Pembuatan dan Pengujian Membrane Capacitive Deionization Menggunakan Material Karbon Aktif Tempurung Kelapa Sebagai Pemurni Kesadahan
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Barakat, N.A.M, Deen, A.G.E., and Khalil, K.H. 2014. Effective modified carbon
nanofibers as electrodes for capacitive deionization process. Journal of
Materials Science and Chemical Engineering 2: 38-42.
Barsoukov, E. and Macdonald, J.R. 2005. Impedance Spectroscopy: Theory,
Experiment, and Applications. Second Edition. New Jersey: John Wiley
and Sons, Inc.
BASi Corporate Headquarters. 2015. BASi VC-2 Voltammetry Cell [online].
http://www.basinc.com/products/ec/vc2.php [21 April 2015].
Biesheuvel, P.M. and Wal, A.V.D. 2010. Membrane capacitive deionization.
Journal of Membrane Science 346: 256-262.
Biesheuvel, P.M., Zhao, R., Porada, S., and Wal, A.V.D. 2011. Theory of
membrane capacitive deionization including the effect of the electrode
pore space. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 360: 239-248.
Choi, J.H. 2010. Fabrication of a carbon electrode using activated carbon powder
and application to the capacitive deionization process. Separation and
Purification Technology 70: 362-366.
Conway, B.E. 1999. Electrochemical supercapacitors. New York: Springer
Science+ Business Media.
Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia. 2016. Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia.
http://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/kbbi/index.php.
[30
September 2016].
Dlugolecki, P. and Wal, A.V.D. 2013. Energy recovery in membrane capacitive
deionization. Environmental Science and Technology 47: 4904−4910
Effendi, H. 2003. Telaah Kualitas Air Bagi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya dan
Lingkungan Perairan. Kanisius. Yogyakarta.
Erizal, Darmawan, Basril, A. dan Sudirman. 2012. Pengaruh teknik beku leleh
dan dosis iradiasi gamma pada pelepasan resorsinol dari matriks hidrogel
polivinilalkohol. Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia. Edisi Khusus Material
untuk Kesehatan; 15-21.
Fatimah, I. dan Endarko. 2013. Fabrikasi dan karakterisasi eektroda untuk sistem
Capacitive Deionization (CDI) pada proses desalinasi larutan NaCl dengan
metode Freezing-Thawing. Teori dan Aplikasi Fisika. Vol. 01. No. 02:
137-144.
Gabrielli, C., Maurin, G., Chausson, H.F., Thery, P., Tran, T.T.M., dan Tlili, M.
2006. Electrochemical water softening: principle and application.
Desalination 201: 150-163.
Hartati, Retno, Suwartimah, Ken dan Suryono, C.A. 2005. Pemanfaatan karbon
aktif dari limbah kelapa untuk peningkatan kwalitas air tambak guna
peningkatan produksi hasil tambak desa Muara Reja kota Tegal.
Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro.
Hassan, C.M. and Peppas, A. 2000. Structure and applications of poly(vynil
alcohol) hidrogels produced by conventional crosslinking or by
freezing/thawing methods. Polymer Science. Vol. 153: 37-65.
Hou, C.H. and Huang, C.Y. 2013. A comparative study of electrosorption
selesctivity of ions by activated carbon electrodes in capacitive
deionization. Desalination 314: 124-129.
90
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Hou, C.H., Huang, J.F., Lin, H.R., and Wang, B.Y. 2012. Preparation of activated
carbon sheet electrode assisted electrosorption process. Journal of the
Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 43: 473-479.
Huang, W., Zhang, Y., Bao, S., and Song S. 2013. Desalination by capacitive
deionization with carbon-based materials as electrode: a review. Surface
Review and Letters. Vol. 20. No. 6: 1330003.
Kementerian
Pertanian.
2015.
Hasil
komoditas
perkebunan.
http://www.pertanian.go.id/
[online].
http://aplikasi.pertanian.go.id/bdsp/hasil_kom.asp. [2 Maret 2015].
Kirk, O. 1992. Encyclopedia of chemical technology: Bearing materials to carbon.
