Hubungan Skor Grace Dengan Kejadian Contrast Induced Nephropathy (Cin) Pada Penderita Sindroma Koroner Akut Yang Menjalani Tindakan Intervensi Koroner Perkutan Di RSUP H Adam Malik Medan
American College of Radiology. Manual on contrast media, version 5.0. (Accessed
December 30, 2005, at http://www.acr.org/s_acr/sec.asp?CID=2131&DID= 16687.)
Andra CA, Hasan R, Siregar AA. Peningkatan kadar kreatinin serum dalam 24 jam pertama
paska intervensi koroner di RSUP.H.Adam Malik Medan. Repository USU. 2010.657.
ASCM
Coronary
Artery
Disease
Risk
Factor
Thresholds.
Diunduh
dari http://www.acefitness.org/pdfs/ASCM-CAD-Risk-Factor-Chart.pdf.
Aspelin P, Aubry P, Fransos SG, Strasser R, Willendbrock R, Berg KJ, et al. Nephrotoxic
effect in high-risk patients undergoing angiography. N Eng J Med. 2003;9:348-491.
Atkins JL. Effect of sodium bicarbonate preloading on ischemic renal failure. Nephron.
1986;44:70 –74.
Aurelio A, Durante A. Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Percutaneous Coronary
Interventions: Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, Outcome, Prevention and Treatment.
Cardiology. 2014;128(1):62-72
Baker CS, Wragg A, Kumar S, De Palma R, Baker LR, Knight CJ. A rapid protocol for the
prevention of contrast-induced renal dysfunction: the RAPPID study. J Am Coll
Cardiol. 2003;41:2114 –2118.
Bakris GL, Burnett JC Jr. A role for calcium in radiocontrast-induced reductions in renal
hemodynamics. Kidney Int. 1985;27:465– 468.
Bakris GL, Lass N, Gaber AO, Jones JD, Burnett JC Jr. Radiocontrast medium-induced
declines in renal function: a role for oxygen free radicals. Am J Physiol. 1990;258(1
Pt 2):F115–F120
Baliga R, Ueda N, Walker PD et al. Oxidant mechanisms in toxic acute renal failure. Am J
Kidney Dis. 1997;29:465–77.
Barrett BJ, Carlisle EJ. Metaanalysis of the relative nephrotoxicity of high- and lowosmolality iodinated contrast media. Radiology. 1993;188:171-8.
Barrett BJ, Parfrey PS. Clinical practice. Preventing nephropathy induced by contrast
medium. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:379-386.
Barrett BJ, Katzberg RW, Thomsen HS, et al. Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with
chronic kidney disease undergoing computed tomography: a double-blind comparison
of iodixanol and iopamidol. Invest Radiol. 2006;41:815–21.
Bartholomew BA, Harjai KJ, Dukkipati S, et al. Impact of nephropathy after percutaneous
coronary intervention and a method for risk stratification. Am J Cardiol.
2004;93:1515-9.
Battenfeld R, Khater AR, Drommer W, Guenzel P, Kaup F-J. Ioxaglate-induced light and
electron microscopic alterations in the renal proximal tubular epithelium of rats.
Invest Radiol. 1991;26:35–39.
Brinker JA, Davidson CJ, Laskey W. Preventing in hospital cardiac and renal complications
in high risk PCI patients. Eur Heart J Supp. 2005;7(Suppl G):G13-G24.
Cantley LG, Spokes K, Clark B, et al. Role of endothelin and prostaglandins in radiocontrast
induced renal artery constriction. Kidney Int. 1993;44:1217–1223.
Chalmers N, Jackson RW. Comparison of iodixanol and iohexol in renal impairment. Br J
Radiol. 1999;72:701–703.
Chong E, Poh KK, Shen L, Chai P, Tan HC. Diabetic patients with normal baseline renal
function re at increased risk of developing contrast-induced nephropathy postpercutaneous coronary intervention. Singapore Med J. 2009;50:250-54.
Chong E, Poh KK, Liang S, Tan HC. Risk factors and clinical outcomes for contrast-induced
nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with normal serum
creatinine. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2010;39:374–380.
Conen D, Buerkle G, Perruchoud AP, Buettner HJ, Mueller C. Hypertension is an
independent risk factor for contrast nephropathy after percutaneous coronary
intervention. International Journal Of Cardiology. 2006;110:237-41.
Dahlan MS. Besar sampel dan cara pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian kedokteran dan
kesehatan. Edisi 3. Jakarta: Salemba Medika. 2010.
Dangas G, Iakovou I, Nikolsky E, et al. Contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous
coronary interventions in relation to chronic kidney disease and hemodynamic
variables. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95:13-9.
Deray G, Dubois M, Martinez F, et al. Renal effects of radiocontrast agents in rats: a new
model of acute renal failure. Am J Nephrol. 1990;10:507–513.
De Araújo Gonçalves P, Ferreira J, Aguiar C, Seabra-Gomes R. TIMI, PURSUIT, and
GRACE risk scores: sustained prognostic value and interaction with revascularization
in NSTE-ACS. Eur Heart J. 2005; 26:865-872.
Diaz-Sandoval LJ, Kosowsky BD, Losordo DW. Acetylcysteine to prevent angiographyrelated renal tissue injury (the APART trial). Am J Cardiol. 2002;89:356 –358
Eagle KA, Lim MJ, Dabbous OH et al. for the GRACE investigators. A validated prediction
model for all forms of acute coronary syndrome. Estimating the risk of 6-month
postdischarge death in an international registry. JAMA. 2004;291:2727–2733.
