Aug 11];84(2):195-202.
Available from: http://www.aafp.org/afp/2011/0715/p195.html.
24. Yosipovitch G, Zucker I, Boner G, Gafter U, Shapira Y, David M. A
Questionnaire for the Assessment of Pruritus: Validation in Uremic
Patients: Clinical Report. Acta Derm Venereol [Internet] 2001 [cited 2015
29];81:108-11.
Available
from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11501646.
25. Akhyani M, Ganji MR, Samadi N, Khamesan B, Daneshpazhooh M.
Pruritus in hemodialysis patients. BMC Dermatol 2005;5(7):1-6. Doi:
10.1186/1471-5945-5-7.
26. Keithi-Reddy SR, Patel TV, Armstrong AW, Singh AK. Uremic pruritus.
Kidney Int 2007;72:373-7. Doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5002197.
27. Makari J, Cameron K, Battistella M. Understanding pruritus in dialysis
patients. The CANNT J [Internet]. 2013 Jan-Mar [cited 2015 Aug
11];23(1):19-25.
Available
from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23659030.
28. Neirynck N, Vanholder R, Schepers E, Eloot S, Pletinck A, Glorieux G.
An update on uremic toxins. Int Urol Nephrol 2013;45:139-50. Doi:
10.1007/s11255-012-0258-1.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
60
29. Feramisco JD, Berger TG, Steinhoff M. Innovative management of
pruritus. Dermatol Clin 2010;28:467-8. Doi:10.1016/j.det.2010.03.004.
30. Reich A, Heisig M, Phan NQ, Taneda K, Takamori K, Takeuchi S et al.
Visual Analogue Scale: Evaluation of the Instrument for the Assessment
of
Pruritus.
Acta
Derm
Venereol
2012;92:449-581.
Doi:
10.2340/000t5555-1265.
31. Phan NQ, Blome C, Fritz F, Gerss J, Reich A, Ebata T, et al. Assessment
of pruritus intensity: prospective study on validity and reliability of the
visual analogue scale, numerical rating scale and verbal rating scale in 471
patients with chronic pruritus. Acta Derm Venereol 2012;92:502-7. Doi:
10.2340/00015555-1246.
32. Balaskas EV,
Bamihas GI,
Karamouzis M,
Voyiatzis G,
Tourkantonis A. Histamine and Serotonin in Uremic Pruritus: Effect of
Ondansetron in CAPD-Pruritic Patients. Nephron 1998;78:395-402
Doi:10.1159/000044967.
33. Umri M. Karakteristik penderita gagal ginjal kronik rawat inap di RSU.
Dr. Pirngadi Medan Tahun 2010. [Skripsi]. Medan: Universitas
Sumatera Utara; 2011.
34. Siregar BY. Karakteristik dan penatalaksanaan penyakit ginjal kronik di
RSUP Haji Adam Malik Medan tahun 2011. [Skripsi]. Medan:
Universitas Sumatera Utara; 2012.
35. O’callaghan C. The renal system at a glance. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell
Publishing Ltd; 2006.
36. Lee V, Kairaitis L. Haemodialysis physiology. In: Harris D, Elder G,
Kairaitis L, Rangan G, editors. Australia. McGraw-Hill Ltd; 2005.
37. Agus ZS, Kelepouris E. The patient with disorders of the serum calcium
and phosphate. In: Schrier RW, editor. Manual nephrology. 4th ed.
Denver. Little, Brown and Company (Inc.);1995.
38. Welter EQ, Frainer RH, Maldotti A, Losekann A, Weber MB. Evaluating
the association between alterations in mineral metabolism and pruritus in
hemodialysis patients. An Bras Dermatol. 2011;86(1):31-6. Doi:
10.1590/S0365-05962011000100003.
39. Urbonas A, Schwartz RA, Szepietowski JC.Uremic pruritus-an update.
Am J Nephrol. 2001;21:343-50. Doi: 46272.