4th ed. USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Kurniawan, R., Lutfi, M. dan Nugroho, W.A. 2014. Karakterisasi luas permukaan
BET (Braunanear, Emmelt dan Teller)karbon aktif dari tempurung kelapa
dan tandan kosong kelapa sawit dengan aktivasi asam fosfat (H3PO4).
Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian Tropis dan Biosistem Vol. 2 No. 1
Lee, J.B., Park, K.K., Yoon, S.W., Park, P.Y., Park, K.I, and Lee, C.W. 2009.
Desalination performance of a carbon-based composite electrode.
Desalination 237: 155–161.
Li, H. and Zou, L. 2011. Ion exchange membrane capacitive deionization: A new
strategy for brackish water desalination. Desalination 275: 62-66.
Li, H., Zou, L., Pan, L., and Sun, Z. 2010. Using grapheme nano-flakes as
electrodes to remove ferric irons by capacitive deionization. Separation
and Purification Technology 75: 8-14.
Nurdiansyah, H. dan Susanti, D. 2013. Pengaruh variasi temperatur karbonisasi
dan temperatur aktivasi fisika dari elektroda karbon aktif tempurung
kelapa dan tempurung kluwak terhadap nilai kapasitansi Electric Double
Layer Capacitor (EDLC). Jurnal Teknik Pomits Vol. 2 No. 1: F13-F18
Nurulita, U. dan Mifbakhuddin. 2015. Adsorbsi gas karbon monoksida (CO)
dalam ruangan dengan karbon aktif tempurung kelapa dan kulit durian.
The 2nd University Research Coloquium: 297-306.
Oren, Y. 2008. Capacitive deionization (CDI) for desalination and water treatment
– past, present and future (a review). Desalination 228: 10-29.
Pambayun, G.S., Yulianto, R.E., Rachmimoellah, M. dan Putri E.M.M. 2013.
Pembuatan karbon aktif dari arang tempurung kelapa dengan aktivator
ZnCl2 dan Na2CO3 sebagai adsorben untuk mengurangi kadar fenol dalam
air limbah. Jurnal Teknik Pomits Vol.2 No. 1: F116-F120.
Pardamean, M., 2014. Mengelola kebun dan pabrik kelapa sawit secara
profesional. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya.
Park, B.H. and Choi, J.H. 2010. Improvement in the capacitive of carbon
electrode prepared using water-soluble polymer binder for a capacitive
deionization application. Electrochimica Acta 55: 2888-2893.
Park, J.S., Song, J.H., Yeon, K.H., and Moon, S.H. 2007. Removal of hardness
ions from tap water using electromembrane processes. Desalination 202:
1-8.
Pramartaningthyas, E.K., Endarko dan Muntini, M.S. 2014. Optimasi adsorpsi
ion-ion NaCl pada elektroda capacitive deionization dengan membran
pertukaran ion. Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya. Vol. 10 No. 10: 44-48.
91
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Pröbstle, H., Wiener, M., Fricke, J. 2003. Carbon aerogels for electrochemical
double layer capacitors. Journal Porous Mater 10: 213-222.
Rampe, M.J. 2015. Konversi arang tempurung kelapa menjadi elektroda karbon.
Chem. Prog. Vol. 8 No. 2: 77-86.
Roque-Malherbe, R.M.A. 2010. The Physical Chemistry of Materials. CRC Press.
New York.
Rosi, M., Ekaputra, M.P., Iskandar, F., Abdullah, M. dan Khairurrijal. 2012.
Superkapasitor menggunakan polimer hidrogel elektrolit dan elektroda
nanopori karbon. Di dalam: Prosiding Seminar Nasional Material 2012;
Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung. Hlm 42-45.
Strathmann, H. 2010. Electrodialysis, a mature technology with a multitude
of new applications. Desalination 264: 268-288.
Subadra, I., Setiaji, B. dan Tahir, I. 2005. Activated Carbon Production From
Coconut Shell With (NH4)HCO3 Activator As An Adsorbent In Virgin
Coconut Oil Purification. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Subramani, A., Badruzzaman, M., Oppenheimer, J., and Jacangelo, J.G. 2011.