El Sayed AA, Haylor JL, El Nahas AM, et al. Haemodynamic effects of water-soluble
contrast media on the isolated perfused rat kidney. Br J Radiol. 1991;64:435–439.
European Society of Urogenital Radiology. ESUR guidelines for the administration of
contrast media. Available at www.esur.org/guidelines. cfm. Accessed August 27,
2003.
Finn WF. The clinical and renal consequences of contrast-induced nephropathy. Nephrol
Dial Transplant. 2006;21(6):2-10.
Fox KAA. An introduction to the global registry of acute coronary events: GRACE. Eur
Heart J. 2000;2(suppl F):F21-4
Fox KAA, Goodman SG, Anderson FA, Granger CB, Moscucci M, Flather MD, Spencer FA,
Budaj A, Dabbous OH, Gore JM, on behalf of the GRACE Investigators. Influence of
guidelines and results from major clinical trials on medical practice: findings from the
Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(6
Suppl A):518A.
Fox KAA, Dabbous OH, Goldberg RJ, et al. Prediction of risk of death and myocardial
infarction in the six months after presentation with acute coronary syndrome:
prospective multinational observational study (GRACE). BMJ. 2006;333:1091.
Fox KAA, Steg PG, Eagle KA, et al. Decline in rates of death and heart failure in acute
coronary syndromes, 1999-2006. JAMA. 2007;297:1892-900
Gami AS, Garovic VD. Contrast nephropathy after coronary angiography. Mayo Clin Proc.
2004;79(2):211-219.
Ghani AA, Tohamy KY. Risk score for contrast induced nephropathy following percutaneus
coronary intervention. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2009;20(2):240-5.
Gleeson TG, Bulugahapitiya S. Contrast-induced nephropathy. Am J Roentgenol.
2004;183:1673– 89
Goldenberg I, Matetzky S. Nephropathy induced by contrast media: pathogenesis, risk
factors and preventive strategies. CMAJ. 2005;172:1461–1471.
Golshahi J, Nasri H, Gharipour M. Contrast induced nephropathy; A literature review.
Journal of Nephropathology. 2014;3(2):51-56.
Granger CB, Goldberg RJ, Dabbous O, et al. Predictors of hospital mortality in the global
registry of acute coronary events. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2345-53.
Gruberg L, Mintz GS, Mehran R, et al. The prognostic implications of further renal function
deterioration within 48 h of interventional coronary procedures in patients with preexistent chronic renal insufficiency. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:1542-8.
Gruberg L et al. Acute renal failure requiring dialysis after percutaneous coronary
interventions. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2001;52:409–416.
Hamm CW, Bassand JP, Agewall S, Bax J, Boersma E, Bueno H, et al. ESC Guidelines for
the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without
persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2011;32:2999-3054.
Haylor JL, El Sayed AA, El Nahas AM, Morcos SK. The effect of sodium iothalamate on the
vascular resistance of the isolated perfused rat kidney. Br J Radiol. 1991;64:50–54.
Hayman LA. Contrast-induced renal failure. (letter). Radiology. 1980;137:867–869.
Heyman SN, Brezis M, Epstein FH, Spokes K, Silva P, Rosen S. Early renal medullary
hypoxic injury from radiocontrast and indomethacin. Kidney Int. 1991;40:632–642.
Heyman SN, Clark BA, Kaiser N, Spokes K, Rosen S, Brezis M, et al. Radiocontrast agents
induce endothelin release in vivo and in vitro. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1992;3:58–65.
Heyman SN, Rosen S, Brezis M. Radiocontrast nephropathy: a paradigm for the synergism
between toxic and hypoxic insults in the kidney. Exp Nephrol. 1994;2:153–157
Heyman SN, Goldfarb M, Karmeli F, Shina A, Rachmilewitz D, Brezis M. The effect of
radiocontrast on intra-renal nitric oxide (NO) and NO synthase activity. Exp Nephrol.
1998;6:557–562.
Heyman SN, Brezis M, Crowin RE. Radiocontrast media induced acute renal failure. In:
Schrier RW, ed. Disease of the kidney and tract. 8 th ed. Philadelphia:
LippincottWiliams & Wilkins; 2007,p.1099-120.
Heyman SN, Rosen S, Rosenberger C. Renal parenchimal hypoxia, hypoxia adaptation, and
the pathogenesis of radiocontrast nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3:28896.
Hofmann L, Simon-Zoula S, Nowak A, Giger A, Vock P, Boesch C, et al. BOLD-MRI for
the assessment of renal oxygenation in humans: Acute effect of nephrotoxic
xenobiotics. Kidney Int. 2006;70:144-150.
Hou SH, Bushinsky DA, Wish JB, et al. Hospital-acquired renal insufficiency: a prospective
study. Am J Med. 1983;74:243-8.
Iakovou I et al. Impact of gender on the incidence and outcome of contrast-induced
nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention. J Invasive Cardiol.
2003;15:18–22
Japanese Society of Nephrology. Guidelines on the Use of Iodinated Contrast Media in
Patients With Kidney Disease 2012. Circulation Journal. 2013;77:1883-1914.
Karlsberg RP, Tcheng JE, Boris JR, Buxton AE, Dove TJ, Fonarow GC, dkk. ACCF/AHA
2011 Key data elements and definitions of a base cardiovascular vocabulary for
electronic health records. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(2):202-222.
Katholi RE, Taylor GJ, McCann WP, et al. Nephrotoxicity from contrast media: attenuation
with theophylline. Radiology. 1995;195:17-22.
