An Analysis Of Translation Procedures And Problems Of Non-Equivalence In Goenawan Mohamad’s Poems
AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES AND PROBLEMS OF
NON-EQUIVALENCE IN GOENAWAN MOHAMAD’S POEMS
A THESIS
BY
DIAN ZELINA FITRIYANI
REG. NO. 120705004
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2016
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University
of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head,
Secretary,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D
NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002
NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002
3
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for
the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of
Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara on 23 March 2016
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A.
NIP.19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
___________________
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D.
___________________
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A.
___________________
Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, SH. M.A.
___________________
Dr. Deliana, M.Hum.
___________________
4
Universitas Sumatera Utara
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, DIAN ZELINA FITRIYANI, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR
OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT
OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED
ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A
THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR A WARDED ANOTHER
DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT
DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS
THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER
DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed :
Date
: March 23rd, 2016
v
Universitas Sumatera Utara
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME
: DIAN ZELINA FITRIYANI
TITLE OF THESIS
: AN
ANALYSIS
OF
TRANSLATION
PROCEDURES AND PROBLEMS OF NONEQUIVALENCE
IN
GOENAWAN
MOHAMAD’S POEMS
QUALIFICATION
:
S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT
: ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW
OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed
:
Date
: March 23rd , 2016
vi
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,
First of all, I would like to thank Allah SWT, for His compassion and
blessing given to me to finish this thesis. Salawat and salam to the Prophet and the
most noble Messenger, our Prophet Muhammad SAW, along with his family and his
companions.
My very special gratitude is for my beloved parents, M. Zein and Leli
Rabiani, especially for my mother, for her support, advice, pray for me everytime
and for everything. I cannot live without you. Thank you to my one-and-only sister,
Dessy Tri Octavianti, who always cherishes and supports me in everything I do.
Thank you to my sister’s husband, Rahmadi, who also supports me in doing this
research. To my little boys, Fatih & Arya, you both always make your aunty laugh,
crazy and happy. Also, thank you to my brothers, Alm. Yulius Zeini Putra and Alm.
Minang Irawan, for being my motivators everyday.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A.,
as the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, and also as
my supervisor for his kindness, knowledge, patience and motivation for me to write
and finish this thesis. Also, I would like to thank Dr. Umar Mono, Dip. Trans,
M.Hum., as my co-supervisor for his kindness and knowledge to help me in writing
this thesis.
My gratitude also goes to the Head and the Secretary of English Department,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D., and all of
vii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
the lecturers and the staffs of English Department for the facilities and opportunities
given to me during my study in this faculty.
I also want to thank my beloved boyfriend, Rizki Putra Ananda Lubis, for his
support everytime, the laugh, the happiness and sadness we shared together. You
always make my day, Baby. For my crazy girls, Miranda, Yayu, Indah, Oki, Feny,
Tiffani and Wiwid, thanks for the time, the laugh, the crazy moments we spent
together. Also for all my friends in English Literature University of Sumatera Utara,
especially Class B 2012, I will never forget you guys. May we all be successful in
the future. Amin.
I am really grateful to have everyone supporting me in the process of writing
this thesis. Thank you so much for the support, care, pray, love and affection you all
have given to me.
Finally, may this thesis be advantegous for the readers, may the grace and
love of the Almighty Allah SWT be with us all forever. Amin.
Medan, March 2016
Dian Zelina Fitriyani
Reg. No. 120705004
viii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRACT
The thesis entitled “An Analysis of Translation Procedures and Problems of Nonequivalence in Goenawan Mohamad’s Poems” is a linguistics study which discusses
about the translation procedures applied and problems of non-equivalence found in
translating Mohamad’s poems. The theory used to identify and classify the
translation procedures is Vinay and Dalbernet’s theory. Mona Baker’s theory is used
to find the problems of non-equivalence in meaning and Lefevere’s theory is used to
see the form equivalence in the translation of Mohamad’s poems by Laksmi
Pamuntjak. The method of the analysis is descriptive qualitative method. As the
result of this research, the most dominant procedure applied in translating
Mohamad’s poems into English is literal translation with 21 occurences (40,39%),
followed by modulation with 16 occurences (30,77%), equivalence with 12
occurences (23,07%) and adaptation with 3 occurences (5,77%). There are three
problems of non-equivalence that occured according to Baker’s theory. First, the
source language and target language make different distinction in meaning. Second,
the source language concept is not lexicalized in the target language. Third,
differences in expressive meaning. The translation of the poems is not equivalent in
form, according to Lefevere’s theory it is concluded that the rhyme scheme of the
original poems is replaced differently in its translation. Therefore, it can be
concluded that the translation is incompletely equivalent, because the translation is
equivalent only in meaning, but not also in form.