Energy minimization strategies and renewable energy utilization for
desalination: A review. Water Research 45: 1907-1920.
Tipler, P.A. 2001 Fisika Untuk Sains dan Teknik. Jilid 2. Edisi Ketiga.
(diterjemahkan oleh : Soegijono, B.). Jakarta: Erlangga.
[UNESCO] United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,
United Nations World Water Assessment Programme. 2014.
Water
and Energy. Volume 1 : 19. UNESCO CLD, France
Wahyudi, W.B. 2013. Keefektivan ketebalan kombinasi zeolit dengan arang aktif
tempurung kelapa dalam menurunkan kadar kesadahan air sumur gali.
Surakarta: Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
Wang, L., Wang, M., Huang, Z.H., Cui, T., Gui, X., Kang, F., Wang, K., and Wu,
D. 2011. Capacitive deionization of NaCl solutions using carbon nanotube
sponge electrodes. Journals of Materials Chemistry 21: 18295-18299.
Wati, G.A., Rohmawati, L. dan Putri, N.P. 2015. Kapasitansi elektroda
superkapasitor dari tempurung kelapa. Jurnal Fisika Vol. 04 No.01: 6-9.
Wenten, I.G., Khoiruddin, Aryanti, P.T.P., dan Hakim, A.N. 2010. Pengantar
teknologi membran. Bandung: Departemen Teknik Kimia Institut
Teknologi Bandung.
Wenten, I.G. 2016. Teknologi membran: Prospek dan tantangannya di Indonesia.
Orasi Ilmiah Guru Besar. Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung.
Yang, K., Peng, J., Srinivasakannan, C., Zhang, L., Xia, H., and Duan, X. 2010.
Preparation of high surface area activated carbon from coconut shells
using microwave heating. Bioresource Technology 101: 6163-6169.
Zou, L. 2011. Developing nano-structured carbon electrodes for capacitive
brackish water desalination. In: Expanding Issues in Desalination ed. Prof.
Robert Y. Ning. In Tech. pp. 302-318.
92
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Barakat, N.A.M, Deen, A.G.E., and Khalil, K.H. 2014. Effective modified carbon
nanofibers as electrodes for capacitive deionization process. Journal of
Materials Science and Chemical Engineering 2: 38-42.
Barsoukov, E. and Macdonald, J.R. 2005. Impedance Spectroscopy: Theory,
Experiment, and Applications. Second Edition. New Jersey: John Wiley
and Sons, Inc.
BASi Corporate Headquarters. 2015. BASi VC-2 Voltammetry Cell [online].
http://www.basinc.com/products/ec/vc2.php [21 April 2015].
Biesheuvel, P.M. and Wal, A.V.D. 2010. Membrane capacitive deionization.
Journal of Membrane Science 346: 256-262.
Biesheuvel, P.M., Zhao, R., Porada, S., and Wal, A.V.D. 2011. Theory of
membrane capacitive deionization including the effect of the electrode
pore space. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 360: 239-248.
Choi, J.H. 2010. Fabrication of a carbon electrode using activated carbon powder
and application to the capacitive deionization process. Separation and
Purification Technology 70: 362-366.
Conway, B.E. 1999. Electrochemical supercapacitors. New York: Springer
Science+ Business Media.
Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia. 2016. Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia.
http://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/kbbi/index.php.
[30
September 2016].
Dlugolecki, P. and Wal, A.V.D. 2013. Energy recovery in membrane capacitive
deionization. Environmental Science and Technology 47: 4904−4910
Effendi, H. 2003. Telaah Kualitas Air Bagi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya dan
Lingkungan Perairan. Kanisius. Yogyakarta.
Erizal, Darmawan, Basril, A. dan Sudirman. 2012. Pengaruh teknik beku leleh
dan dosis iradiasi gamma pada pelepasan resorsinol dari matriks hidrogel
polivinilalkohol. Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia. Edisi Khusus Material
untuk Kesehatan; 15-21.