40. Menon GK, Elias PM. Ultrastructural localization of calcium in psoriatic
and normal human epidermis. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:57-63. Doi:
10.1001/archderm.1991.01680010067010.
41. Elias PM, Nau P, Hanley Ket al.Formation of the epidermal calcium
gradient coincides with key milestones of barrier ontogenesis in the
rodent. J Invest Dermatol1998;110: 399-404. Doi: 10.1046/j.15231747.1998.00151.x.
42. Podd D. Hyperphosphatemia: Understanding the role of phosphate
metabolism. JAAPA [Internet]. 2010 Jul [cited 2015 Sep 26];23(7):32-7.
Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20690439.
43. Block GA, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Levin NW, et al. Association of serum
phosphorus and calcium x phosphate product with mortality risk in chronic
hemodialysis patients: A national study.Am J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 1998
Universitas Sumatera Utara
61
[cited
2015
Sep
26];31:607-17.
Available
from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9531176.
44. Ständer S, Raap U, Weisshaar E, Schmelz M, Mettang T, Handwerker H,
et al. Pathogenesis of pruritus. JDDG;2011: 9:456-63. Doi:
10.1111/j.1610-0387.2011.07585.x.
45. Afsar B, Elsurer Afsar R. HbA1c Is Related with Uremic Pruritus in
Diabetic and Nondiabetic Hemodialysis Patients. Ren Fail
2012;34(10):1264-9. Doi: 10.3109/0886022X.2011.560401.
46. Prasetya IB. Hubungan kadar fosfat serum dengan derajat pruritus pada
pasien hemodialisis kronik di bangsal hemodialisis RSCM pada bulan
Februari 2009. [Skripsi]. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia; 2009.
47. Hajheydari Z, Makhlough A. Cutaneous and mucosal manifestations in
patients on maintenance hemodialysis. A Study of 101 patients in Sari,
Iran. Iran J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2008[cited 2016 Sep 2];2:86-90.
Available from: http://www.ijkd.org/index.php/ijkd/article/viewFile/83/72.
48. Shafiee MA, Akbarian F, Memon KK, Aarabi M, Boroumand B.
Dermatologic manifestations in end-stage renal disease. Iran J Kidney Dis
[Internet]. 2015[cited 2016 Sep 2];9:339-53. Available from:
www.ijkd.org/index.php/ijkd/article/download/1933/795.
49. Kavurmaci M. Prevalence of uremic itching in patients undergoing
hemodialysis. Hemodial Int 2015;19:531-5. Doi:10.1111/hdi.12301.
50. Dyachenko P, Shustak A, Rozenman D. Hemodialysis-related pruritus and
associated cutaneous manifestations. Int J Dermatol 2006;45:664-7. Doi:
10.1111/j.1365-4632.2005.02592.x.
51. Malekmakan L, Malekmakan A, Sayadi M, Pakfetrat M, Sepaskhah M,
Roozbeh J. Association of high-sensitive c-reactive protein and dialysis
adequacy with uremic pruritus. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2015;26. Doi:
10.4103/1319-2442.164565.
52. Jamal A, Subramanian PT. Pruritus among end-stage renal failure patients
on hemodialysis. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl [Internet]. 2000[cited 2016
Sep
2];11(2):181-5.
Available
from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18209311.
53. Szepietowski JC, Sikora M, Kusztal M, Salomon J, Magott M,
Szepietowski T. Uremic pruritus: a clinical study of maintenance
hemodialysis patients. J Dermatol 2002;29: 621-7. Doi:10.1111/j.13468138.2002.tb00191.
54. Wang CP, Lu YC, Tsai IT, Tang WH, Hsu CC, Hung WC, et al. Increased
levels of total p-Cresylsulfate are associated with pruritus in patients with
chronic kidney disease. Dermatology 2016;232(3):363-70. Doi:
10.1159/000445429.