Key words: procedure, problem of non-equivalence, literal translation.
ix
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRAK
Skripsi yang berjudul “An Analysis of Translation Procedures and Problems of Nonequivalence in Goenawan Mohamad’s Poems” merupakan suatu kajian linguistik
yang membahas tentang prosedur penerjemahan dan masalah ketidaksepadanan yang
ditemukan dalam menerjemahkan puisi-puisi Goenawan Mohamad. Teori yang
digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengklasifikasi prosedur penerjemahan
adalah teori Vinay dan Dalbernet. Teori Mona Baker digunakan untuk menemukan
masalah ketidaksepadanan dalam makna dan teori Lefevere digunakan untuk melihat
kesepadanan bentuk pada terjemahan puisi-puisi Goenawan Mohamad yang
diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris oleh Laksmi Pamuntjak. Metode penelitian
yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil dari
penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa prosedur yang paling dominan digunakan dalam
menerjemahkan puisi-puisi Goenawan Mohamad adalah prosedur terjemahan literal
sebanyak 21 temuan (40,39%), diikuti oleh prosedur modulasi sebanyak 16 temuan
(30,77%), prosedur equivalence sebanyak 12 temuan (23,07%) dan prosedur adaptasi
sebanyak 3 temuan (5,77%). Terdapat tiga masalah ketidaksepadanan yang
ditemukan berdasarkan teori Mona Baker. Pertama, bahasa sumber dan bahasa
sasaran membuat perbedaan dalam makna. Kedua, konsep kata pada bahasa sumber
tidak ditemukan di dalam bahasa sasaran. Ketiga, perbedaan dalam makna ekspresif.
Terjemahan puisi-puisi Goenawan Mohamad tidak sepadan dalam bentuk,
berdasarkan teori Lefevere dapat disimpulkan bahwa persajakan pada puisi yang asli
tidak sama dengan terjemahannya. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa
terjemahan tersebut tidak sepadan secara keseluruhan, karena terjemahan tersebut
hanya sepadan pada makna, namun tidak pada bentuk.
Kata kunci: prosedur, masalah ketidaksepadanan, terjemahan literal.
x
Universitas Sumatera Utara
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION......................................................................
v
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ..................................................................
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...............................................................................
vii
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................
xi
LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................
xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study ...................................................
1
1.2 Problem of the Study .........................................................
3
1.3 Objective of the Study .......................................................
4
1.4 Scope of the Study ............................................................
4
1.5 Significance of the Study ..................................................
4
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1. Definition of Translation ...................................................
5
2.2. Process of Translation .......................................................
5
2.3. Procedures of Translation ..................................................
6
2.3.1. Procedure 1: Borrowing ..........................................
6
2.3.2. Procedure 2: Calque ................................................
7
2.3.3. Procedure 3: Literal Translation ..............................
7
2.3.4. Procedure 4: Transposition ......................................
8
2.3.5. Procedure 5: Modulation .........................................
8
2.3.6. Procedure 6: Adaptation ..........................................
8
2.3.7. Procedure 7: Equivalence ........................................
8
2.4. Common Problems of Non-equivalence at Meaning Level
2.4.1. Culture-Specific Concept ........................................
9
9
2.4.2. The Source-Language Concept Is Not Lexicalized in
xi
Universitas Sumatera Utara
the Target Language ...............................................
9
2.4.3. The Source-Language Word Is Semantically Complex 10
2.4.4. The Source and Target Language Make Different
Distinctions in Meaning .........................................
10
2.4.5. The Target Language Lacks A Superordinate .........
11
2.4.6. The Target Language Lacks A Specific Term
(Hyponym) ..............................................................
11
2.4.7. Differences in Physical or Interpersonal Perspective
12
2.4.8. Differences in Expressive Meaning ........................
12
2.5. Form Equivalence in Translating Poetry ...........................
13
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1. Research Design ................................................................
15
3.2. Data and Source of Data ....................................................
15
3.3. Data Collecting Method ....................................................
16
3.4.Data Analysis Method ........................................................
16
3.5. Data Percentage .................................................................
17
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1. Data Description ................................................................
18
4.2. Data Analysis.....................................................................
20
4.3. Findings .............................................................................
42
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusion .........................................................................
44
5.2. Suggestion .........................................................................
45
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................
47
APPENDICES
xii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1. Firman ke-12 (The 12th Commandment) ........................................... 18
Table 4.2. Sang Minotaur (The Minotaur) ........................................................... 19
Table 4.3. Doa Persembunyian (Prayer for Refuge) ............................................ 19
Table 4.4. The Classification of Firman ke-12 (The 12th Commandment) ......... 20
Table 4.5. The Classification of Sang Minotaur (The Minotaur) ......................... 26
Table 4.6. The Classification of Doa Persembunyian (Prayer for Refuge) .......... 35
Table 4.7. Translation Procedures Found in Goenawan Mohamad’s Poems ....... 43
xiii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
NON-EQUIVALENCE IN GOENAWAN MOHAMAD’S POEMS
A THESIS
BY
DIAN ZELINA FITRIYANI
REG. NO. 120705004
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2016
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University
of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head,
Secretary,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D
NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002
NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002
3
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for
the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of
Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara on 23 March 2016
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A.