Fatimah, I. dan Endarko. 2013. Fabrikasi dan karakterisasi eektroda untuk sistem
Capacitive Deionization (CDI) pada proses desalinasi larutan NaCl dengan
metode Freezing-Thawing. Teori dan Aplikasi Fisika. Vol. 01. No. 02:
137-144.
Gabrielli, C., Maurin, G., Chausson, H.F., Thery, P., Tran, T.T.M., dan Tlili, M.
2006. Electrochemical water softening: principle and application.
Desalination 201: 150-163.
Hartati, Retno, Suwartimah, Ken dan Suryono, C.A. 2005. Pemanfaatan karbon
aktif dari limbah kelapa untuk peningkatan kwalitas air tambak guna
peningkatan produksi hasil tambak desa Muara Reja kota Tegal.
Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro.
Hassan, C.M. and Peppas, A. 2000. Structure and applications of poly(vynil
alcohol) hidrogels produced by conventional crosslinking or by
freezing/thawing methods. Polymer Science. Vol. 153: 37-65.
Hou, C.H. and Huang, C.Y. 2013. A comparative study of electrosorption
selesctivity of ions by activated carbon electrodes in capacitive
deionization. Desalination 314: 124-129.
90
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Hou, C.H., Huang, J.F., Lin, H.R., and Wang, B.Y. 2012. Preparation of activated
carbon sheet electrode assisted electrosorption process. Journal of the
Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 43: 473-479.
Huang, W., Zhang, Y., Bao, S., and Song S. 2013. Desalination by capacitive
deionization with carbon-based materials as electrode: a review. Surface
Review and Letters. Vol. 20. No. 6: 1330003.
Kementerian
Pertanian.
2015.
Hasil
komoditas
perkebunan.
http://www.pertanian.go.id/
[online].
http://aplikasi.pertanian.go.id/bdsp/hasil_kom.asp. [2 Maret 2015].
Kirk, O. 1992. Encyclopedia of chemical technology: Bearing materials to carbon.
4th ed. USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Kurniawan, R., Lutfi, M. dan Nugroho, W.A. 2014. Karakterisasi luas permukaan
BET (Braunanear, Emmelt dan Teller)karbon aktif dari tempurung kelapa
dan tandan kosong kelapa sawit dengan aktivasi asam fosfat (H3PO4).
Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian Tropis dan Biosistem Vol. 2 No. 1
Lee, J.B., Park, K.K., Yoon, S.W., Park, P.Y., Park, K.I, and Lee, C.W. 2009.
Desalination performance of a carbon-based composite electrode.
Desalination 237: 155–161.
Li, H. and Zou, L. 2011. Ion exchange membrane capacitive deionization: A new
strategy for brackish water desalination. Desalination 275: 62-66.
Li, H., Zou, L., Pan, L., and Sun, Z. 2010. Using grapheme nano-flakes as
electrodes to remove ferric irons by capacitive deionization. Separation
and Purification Technology 75: 8-14.
Nurdiansyah, H. dan Susanti, D. 2013. Pengaruh variasi temperatur karbonisasi
dan temperatur aktivasi fisika dari elektroda karbon aktif tempurung
kelapa dan tempurung kluwak terhadap nilai kapasitansi Electric Double
Layer Capacitor (EDLC). Jurnal Teknik Pomits Vol. 2 No. 1: F13-F18
Nurulita, U. dan Mifbakhuddin. 2015. Adsorbsi gas karbon monoksida (CO)
dalam ruangan dengan karbon aktif tempurung kelapa dan kulit durian.
The 2nd University Research Coloquium: 297-306.
Oren, Y. 2008. Capacitive deionization (CDI) for desalination and water treatment
– past, present and future (a review). Desalination 228: 10-29.
Pambayun, G.S., Yulianto, R.E., Rachmimoellah, M. dan Putri E.M.M. 2013.
Pembuatan karbon aktif dari arang tempurung kelapa dengan aktivator
ZnCl2 dan Na2CO3 sebagai adsorben untuk mengurangi kadar fenol dalam
air limbah. Jurnal Teknik Pomits Vol.2 No. 1: F116-F120.