Katzberg RW. Urography into the 21st century: new contrast media, renal handling, imaging
characteristics, and nephrotoxicity. Radiology. 1997;204:297–312.
Khalill R, Han L, Jing C, Quan H. The use of risk scores for stratification of non-ST
elevation acute coronary syndrome patients. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2009;14(2):25-30.
Kolonko A, Wiecek A, Kokot F. The nonselective adenosine antagonist theophylline does
prevent renal dysfunction induced by radiographic contrast agents. J Nephrol.
1998;11:151-156.
Krumholz HM, Chen YT, Vaccarino V, Wang Y, Radford MJ, Bradford WD, et al.
Correlates and impact on outcomes of worsening renal function in patients > or =65
years of age with heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2000;85:1110-1113.
Lameire N, Adam A, Becker CR, et al. Baseline renal function screening. Am J Cardiol.
2006;98:21-26.
Levy EM, Viscoli CM, Horwitz RI. The effect of acute renal failure on mortality. A cohort
analysis. JAMA. 1996;275:1489-94.
Lindinger MI, Franklin TW, Lands LC, Pedersen PK, Welsh DG, Heigenhauser GJ.
NaHCO3 and KHCO3 ingestion rapidly increases renal electrolyte excretion in
humans. J Appl Physiol. 2000;88:540–550.
Lindsay J, Apple S, Pinnow EE, Gevorkian N, Gruberg L, Satler LF, et al. Percutaneous
coronary intervention-associated nephropathy foreshadows increased risk of lateadverse events in patients with normal baseline serum creatinine. Catheter Cardiovasc
Interv. 2003;59:338-343.
Lindsay J, Canos DA, Apple S, Pinnow EE, Aggrey GK, Pichard AD. Causes of acute renal
dysfunction after percutaneous coronary intervention and comparison of late
mortality rates with postprocedure rise of creatine kinase-MB versus rise of serum
creatinine. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:786-789.
Liu YH, Liu Y, Tan N, Chen JY, Chen J, Chen SH, et al. Predictive value of GRACE risk
scores for contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with ST-segment elevation
myocardial infarction before undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.
Int Urol Nephrol. 2014;46(2):417-26.
Marenzi G, Lauri G, Assanelli E, et al. Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing
primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol.
2004;44:1780-5.
McCullough PA, Wolyn R, Rocher LL, et al. Acute renal failure after coronary intervention:
incidence, risk factors, and relationship to mortality. Am J Med. 1997;103:368-75.
McCullough PA. Contrast-induced acute kidney injury. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:14191428.
Mehran R, Aymong ED, Nikolsky E, et al. A simple risk score for prediction of contrastinduced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention: development and
initial validation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:1393-9.
Mehran R, Nikolsky E. Contrast-induced nephropathy: Definition, epidemiology, and
patients at risk. Kidney Int Suppl. 2006;100:11-15.
Merten GJ, Burgess WP, Gray LV, Holleman JH, Roush TS, Kowalchuk GJ, et al.
Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with sodium bicarbonate: a randomized
controlled trial. JAMA. 2004; 291:2328 –2334.
Meschi M, Detrenis S, Musini S, Strada E, Savazzi G. Facts and fallacies concerning the
prevention of contrast medium-induced nephropathy. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:2060–
8.
Morcos SK, Thomsen HS, Webb JAW, Contrast Media Safety Committee of the European
Society of Urogenital Radiology. Contrast-media-induced nephrotoxicity: a
consensus report. Eur Radiol. 1999;9:1602–1613.
Mujtaba SH, Ashraf T, Mahmood SN, Anjum Q. Assesment of renal insufficiency in patients
with normal serum cretinine levels undergoing angiography. JPMA. 2010;60:915.
Murphy ME, Tublin ME, Li S. Influence of contrast media on the response of rat renal
arteries to endothelin and nitric oxide: influence of contrast media. Invest Radiol.
1998;33:356-365.
Nash K, Hafeez A, Hou S. Hospital-acquired renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis.
2002;39:930-6.
National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and
treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA.
2001;285:2486-97.
Nieminen MS, Harjola VP. Definition and epidemiology of acute heart failure syndromes.
Am J Cardiol. 2005; 96:5-10.
Nikolsky E, Mehran R, Turcot D, Aymong ED, Mintz GS, Lasic Z, et al. Impact of chronic
kidney disease on prognosis of patients with diabetes mellitus treated with
percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:300–305.
Nikolsky E et al. Low hematocrit predicts contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous
coronary interventions. Kidney Int. 2005;67:706–713.
Ningrum NR, Yuniardi Y. Risk factor and incidence of contrast induced nephropathy
following coronary intervention. Med J Indones. 2008; 17:131-7.
Oldroyd SD, Haylor JL, Morcos SK. The acute effect of ioversol on kidney function: role of
endothelin. Eur J Radiol. 1995;19:91–95.
Owen RJ, Hiremath S, Myers A, Fraser-hill M, Barrett B. Consensus Guidelines for the
Prevention of Contrast Induced Nephropathy. Canadian Associaton of Radiologist.
2011; June 17
Pannu N, Wiebe N, Tonelli M; Alberta Kidney Disease Network. Prophylaxis strategies for
contrast-induced nephropathy. JAMA. 2006;295:2765-2779.
Perk J, Backer GD, Gohlke H, Reiner Z, Verschuren M, Albus C, et al. European Guidelines
on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). Eur H
Journal. 2012;33(13):1635-1701.