NIP.19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.
___________________
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D.
___________________
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A.
___________________
Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, SH. M.A.
___________________
Dr. Deliana, M.Hum.
___________________
4
Universitas Sumatera Utara
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, DIAN ZELINA FITRIYANI, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR
OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT
OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED
ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A
THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR A WARDED ANOTHER
DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT
DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS
THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER
DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed :
Date
: March 23rd, 2016
v
Universitas Sumatera Utara
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME
: DIAN ZELINA FITRIYANI
TITLE OF THESIS
: AN
ANALYSIS
OF
TRANSLATION
PROCEDURES AND PROBLEMS OF NONEQUIVALENCE
IN
GOENAWAN
MOHAMAD’S POEMS
QUALIFICATION
:
S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT
: ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW
OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed
:
Date
: March 23rd , 2016
vi
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,
First of all, I would like to thank Allah SWT, for His compassion and
blessing given to me to finish this thesis. Salawat and salam to the Prophet and the
most noble Messenger, our Prophet Muhammad SAW, along with his family and his
companions.
My very special gratitude is for my beloved parents, M. Zein and Leli
Rabiani, especially for my mother, for her support, advice, pray for me everytime
and for everything. I cannot live without you. Thank you to my one-and-only sister,
Dessy Tri Octavianti, who always cherishes and supports me in everything I do.
Thank you to my sister’s husband, Rahmadi, who also supports me in doing this
research. To my little boys, Fatih & Arya, you both always make your aunty laugh,
crazy and happy. Also, thank you to my brothers, Alm. Yulius Zeini Putra and Alm.
Minang Irawan, for being my motivators everyday.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A.,
as the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, and also as
my supervisor for his kindness, knowledge, patience and motivation for me to write
and finish this thesis. Also, I would like to thank Dr. Umar Mono, Dip. Trans,
M.Hum., as my co-supervisor for his kindness and knowledge to help me in writing
this thesis.
My gratitude also goes to the Head and the Secretary of English Department,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D., and all of
vii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
the lecturers and the staffs of English Department for the facilities and opportunities
given to me during my study in this faculty.
I also want to thank my beloved boyfriend, Rizki Putra Ananda Lubis, for his
support everytime, the laugh, the happiness and sadness we shared together. You
always make my day, Baby. For my crazy girls, Miranda, Yayu, Indah, Oki, Feny,
Tiffani and Wiwid, thanks for the time, the laugh, the crazy moments we spent
together. Also for all my friends in English Literature University of Sumatera Utara,
especially Class B 2012, I will never forget you guys. May we all be successful in
the future. Amin.
I am really grateful to have everyone supporting me in the process of writing
this thesis. Thank you so much for the support, care, pray, love and affection you all
have given to me.
Finally, may this thesis be advantegous for the readers, may the grace and
love of the Almighty Allah SWT be with us all forever. Amin.
Medan, March 2016
Dian Zelina Fitriyani
Reg. No. 120705004
viii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRACT
The thesis entitled “An Analysis of Translation Procedures and Problems of Nonequivalence in Goenawan Mohamad’s Poems” is a linguistics study which discusses
about the translation procedures applied and problems of non-equivalence found in
translating Mohamad’s poems. The theory used to identify and classify the
translation procedures is Vinay and Dalbernet’s theory. Mona Baker’s theory is used
to find the problems of non-equivalence in meaning and Lefevere’s theory is used to
see the form equivalence in the translation of Mohamad’s poems by Laksmi
Pamuntjak. The method of the analysis is descriptive qualitative method. As the
result of this research, the most dominant procedure applied in translating
Mohamad’s poems into English is literal translation with 21 occurences (40,39%),
followed by modulation with 16 occurences (30,77%), equivalence with 12
occurences (23,07%) and adaptation with 3 occurences (5,77%). There are three
problems of non-equivalence that occured according to Baker’s theory. First, the
source language and target language make different distinction in meaning. Second,
the source language concept is not lexicalized in the target language. Third,
differences in expressive meaning. The translation of the poems is not equivalent in
form, according to Lefevere’s theory it is concluded that the rhyme scheme of the
original poems is replaced differently in its translation. Therefore, it can be
concluded that the translation is incompletely equivalent, because the translation is
equivalent only in meaning, but not also in form.