Pardamean, M., 2014. Mengelola kebun dan pabrik kelapa sawit secara
profesional. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya.
Park, B.H. and Choi, J.H. 2010. Improvement in the capacitive of carbon
electrode prepared using water-soluble polymer binder for a capacitive
deionization application. Electrochimica Acta 55: 2888-2893.
Park, J.S., Song, J.H., Yeon, K.H., and Moon, S.H. 2007. Removal of hardness
ions from tap water using electromembrane processes. Desalination 202:
1-8.
Pramartaningthyas, E.K., Endarko dan Muntini, M.S. 2014. Optimasi adsorpsi
ion-ion NaCl pada elektroda capacitive deionization dengan membran
pertukaran ion. Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya. Vol. 10 No. 10: 44-48.
91
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Pröbstle, H., Wiener, M., Fricke, J. 2003. Carbon aerogels for electrochemical
double layer capacitors. Journal Porous Mater 10: 213-222.
Rampe, M.J. 2015. Konversi arang tempurung kelapa menjadi elektroda karbon.
Chem. Prog. Vol. 8 No. 2: 77-86.
Roque-Malherbe, R.M.A. 2010. The Physical Chemistry of Materials. CRC Press.
New York.
Rosi, M., Ekaputra, M.P., Iskandar, F., Abdullah, M. dan Khairurrijal. 2012.
Superkapasitor menggunakan polimer hidrogel elektrolit dan elektroda
nanopori karbon. Di dalam: Prosiding Seminar Nasional Material 2012;
Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung. Hlm 42-45.
Strathmann, H. 2010. Electrodialysis, a mature technology with a multitude
of new applications. Desalination 264: 268-288.
Subadra, I., Setiaji, B. dan Tahir, I. 2005. Activated Carbon Production From
Coconut Shell With (NH4)HCO3 Activator As An Adsorbent In Virgin
Coconut Oil Purification. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Subramani, A., Badruzzaman, M., Oppenheimer, J., and Jacangelo, J.G. 2011.
Energy minimization strategies and renewable energy utilization for
desalination: A review. Water Research 45: 1907-1920.
Tipler, P.A. 2001 Fisika Untuk Sains dan Teknik. Jilid 2. Edisi Ketiga.
(diterjemahkan oleh : Soegijono, B.). Jakarta: Erlangga.
[UNESCO] United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,
United Nations World Water Assessment Programme. 2014.
Water
and Energy. Volume 1 : 19. UNESCO CLD, France
Wahyudi, W.B. 2013. Keefektivan ketebalan kombinasi zeolit dengan arang aktif
tempurung kelapa dalam menurunkan kadar kesadahan air sumur gali.
Surakarta: Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
Wang, L., Wang, M., Huang, Z.H., Cui, T., Gui, X., Kang, F., Wang, K., and Wu,
D. 2011. Capacitive deionization of NaCl solutions using carbon nanotube
sponge electrodes. Journals of Materials Chemistry 21: 18295-18299.
Wati, G.A., Rohmawati, L. dan Putri, N.P. 2015. Kapasitansi elektroda
superkapasitor dari tempurung kelapa. Jurnal Fisika Vol. 04 No.01: 6-9.
Wenten, I.G., Khoiruddin, Aryanti, P.T.P., dan Hakim, A.N. 2010. Pengantar
teknologi membran. Bandung: Departemen Teknik Kimia Institut
Teknologi Bandung.
Wenten, I.G. 2016. Teknologi membran: Prospek dan tantangannya di Indonesia.
Orasi Ilmiah Guru Besar. Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung.
Yang, K., Peng, J., Srinivasakannan, C., Zhang, L., Xia, H., and Duan, X. 2010.
Preparation of high surface area activated carbon from coconut shells
using microwave heating. Bioresource Technology 101: 6163-6169.
Zou, L. 2011. Developing nano-structured carbon electrodes for capacitive
brackish water desalination. In: Expanding Issues in Desalination ed. Prof.
Robert Y. Ning. In Tech. pp. 302-318.
92
Universitas Sumatera Utara