Persson PB, Hansell P, Liss P. Pathophysiology of contrast medium-induced nephropathy.
Kidney Int. 2005;68:14 –22.
Rahman MM, Haques SS, Banerjee SK, Ahsan SA, Rahman MF et al. Contrast induced
nephropathy in diabetic and non-diabetic patients during coronary angiogram and
angioplasty. Mymensingh Med J. 2010; 19(2):372-6.
Ribichini F, Graziani M, Gambaro G, Pasoli P, Pigth M. et al. Early creatinine shifts predict
contrast-induced nephropathy and persistent renal damage after angiography. The
American Journal of Medicine. 2010;123:755-63.
Rich MW, Crecelius CA. Incidence, risk factors, and clinical course of acute renal
insufficiency after cardiac catheterization in patients 70 years of age or older: a
prospective study. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:1237-42.
Rihal CS, Textor SC, Grill DE, et al. Incidence and prognostic importance of acute renal
failure after percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation. 2002;105:2259-64.
Rudnick MR, Goldfarb S, Wexler L, et al. Nephrotoxicity of ionic and nonionic contrast
media in 1196 patients: a randomized trial: the Iohexol Cooperative Study. Kidney
Int. 1995;47:254-61.
Rudnick MR, Goldfarb S. Pathogenesis of contrast-induced nephropathy: experimental and
clinical observations with an emphasis on the role of osmolality. Rev Cardiovasc
Med. 2003;4(suppl 5):S28 –S33.
Sadeghi HM, Stone GW, Grines CL, et al. Impact of renal insufficiency in patients
undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation.
2003;108:2769 –75.
Safirstein R, Andrade L, Vieira JM. Acetylcysteine and nephrotoxic effects of radiographic
contrast agents-a new use for an old drug. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:210-212.
Schillinger M. Predicting renal failure after balloon angioplasty in high-risk patients. J
Endovasc Ther. 2001; 8: 609–614
Shoukat S, Gowani SA, Jafferani A, Dhakam SH. Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients
undergoing percutaneou coronary intervention. Cardiology Research and practice.
2010.
Solomon R, Werner C, Mann D, D’Elia J, Silva P. Effects of saline, mannitol, and
furosemide on acute decreases in renal function induced by radiocontrast agents. N
Engl J Med. 1994;331:1416-20.
Solomon R. Contrast-medium-induced acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 1998;53:230-42.
Swedberg K, Cleland J, Hull, Dargie H, Drexler H, Follath F, et al. Guidelines or the
diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:1115-40.
Szabo G, Bahrle S, Stumpf N, Sonnenberg K, Szabo EE, Pacher P, et al. Poly(ADPribose)
polymerase inhibition reduces reperfusion injury after heart transplantation. Circ Res.
2002;90:100–106.
Tepel M, Aspelin P, Lameire N. Contrast-Induced Nephropathy. A Clinical and EvidenceBased Approach. Circulation. 2006;113:1799-1806.
Thomsen HS, Morcos SK. Radiographic contrast media. BJU Int. 2000;86[suppl 1]:1–10.
Thomsen HS. Guidelines for contrast media from the European Society of Urogenital
Radiology. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181:1463-71.
Toprak O, Cirit M. Risk factors for contrast-induced nephropathy. Kidney Blood Press Res.
2006;29:84-93.
Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Simoons ML, Chaitman BR, White HD, et al. Third
Universal
Definition
of
Myocardial
Infarction.
Circulation.
2012
Oct
16;126(16):2020-35.
Ueda J, Nygren A, Hansell P, Ulfendahl HR. Effect of intravenous contrast media on
proximal and distal tubular hydrostatic pressure in the rat kidney. Acta Radiol. 1993:
34: 83–87.
Ultramari FT, Loures bueno LDR, Da Cunha CLP, Pia de Andrade PM, Nercolini DC,
Weisberg LS, et al. Risk of radiocontrast nephropathy in patints with and without
diabetes mellitus. Kidney International. 1994;45:259-65.
Van de Werf F, Bax J, Betriu A, et al. Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients
presenting with persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:2909-45.
Wang A, Holcslaw T, Bashore TM, Freed MI, Miller D, Rudnick MR, et al. Exacerbation of
radiocontrast nephrotoxicity by endothelin receptor antagonism. Kidney Int.
2000;57:1675–1680.
Weinbroum AA, Reduck V, Ben-Abraham R, Karchevski E. N-acetylcysteine ameliorates
ischemic renal failure. Am J Physiol. 1997;272:292–298.
Wellman TL, Jenkins J, Penar PL, Tranmer B, Zahr R, Lounsbury KM. Nitric oxide and
reactive oxygen species exert opposing effects on the stability of hypoxia-inducible
factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) in explants of human pial arteries. FASEB J. 2004;18:
379–381.
Workman RJ, Shaff MI, Jackson RV, Diggs J, Frazer MG, Briscoe C. Relationship of renal
hemodynamic and functional changes following intravascular contrast to the reninangiotensin system and renal prostacyclin in the dog. Invest Radiol. 1983;18: 160–
166.
Yoon HJ, Hur SH. Determination of safe contrast media dosage to estimated glomerular
filtration rate ratios to avoid contrast induced nephropathy after elective percutaneous
coronary intervention. Korean Circ J. 2011; 41:265-71.
Yoshioka T, Fogo A, Beckman JK. Reduced activity of antioxidant enzymes underlies
contrast media-induced renal injury in volume depletion. Kidney Int. 1992;41:100815.