Key words: procedure, problem of non-equivalence, literal translation.
ix
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRAK
Skripsi yang berjudul “An Analysis of Translation Procedures and Problems of Nonequivalence in Goenawan Mohamad’s Poems” merupakan suatu kajian linguistik
yang membahas tentang prosedur penerjemahan dan masalah ketidaksepadanan yang
ditemukan dalam menerjemahkan puisi-puisi Goenawan Mohamad. Teori yang
digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengklasifikasi prosedur penerjemahan
adalah teori Vinay dan Dalbernet. Teori Mona Baker digunakan untuk menemukan
masalah ketidaksepadanan dalam makna dan teori Lefevere digunakan untuk melihat
kesepadanan bentuk pada terjemahan puisi-puisi Goenawan Mohamad yang
diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris oleh Laksmi Pamuntjak. Metode penelitian
yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil dari
penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa prosedur yang paling dominan digunakan dalam
menerjemahkan puisi-puisi Goenawan Mohamad adalah prosedur terjemahan literal
sebanyak 21 temuan (40,39%), diikuti oleh prosedur modulasi sebanyak 16 temuan
(30,77%), prosedur equivalence sebanyak 12 temuan (23,07%) dan prosedur adaptasi
sebanyak 3 temuan (5,77%). Terdapat tiga masalah ketidaksepadanan yang
ditemukan berdasarkan teori Mona Baker. Pertama, bahasa sumber dan bahasa
sasaran membuat perbedaan dalam makna. Kedua, konsep kata pada bahasa sumber
tidak ditemukan di dalam bahasa sasaran. Ketiga, perbedaan dalam makna ekspresif.
Terjemahan puisi-puisi Goenawan Mohamad tidak sepadan dalam bentuk,
berdasarkan teori Lefevere dapat disimpulkan bahwa persajakan pada puisi yang asli
tidak sama dengan terjemahannya. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa
terjemahan tersebut tidak sepadan secara keseluruhan, karena terjemahan tersebut
hanya sepadan pada makna, namun tidak pada bentuk.
Kata kunci: prosedur, masalah ketidaksepadanan, terjemahan literal.
x
Universitas Sumatera Utara
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION......................................................................
v
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ..................................................................
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...............................................................................
vii
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................
xi
LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................
xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study ...................................................
1
1.2 Problem of the Study .........................................................
3
1.3 Objective of the Study .......................................................
4
1.4 Scope of the Study ............................................................
4
1.5 Significance of the Study ..................................................
4
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1. Definition of Translation ...................................................
5
2.2. Process of Translation .......................................................
5
2.3. Procedures of Translation ..................................................
6
2.3.1. Procedure 1: Borrowing ..........................................
6
2.3.2. Procedure 2: Calque ................................................
7
2.3.3. Procedure 3: Literal Translation ..............................
7
2.3.4. Procedure 4: Transposition ......................................
8
2.3.5. Procedure 5: Modulation .........................................
8
2.3.6. Procedure 6: Adaptation ..........................................
8
2.3.7. Procedure 7: Equivalence ........................................
8
2.4. Common Problems of Non-equivalence at Meaning Level
2.4.1. Culture-Specific Concept ........................................
9
9
2.4.2. The Source-Language Concept Is Not Lexicalized in
xi
Universitas Sumatera Utara
the Target Language ...............................................
9
2.4.3. The Source-Language Word Is Semantically Complex 10
2.4.4. The Source and Target Language Make Different
Distinctions in Meaning .........................................
10
2.4.5. The Target Language Lacks A Superordinate .........
11
2.4.6. The Target Language Lacks A Specific Term
(Hyponym) ..............................................................
11
2.4.7. Differences in Physical or Interpersonal Perspective
12
2.4.8. Differences in Expressive Meaning ........................
12
2.5. Form Equivalence in Translating Poetry ...........................
13
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1. Research Design ................................................................
15
3.2. Data and Source of Data ....................................................
15
3.3. Data Collecting Method ....................................................
16
3.4.Data Analysis Method ........................................................
16
3.5. Data Percentage .................................................................
17
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1. Data Description ................................................................
18
4.2. Data Analysis.....................................................................
20
4.3. Findings .............................................................................
42
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusion .........................................................................
44
5.2. Suggestion .........................................................................
45
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................
47
APPENDICES
xii
Universitas Sumatera Utara
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1. Firman ke-12 (The 12th Commandment) ........................................... 18
Table 4.2. Sang Minotaur (The Minotaur) ........................................................... 19
Table 4.3. Doa Persembunyian (Prayer for Refuge) ............................................ 19
Table 4.4. The Classification of Firman ke-12 (The 12th Commandment) ......... 20
Table 4.5. The Classification of Sang Minotaur (The Minotaur) ......................... 26
Table 4.6. The Classification of Doa Persembunyian (Prayer for Refuge) .......... 35
Table 4.7. Translation Procedures Found in Goenawan Mohamad’s Poems ....... 43
xiii
Universitas Sumatera Utara