55. Attia EA, Hassan AA. Uremic pruritus pathogenesis, revisited. Arab J
Nephrol Transplant [Internet]. 2014 May [cited 2016 Oct 9];7(2):91-6.
Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25366503.
56. Mettang T. Uremic Itch Management. Curr Probl Dermatol 2016;50:13341. Doi: 10.1159/000446056.
57. Mettang T, Kremer AE. Uremic pruritus. Kidney Int. 2015 Apr;87(4):68591. Doi: 10.1038/ki.2013.454.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
62
58. Fallahzadeh MK, Roozbeh J, Geramizadeh B, Namazi MR. Interleukin-2
serum levels are elevated in patients with uremic pruritus: a novel finding
with
practical
implications.
Nephrol
Dial
Transplant. 2011
Oct;26(10):3338-44. Doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfr053.
59. Azim AA, Farag AS, El-Maleek HDA, Abdu SM, Lashin SM, Abdelaziz
NM. Role of Interleukin-2 in Uremic Pruritus Among Attendants of ALZahraa Hospital Dialysis Unit. Indian J Dermatol 2015 MarApr;60(2):211. Doi: 10.4103/0019-5154.152565.
60. Combs SA, Teixeira JP, Germain MJ. Pruritus in Kidney Disease. Semin
Nephrol. 2015 Jul;35(4):383-91. Doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2015.06.009.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Bargman JM, Skorecki K. Chronic kidney disease. In: Fauci AS, Kasper
DL, Longo DL, Braunwald E, Hauser SL, Jameson JL et al, editors.
Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York. McGrawHill; 2012.Narita I, Alchi B, Omori K, Sato F, Ajiro J, Saga D et al.
Etiology and prognostic significance of severe uremic pruritus in chronic
hemodialysis
patients.
Kidney
Int
2006;69:1626-32.
Doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5000251.
2. Resic H, Alendar F, Kukavica N, Masnic F, Cengic B. Uremic Pruritus in
Haemodialysis Patients. BANTAO Journal [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2015
Sep 25];5(1):20. Available from: http://www.bantao.org/5_1/5_1_7.pdf.
3. Patel TS, Freedman BI, Yosipovitch G. An update on pruritus associated
with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007 Jul;50 (1):11-20.
Doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.03.010.
4. Suwitra K. Penyakit Ginjal Kronik. In: Setiati S, Alwi I, Sudoyo AW,
Simadibrata M, Setiyohadi B, Syam AF, editors. Buku ajar ilmu penyakit
dalam. 6th ed. Jakarta. InternaPublishing; 2014.
5. Perhimpunan Nefrologi Indonesia. Konsensus gangguan mineral dan
tulang pada penyakit ginjal kronik; 2009.
6. Yosipovitch G, Patel TS. Patophysiology and clinical aspects of pruritus.
In: Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffel DJ, Wolff K,
editors. Fitzpatrick’s dermatology in general medicine. 8th ed. New York.
McGraw-Hill; 2012.
7. Mirnezami M, Rahimi H. Factors Associated with Uremic Pruritus in
Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A report from Arak Valiasr Hospital.
Iranian Journal of Dermatology [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2015 Aug
10];13(1):12-5.
Available
from:
http://www.sid.ir/en/VEWSSID/J_pdf/90420105104.pdf.
8. Simanungkalit R. Pengaruh hemodialisa terhadap kelainan-kelainan kulit
pada penderita gagal ginjal kronis. [Tesis]. Medan: Universitas Sumatera
Utara; 1999.
9. Riza DN. Prevalensi dan derajat terjadinya pruritus pada pasien
hemodialisis di RSUP H. Adam Malik Medan. [Skripsi]. Medan:
Universitas Sumatera Utara; 2012.
10. Narita I, Alchi B, Omori K, Sato F, Ajiro J, Saga D et al. Etiology and
prognostic significance of severe uremic pruritus in chronic hemodialysis
patients. Kidney Int 2006;69:1626-32. Doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5000251.