Zager RA, Johnson AC, Hanson SY. Radiographic contrast media-induced tubular injury:
evaluation of oxidant stress and plasma membrane integrity. Kidney Int.
2003;64:128-39.
December 30, 2005, at http://www.acr.org/s_acr/sec.asp?CID=2131&DID= 16687.)
Andra CA, Hasan R, Siregar AA. Peningkatan kadar kreatinin serum dalam 24 jam pertama
paska intervensi koroner di RSUP.H.Adam Malik Medan. Repository USU. 2010.657.
ASCM
Coronary
Artery
Disease
Risk
Factor
Thresholds.
Diunduh
dari http://www.acefitness.org/pdfs/ASCM-CAD-Risk-Factor-Chart.pdf.
Aspelin P, Aubry P, Fransos SG, Strasser R, Willendbrock R, Berg KJ, et al. Nephrotoxic
effect in high-risk patients undergoing angiography. N Eng J Med. 2003;9:348-491.
Atkins JL. Effect of sodium bicarbonate preloading on ischemic renal failure. Nephron.
1986;44:70 –74.
Aurelio A, Durante A. Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Percutaneous Coronary
Interventions: Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, Outcome, Prevention and Treatment.
Cardiology. 2014;128(1):62-72
Baker CS, Wragg A, Kumar S, De Palma R, Baker LR, Knight CJ. A rapid protocol for the
prevention of contrast-induced renal dysfunction: the RAPPID study. J Am Coll
Cardiol. 2003;41:2114 –2118.
Bakris GL, Burnett JC Jr. A role for calcium in radiocontrast-induced reductions in renal
hemodynamics. Kidney Int. 1985;27:465– 468.
Bakris GL, Lass N, Gaber AO, Jones JD, Burnett JC Jr. Radiocontrast medium-induced
declines in renal function: a role for oxygen free radicals. Am J Physiol. 1990;258(1
Pt 2):F115–F120
Baliga R, Ueda N, Walker PD et al. Oxidant mechanisms in toxic acute renal failure. Am J
Kidney Dis. 1997;29:465–77.
Barrett BJ, Carlisle EJ. Metaanalysis of the relative nephrotoxicity of high- and lowosmolality iodinated contrast media. Radiology. 1993;188:171-8.
Barrett BJ, Parfrey PS. Clinical practice. Preventing nephropathy induced by contrast
medium. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:379-386.
Barrett BJ, Katzberg RW, Thomsen HS, et al. Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with
chronic kidney disease undergoing computed tomography: a double-blind comparison
of iodixanol and iopamidol. Invest Radiol. 2006;41:815–21.
Bartholomew BA, Harjai KJ, Dukkipati S, et al. Impact of nephropathy after percutaneous
coronary intervention and a method for risk stratification. Am J Cardiol.
2004;93:1515-9.
Battenfeld R, Khater AR, Drommer W, Guenzel P, Kaup F-J. Ioxaglate-induced light and
electron microscopic alterations in the renal proximal tubular epithelium of rats.
Invest Radiol. 1991;26:35–39.
Brinker JA, Davidson CJ, Laskey W. Preventing in hospital cardiac and renal complications
in high risk PCI patients. Eur Heart J Supp. 2005;7(Suppl G):G13-G24.
Cantley LG, Spokes K, Clark B, et al. Role of endothelin and prostaglandins in radiocontrast
induced renal artery constriction. Kidney Int. 1993;44:1217–1223.
Chalmers N, Jackson RW. Comparison of iodixanol and iohexol in renal impairment. Br J
Radiol. 1999;72:701–703.
Chong E, Poh KK, Shen L, Chai P, Tan HC. Diabetic patients with normal baseline renal
function re at increased risk of developing contrast-induced nephropathy postpercutaneous coronary intervention. Singapore Med J. 2009;50:250-54.
Chong E, Poh KK, Liang S, Tan HC. Risk factors and clinical outcomes for contrast-induced
nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with normal serum
creatinine. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2010;39:374–380.
Conen D, Buerkle G, Perruchoud AP, Buettner HJ, Mueller C. Hypertension is an
independent risk factor for contrast nephropathy after percutaneous coronary
intervention. International Journal Of Cardiology. 2006;110:237-41.
Dahlan MS. Besar sampel dan cara pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian kedokteran dan
kesehatan. Edisi 3. Jakarta: Salemba Medika. 2010.
Dangas G, Iakovou I, Nikolsky E, et al. Contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous
coronary interventions in relation to chronic kidney disease and hemodynamic
variables. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95:13-9.
Deray G, Dubois M, Martinez F, et al. Renal effects of radiocontrast agents in rats: a new
model of acute renal failure. Am J Nephrol. 1990;10:507–513.
De Araújo Gonçalves P, Ferreira J, Aguiar C, Seabra-Gomes R. TIMI, PURSUIT, and
GRACE risk scores: sustained prognostic value and interaction with revascularization
in NSTE-ACS. Eur Heart J. 2005; 26:865-872.
Diaz-Sandoval LJ, Kosowsky BD, Losordo DW. Acetylcysteine to prevent angiographyrelated renal tissue injury (the APART trial). Am J Cardiol. 2002;89:356 –358
Eagle KA, Lim MJ, Dabbous OH et al. for the GRACE investigators. A validated prediction
model for all forms of acute coronary syndrome. Estimating the risk of 6-month
postdischarge death in an international registry. JAMA. 2004;291:2727–2733.
El Sayed AA, Haylor JL, El Nahas AM, et al. Haemodynamic effects of water-soluble
contrast media on the isolated perfused rat kidney. Br J Radiol. 1991;64:435–439.
European Society of Urogenital Radiology. ESUR guidelines for the administration of
contrast media. Available at www.esur.org/guidelines. cfm. Accessed August 27,
2003.
Finn WF. The clinical and renal consequences of contrast-induced nephropathy. Nephrol
Dial Transplant. 2006;21(6):2-10.
Fox KAA. An introduction to the global registry of acute coronary events: GRACE. Eur
Heart J. 2000;2(suppl F):F21-4
Fox KAA, Goodman SG, Anderson FA, Granger CB, Moscucci M, Flather MD, Spencer FA,
Budaj A, Dabbous OH, Gore JM, on behalf of the GRACE Investigators. Influence of
guidelines and results from major clinical trials on medical practice: findings from the
Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(6
Suppl A):518A.
Fox KAA, Dabbous OH, Goldberg RJ, et al. Prediction of risk of death and myocardial
infarction in the six months after presentation with acute coronary syndrome:
prospective multinational observational study (GRACE). BMJ. 2006;333:1091.
Fox KAA, Steg PG, Eagle KA, et al. Decline in rates of death and heart failure in acute
coronary syndromes, 1999-2006. JAMA. 2007;297:1892-900
Gami AS, Garovic VD. Contrast nephropathy after coronary angiography. Mayo Clin Proc.
2004;79(2):211-219.
Ghani AA, Tohamy KY. Risk score for contrast induced nephropathy following percutaneus
coronary intervention. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2009;20(2):240-5.
Gleeson TG, Bulugahapitiya S. Contrast-induced nephropathy. Am J Roentgenol.
2004;183:1673– 89
Goldenberg I, Matetzky S. Nephropathy induced by contrast media: pathogenesis, risk
factors and preventive strategies. CMAJ. 2005;172:1461–1471.
Golshahi J, Nasri H, Gharipour M. Contrast induced nephropathy; A literature review.
Journal of Nephropathology. 2014;3(2):51-56.
Granger CB, Goldberg RJ, Dabbous O, et al. Predictors of hospital mortality in the global
registry of acute coronary events. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2345-53.
Gruberg L, Mintz GS, Mehran R, et al. The prognostic implications of further renal function
deterioration within 48 h of interventional coronary procedures in patients with preexistent chronic renal insufficiency. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:1542-8.
Gruberg L et al. Acute renal failure requiring dialysis after percutaneous coronary
interventions. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2001;52:409–416.
Hamm CW, Bassand JP, Agewall S, Bax J, Boersma E, Bueno H, et al. ESC Guidelines for
the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without
persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2011;32:2999-3054.
Haylor JL, El Sayed AA, El Nahas AM, Morcos SK. The effect of sodium iothalamate on the
vascular resistance of the isolated perfused rat kidney. Br J Radiol. 1991;64:50–54.
Hayman LA. Contrast-induced renal failure. (letter). Radiology. 1980;137:867–869.
Heyman SN, Brezis M, Epstein FH, Spokes K, Silva P, Rosen S. Early renal medullary
hypoxic injury from radiocontrast and indomethacin. Kidney Int. 1991;40:632–642.
Heyman SN, Clark BA, Kaiser N, Spokes K, Rosen S, Brezis M, et al. Radiocontrast agents
induce endothelin release in vivo and in vitro. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1992;3:58–65.
Heyman SN, Rosen S, Brezis M. Radiocontrast nephropathy: a paradigm for the synergism
between toxic and hypoxic insults in the kidney. Exp Nephrol. 1994;2:153–157
Heyman SN, Goldfarb M, Karmeli F, Shina A, Rachmilewitz D, Brezis M. The effect of
radiocontrast on intra-renal nitric oxide (NO) and NO synthase activity. Exp Nephrol.
1998;6:557–562.
Heyman SN, Brezis M, Crowin RE. Radiocontrast media induced acute renal failure. In:
Schrier RW, ed. Disease of the kidney and tract. 8 th ed. Philadelphia:
LippincottWiliams & Wilkins; 2007,p.1099-120.
Heyman SN, Rosen S, Rosenberger C. Renal parenchimal hypoxia, hypoxia adaptation, and
the pathogenesis of radiocontrast nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3:28896.
Hofmann L, Simon-Zoula S, Nowak A, Giger A, Vock P, Boesch C, et al. BOLD-MRI for
the assessment of renal oxygenation in humans: Acute effect of nephrotoxic
xenobiotics. Kidney Int. 2006;70:144-150.
Hou SH, Bushinsky DA, Wish JB, et al. Hospital-acquired renal insufficiency: a prospective
study. Am J Med. 1983;74:243-8.
Iakovou I et al. Impact of gender on the incidence and outcome of contrast-induced
nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention. J Invasive Cardiol.
2003;15:18–22
Japanese Society of Nephrology. Guidelines on the Use of Iodinated Contrast Media in
Patients With Kidney Disease 2012. Circulation Journal. 2013;77:1883-1914.
Karlsberg RP, Tcheng JE, Boris JR, Buxton AE, Dove TJ, Fonarow GC, dkk. ACCF/AHA
2011 Key data elements and definitions of a base cardiovascular vocabulary for
electronic health records. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(2):202-222.
Katholi RE, Taylor GJ, McCann WP, et al. Nephrotoxicity from contrast media: attenuation
with theophylline. Radiology. 1995;195:17-22.
Katzberg RW. Urography into the 21st century: new contrast media, renal handling, imaging
characteristics, and nephrotoxicity. Radiology. 1997;204:297–312.