11. WikstrÖm B. Itchy skin: a clinical problem for haemodialysis patients.
Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007;22(5):v3-7. Doi:10.1093/ndt/gfm292.
12. Khan SLA, Tareen IK. Clinical characteristics of uremic pruritus in patient
undergoing
hemodialysis.
Available
from:
http://pjmhsonline.com/clinical_characteristics_of_urem.htm.
13. Aşıcıoğlu E, Kahvec A, Koç M, Özener C. Uremic Pruritus: Still Itching.
Turk Neph Dial Transpl 2011;20(1):7-13. Doi: 10.5262/tndt.2011.1001.02.
14. Manenti L, Tansinda P, Vaglio A. Uraemic Pruritus: Clinical
Characteristics, Pathophysiology and Treatment. Drugs 2009;69(3):25163. Doi: 10.2165/00003495-200969030-00002.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
59
15. Goicoechea, M, de Sequera P, Ochando A, Andrea C, Caramelo C.
Uremic pruritus: An unresolved problem in hemodialysis patients.
Nephron 1999 May;82(1):73-4. Doi:10.1159/000045371.
16. Duque MI, Thevarajah S, Chan YH, Tuttle AB, Freedman BI, Yosipovitch
G. Uremic pruritus is associated with higher Kt/V and serum calcium
concentration. Clin Nephr [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2015 29];66(3):184-91.
Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16995341.
17. Gatmiri SM, Mazdeh MM, Pezeshki ML, Abbasi M. Uremic pruritus and
serum phosphorus level. Acta Medica Iranica [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2015
Sep
25];51(7):476-81.
Available
from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23945893.
18. Pisoni RL, Wikstrom B, Elder SJ, Akizawa T, Asano Y, Keen ML et al.
Pruritus in haemodialysis patients: international results from the Dialysis
Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Nephrol Dial Transplant.
2006;21:3495-505. Doi:10.1093/ndt/gfl461.
19. Momose A, Kudo S, Sato M, Saito H, Nagai K, Katabira Y. Calcium ions
are abnormally distributed in the skin of haemodialysis patients with
uraemic pruritus. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19:2061-6. Doi:
10.1093/ndt/gfh287.
20. Bibb PC, Cochrane DE. Replenishment of the cellular calcium required for
non-immunologic stimulation of mast cell histamine secretion:
temperature sensitivity and inhibition by manganese and sodium-free
conditions. Agents Actions 1988;25:27-36. Doi: 10.1007/BF01969090.
21. James WD, Berger TG, Elston DM. Andrew’s disease of the skin clinical
dermatology 10th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2006. Chapter 4,
Pruritus and neurocutaneous dermatoses; p.51-68.
22. Yosipovitch G, Bernhard JD. Chronic pruritus. N Engl J Med 2013
Apr;368(17):1625-34. Doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1208814.
23. Reamy BV, Bunt CW, Fletcher S. A diagnostic approach to pruritus.
Am Fam Physician [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2015 Aug 11];84(2):195-202.
Available from: http://www.aafp.org/afp/2011/0715/p195.html.
24. Yosipovitch G, Zucker I, Boner G, Gafter U, Shapira Y, David M. A
Questionnaire for the Assessment of Pruritus: Validation in Uremic
Patients: Clinical Report. Acta Derm Venereol [Internet] 2001 [cited 2015
29];81:108-11.
Available
from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11501646.
25. Akhyani M, Ganji MR, Samadi N, Khamesan B, Daneshpazhooh M.
Pruritus in hemodialysis patients. BMC Dermatol 2005;5(7):1-6. Doi:
10.1186/1471-5945-5-7.
26. Keithi-Reddy SR, Patel TV, Armstrong AW, Singh AK. Uremic pruritus.
Kidney Int 2007;72:373-7. Doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5002197.