Khalill R, Han L, Jing C, Quan H. The use of risk scores for stratification of non-ST
elevation acute coronary syndrome patients. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2009;14(2):25-30.
Kolonko A, Wiecek A, Kokot F. The nonselective adenosine antagonist theophylline does
prevent renal dysfunction induced by radiographic contrast agents. J Nephrol.
1998;11:151-156.
Krumholz HM, Chen YT, Vaccarino V, Wang Y, Radford MJ, Bradford WD, et al.
Correlates and impact on outcomes of worsening renal function in patients > or =65
years of age with heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2000;85:1110-1113.
Lameire N, Adam A, Becker CR, et al. Baseline renal function screening. Am J Cardiol.
2006;98:21-26.
Levy EM, Viscoli CM, Horwitz RI. The effect of acute renal failure on mortality. A cohort
analysis. JAMA. 1996;275:1489-94.
Lindinger MI, Franklin TW, Lands LC, Pedersen PK, Welsh DG, Heigenhauser GJ.
NaHCO3 and KHCO3 ingestion rapidly increases renal electrolyte excretion in
humans. J Appl Physiol. 2000;88:540–550.
Lindsay J, Apple S, Pinnow EE, Gevorkian N, Gruberg L, Satler LF, et al. Percutaneous
coronary intervention-associated nephropathy foreshadows increased risk of lateadverse events in patients with normal baseline serum creatinine. Catheter Cardiovasc
Interv. 2003;59:338-343.
Lindsay J, Canos DA, Apple S, Pinnow EE, Aggrey GK, Pichard AD. Causes of acute renal
dysfunction after percutaneous coronary intervention and comparison of late
mortality rates with postprocedure rise of creatine kinase-MB versus rise of serum
creatinine. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:786-789.
Liu YH, Liu Y, Tan N, Chen JY, Chen J, Chen SH, et al. Predictive value of GRACE risk
scores for contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with ST-segment elevation
myocardial infarction before undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.
Int Urol Nephrol. 2014;46(2):417-26.
Marenzi G, Lauri G, Assanelli E, et al. Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing
primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol.
2004;44:1780-5.
McCullough PA, Wolyn R, Rocher LL, et al. Acute renal failure after coronary intervention:
incidence, risk factors, and relationship to mortality. Am J Med. 1997;103:368-75.
McCullough PA. Contrast-induced acute kidney injury. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:14191428.
Mehran R, Aymong ED, Nikolsky E, et al. A simple risk score for prediction of contrastinduced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention: development and
initial validation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:1393-9.
Mehran R, Nikolsky E. Contrast-induced nephropathy: Definition, epidemiology, and
patients at risk. Kidney Int Suppl. 2006;100:11-15.
Merten GJ, Burgess WP, Gray LV, Holleman JH, Roush TS, Kowalchuk GJ, et al.
Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with sodium bicarbonate: a randomized
controlled trial. JAMA. 2004; 291:2328 –2334.
Meschi M, Detrenis S, Musini S, Strada E, Savazzi G. Facts and fallacies concerning the
prevention of contrast medium-induced nephropathy. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:2060–
8.
Morcos SK, Thomsen HS, Webb JAW, Contrast Media Safety Committee of the European
Society of Urogenital Radiology. Contrast-media-induced nephrotoxicity: a
consensus report. Eur Radiol. 1999;9:1602–1613.
Mujtaba SH, Ashraf T, Mahmood SN, Anjum Q. Assesment of renal insufficiency in patients
with normal serum cretinine levels undergoing angiography. JPMA. 2010;60:915.
Murphy ME, Tublin ME, Li S. Influence of contrast media on the response of rat renal
arteries to endothelin and nitric oxide: influence of contrast media. Invest Radiol.
1998;33:356-365.
Nash K, Hafeez A, Hou S. Hospital-acquired renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis.
2002;39:930-6.
National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and
treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA.
2001;285:2486-97.
Nieminen MS, Harjola VP. Definition and epidemiology of acute heart failure syndromes.
Am J Cardiol. 2005; 96:5-10.
Nikolsky E, Mehran R, Turcot D, Aymong ED, Mintz GS, Lasic Z, et al. Impact of chronic
kidney disease on prognosis of patients with diabetes mellitus treated with
percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:300–305.
Nikolsky E et al. Low hematocrit predicts contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous
coronary interventions. Kidney Int. 2005;67:706–713.
Ningrum NR, Yuniardi Y. Risk factor and incidence of contrast induced nephropathy
following coronary intervention. Med J Indones. 2008; 17:131-7.
Oldroyd SD, Haylor JL, Morcos SK. The acute effect of ioversol on kidney function: role of
endothelin. Eur J Radiol. 1995;19:91–95.
Owen RJ, Hiremath S, Myers A, Fraser-hill M, Barrett B. Consensus Guidelines for the
Prevention of Contrast Induced Nephropathy. Canadian Associaton of Radiologist.
2011; June 17
Pannu N, Wiebe N, Tonelli M; Alberta Kidney Disease Network. Prophylaxis strategies for
contrast-induced nephropathy. JAMA. 2006;295:2765-2779.
Perk J, Backer GD, Gohlke H, Reiner Z, Verschuren M, Albus C, et al. European Guidelines
on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). Eur H
Journal. 2012;33(13):1635-1701.
Persson PB, Hansell P, Liss P. Pathophysiology of contrast medium-induced nephropathy.
Kidney Int. 2005;68:14 –22.
Rahman MM, Haques SS, Banerjee SK, Ahsan SA, Rahman MF et al. Contrast induced
nephropathy in diabetic and non-diabetic patients during coronary angiogram and
angioplasty. Mymensingh Med J. 2010; 19(2):372-6.
Ribichini F, Graziani M, Gambaro G, Pasoli P, Pigth M. et al. Early creatinine shifts predict
contrast-induced nephropathy and persistent renal damage after angiography. The
American Journal of Medicine. 2010;123:755-63.
Rich MW, Crecelius CA. Incidence, risk factors, and clinical course of acute renal
insufficiency after cardiac catheterization in patients 70 years of age or older: a
prospective study. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:1237-42.
Rihal CS, Textor SC, Grill DE, et al. Incidence and prognostic importance of acute renal
failure after percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation. 2002;105:2259-64.
Rudnick MR, Goldfarb S, Wexler L, et al. Nephrotoxicity of ionic and nonionic contrast
media in 1196 patients: a randomized trial: the Iohexol Cooperative Study. Kidney
Int. 1995;47:254-61.
Rudnick MR, Goldfarb S. Pathogenesis of contrast-induced nephropathy: experimental and
clinical observations with an emphasis on the role of osmolality. Rev Cardiovasc
Med. 2003;4(suppl 5):S28 –S33.
Sadeghi HM, Stone GW, Grines CL, et al. Impact of renal insufficiency in patients
undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation.
2003;108:2769 –75.
Safirstein R, Andrade L, Vieira JM. Acetylcysteine and nephrotoxic effects of radiographic
contrast agents-a new use for an old drug. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:210-212.
Schillinger M. Predicting renal failure after balloon angioplasty in high-risk patients. J
Endovasc Ther. 2001; 8: 609–614
Shoukat S, Gowani SA, Jafferani A, Dhakam SH. Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients
undergoing percutaneou coronary intervention. Cardiology Research and practice.
2010.
Solomon R, Werner C, Mann D, D’Elia J, Silva P. Effects of saline, mannitol, and
furosemide on acute decreases in renal function induced by radiocontrast agents. N
Engl J Med. 1994;331:1416-20.
Solomon R. Contrast-medium-induced acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 1998;53:230-42.
Swedberg K, Cleland J, Hull, Dargie H, Drexler H, Follath F, et al. Guidelines or the
diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:1115-40.
Szabo G, Bahrle S, Stumpf N, Sonnenberg K, Szabo EE, Pacher P, et al. Poly(ADPribose)
polymerase inhibition reduces reperfusion injury after heart transplantation. Circ Res.
2002;90:100–106.
Tepel M, Aspelin P, Lameire N. Contrast-Induced Nephropathy. A Clinical and EvidenceBased Approach. Circulation. 2006;113:1799-1806.
Thomsen HS, Morcos SK. Radiographic contrast media. BJU Int. 2000;86[suppl 1]:1–10.
Thomsen HS. Guidelines for contrast media from the European Society of Urogenital
Radiology. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181:1463-71.
Toprak O, Cirit M. Risk factors for contrast-induced nephropathy. Kidney Blood Press Res.
2006;29:84-93.
Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Simoons ML, Chaitman BR, White HD, et al. Third
Universal
Definition
of
Myocardial
Infarction.
Circulation.
2012
Oct
16;126(16):2020-35.
Ueda J, Nygren A, Hansell P, Ulfendahl HR. Effect of intravenous contrast media on
proximal and distal tubular hydrostatic pressure in the rat kidney. Acta Radiol. 1993:
34: 83–87.
Ultramari FT, Loures bueno LDR, Da Cunha CLP, Pia de Andrade PM, Nercolini DC,
Weisberg LS, et al. Risk of radiocontrast nephropathy in patints with and without
diabetes mellitus. Kidney International. 1994;45:259-65.
Van de Werf F, Bax J, Betriu A, et al. Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients
presenting with persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:2909-45.
Wang A, Holcslaw T, Bashore TM, Freed MI, Miller D, Rudnick MR, et al. Exacerbation of
radiocontrast nephrotoxicity by endothelin receptor antagonism. Kidney Int.
2000;57:1675–1680.
Weinbroum AA, Reduck V, Ben-Abraham R, Karchevski E. N-acetylcysteine ameliorates
ischemic renal failure. Am J Physiol. 1997;272:292–298.
Wellman TL, Jenkins J, Penar PL, Tranmer B, Zahr R, Lounsbury KM. Nitric oxide and
reactive oxygen species exert opposing effects on the stability of hypoxia-inducible
factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) in explants of human pial arteries. FASEB J. 2004;18:
379–381.
Workman RJ, Shaff MI, Jackson RV, Diggs J, Frazer MG, Briscoe C. Relationship of renal
hemodynamic and functional changes following intravascular contrast to the reninangiotensin system and renal prostacyclin in the dog. Invest Radiol. 1983;18: 160–
166.
Yoon HJ, Hur SH. Determination of safe contrast media dosage to estimated glomerular
filtration rate ratios to avoid contrast induced nephropathy after elective percutaneous
coronary intervention. Korean Circ J. 2011; 41:265-71.
Yoshioka T, Fogo A, Beckman JK. Reduced activity of antioxidant enzymes underlies
contrast media-induced renal injury in volume depletion. Kidney Int. 1992;41:100815.
Zager RA, Johnson AC, Hanson SY. Radiographic contrast media-induced tubular injury:
evaluation of oxidant stress and plasma membrane integrity. Kidney Int.
2003;64:128-39.