27. Makari J, Cameron K, Battistella M. Understanding pruritus in dialysis
patients. The CANNT J [Internet]. 2013 Jan-Mar [cited 2015 Aug
11];23(1):19-25.
Available
from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23659030.
28. Neirynck N, Vanholder R, Schepers E, Eloot S, Pletinck A, Glorieux G.
An update on uremic toxins. Int Urol Nephrol 2013;45:139-50. Doi:
10.1007/s11255-012-0258-1.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
60
29. Feramisco JD, Berger TG, Steinhoff M. Innovative management of
pruritus. Dermatol Clin 2010;28:467-8. Doi:10.1016/j.det.2010.03.004.
30. Reich A, Heisig M, Phan NQ, Taneda K, Takamori K, Takeuchi S et al.
Visual Analogue Scale: Evaluation of the Instrument for the Assessment
of
Pruritus.
Acta
Derm
Venereol
2012;92:449-581.
Doi:
10.2340/000t5555-1265.
31. Phan NQ, Blome C, Fritz F, Gerss J, Reich A, Ebata T, et al. Assessment
of pruritus intensity: prospective study on validity and reliability of the
visual analogue scale, numerical rating scale and verbal rating scale in 471
patients with chronic pruritus. Acta Derm Venereol 2012;92:502-7. Doi:
10.2340/00015555-1246.
32. Balaskas EV,
Bamihas GI,
Karamouzis M,
Voyiatzis G,
Tourkantonis A. Histamine and Serotonin in Uremic Pruritus: Effect of
Ondansetron in CAPD-Pruritic Patients. Nephron 1998;78:395-402
Doi:10.1159/000044967.
33. Umri M. Karakteristik penderita gagal ginjal kronik rawat inap di RSU.
Dr. Pirngadi Medan Tahun 2010. [Skripsi]. Medan: Universitas
Sumatera Utara; 2011.
34. Siregar BY. Karakteristik dan penatalaksanaan penyakit ginjal kronik di
RSUP Haji Adam Malik Medan tahun 2011. [Skripsi]. Medan:
Universitas Sumatera Utara; 2012.
35. O’callaghan C. The renal system at a glance. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell
Publishing Ltd; 2006.
36. Lee V, Kairaitis L. Haemodialysis physiology. In: Harris D, Elder G,
Kairaitis L, Rangan G, editors. Australia. McGraw-Hill Ltd; 2005.
37. Agus ZS, Kelepouris E. The patient with disorders of the serum calcium
and phosphate. In: Schrier RW, editor. Manual nephrology. 4th ed.
Denver. Little, Brown and Company (Inc.);1995.
38. Welter EQ, Frainer RH, Maldotti A, Losekann A, Weber MB. Evaluating
the association between alterations in mineral metabolism and pruritus in
hemodialysis patients. An Bras Dermatol. 2011;86(1):31-6. Doi:
10.1590/S0365-05962011000100003.
39. Urbonas A, Schwartz RA, Szepietowski JC.Uremic pruritus-an update.
Am J Nephrol. 2001;21:343-50. Doi: 46272.
40. Menon GK, Elias PM. Ultrastructural localization of calcium in psoriatic
and normal human epidermis. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:57-63. Doi:
10.1001/archderm.1991.01680010067010.
41. Elias PM, Nau P, Hanley Ket al.Formation of the epidermal calcium
gradient coincides with key milestones of barrier ontogenesis in the
rodent. J Invest Dermatol1998;110: 399-404. Doi: 10.1046/j.15231747.1998.00151.x.
42. Podd D. Hyperphosphatemia: Understanding the role of phosphate
metabolism. JAAPA [Internet]. 2010 Jul [cited 2015 Sep 26];23(7):32-7.
Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20690439.
43. Block GA, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Levin NW, et al. Association of serum
phosphorus and calcium x phosphate product with mortality risk in chronic
hemodialysis patients: A national study.Am J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 1998
Universitas Sumatera Utara
61
[cited
2015
Sep
26];31:607-17.
Available
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