A COMPREHENSION DISTURBANCE ANALYSIS OF JOHN NASH AS A SCHIZOPHRENIC CHARACTER IN “A BEAUTIFUL MIND” MOVIE.

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THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana

Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities UIN

Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

SANTRY RAHMATULLAH

Reg. Number: A83212180

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL

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ABSTRACT

Santry Rahmatullah. 2016. A Comprehension Disturbance Analysis of John Nash as A Schizophrenic Character in “A Beautiful Mind” Movie. Thesis. English Department. Faculty of Letters andHumanities. States Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

The Advisor:Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.ag.

Key words: Comprehension disturbance, schizophrenia, schizophrenia speech This research focuses on analyzing comprehension disturbance of the schizophrenic character in “A Beautiful Mind” movie. The aims of this research are to find out the kinds of comprehension disturbance which suffered by John Nash as a schizophrenic character and to analyze the context causing a comprehension disturbance through movie dialogue.

This research use descriptive qualitative method which describe about comprehension disturbance, language disorder, schizophrenia speech and attempts to explore the application of sentence form as language disorder on language comprehension in schizophrenic utterances which are spoken by John Nash with using Nancy Coover Andreasen’s theory.

From the analysis, researcher found eight types of comprehension disturbance which suffered by John Nash, they are: derailment, flight of ideas, blocking, pressure of speech, circumstantiality, perseveration, incoherence and irrelevant answer. The second finding of this research shows that the schizophrenic character of “A Beautiful Mind” movie have a disturbance in his language, especially in the language comprehension, because his thought influenced by his delusion and hallucination.

The researcher hopes that this research can give a new contribution to the readers, especially the students who are interested in the understanding of the schizophrenic illness.

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The Advisor:Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.ag.

Key words: Gangguan pemahaman, penyakit skizofrenia, cara bicara skizofrenia Penelitian ini berfokus pada analisis gangguan pemahaman dari karakter skizofrenia di film Beautiful Mind. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis gangguan pemahaman yang diderita oleh John Nash sebagai karakter skizofrenia dan menganalisis konteks yang menyebabkan gangguan pemahaman melalui dialog film.

Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif yang menggambarkan tentang gangguan pemahaman, gangguan bahasa, cara bicara skizofrenia dan upaya untuk mengeksplorasi penerapan bentuk kalimat sebagai gangguan bahasa pada pemahaman bahasa dalam ucapan skizofrenia yang diucapkan oleh John Nash dengan menggunakan teori Nancy Coover Andreasen. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa karakter skizofrenia dari film Beautiful Mind memiliki gangguan dalam bahasanya, terutama dalam pemahaman bahasa, karena dipengaruhi oleh delusi dan halusinasi nya.

Dari analisa tersebut, peneliti menemukan delapan jenis gangguan pemahaman yang diderita oleh John Nash, contohnya adalah: penggelinciran dalam pikiran, penyimpangan ide, pengempangan, tekanan berbicara, sifat terperinci, perseverasi, inkoherensi dan jawabannya tidak relevan. Temuan kedua dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa karakter pengidap skizofrenia dalam film "A Beautiful Mind" memiliki gangguan dalam bahasanya, terutama dalam pemahaman bahasa, karena pemikirannya dipengaruhi oleh delusi dan halusinasi nya.

Peneliti berharap bahwa penelitian ini dapat memberikan kontribusi baru untuk para pembaca, terutama para mahasiswa yang tertarik dalam memahami penyakit skizofrenia.

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Inside Cover Page ……… i

Inside Title Page ……….. ii

Declaration Page ……….. iii

Approval Sheet ………. iv

Examiner’s Approval Sheet……….. v

Motto ……… vi

Dedication Page ……… vii

Acknowledgement ……… viii

Table of Contents ………. xi

Abstract ……… xiii

Abstrak ……… xiv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ………1

1.1 Background of the Study ……… 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem ……… 5

1.3 Objective of the Study ……… 5

1.4 Significance of the Study ………. 5

1.5 Limitation of the Study……… 6

1.6 Definition of Key Terms ……… 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ……… 8

2.1 Psycholinguistic ……… 8

2.2 Comprehension disturbance and language disorder……….. 10

2.3 Thought disorder ……….. 10

2.4 Schizophrenia….………...……….. 11

2.5 The characteristics of language disorder suffered by schizophrenia … 12 2.6 Schizophrenia Speech ……… 13

2.7 Schizophrenia Symptoms ………24

2.8 John Forbes Nash ……… 25

2.9 Related Studies ……….. 26 xi

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3.1 Research Approach……….…….……….. 29

3.2 The Data & Data Source………. 30

3.3 Data Collection ……… 30

3.4 Data Analysis ……… 31

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ……… 32

4.1 Findings ……….. 32

4.2 Discussion ……….. 44

4.2.1 The Kinds of Comprehension Disturbance or Schizophrenia Speech Suffered By John Nash as a Schizophrenic Character …. 44 4.2.2 The Context Causing the Comprehension Disturbance ….. ……... 48

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ………. 50

5.1 Conclusion ………. 50

5.2 Suggestion ……….. 51

REFERENCES………. 52

APPENDIX ……….. 54

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the researcher wants to presents about background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, significances of the study, limitation of the study, and the definition of key term.

1.1 Background of The Study

Language means to communicate to other people in the world. And it becomes a primary thing or way to connect each other people. Field (2003:4) argued that language is very important thing to be used by people in the world to communicate each other. Wardaugh (1997) assumed that language functions to communicate general attitudes toward life. Language allows people to say things to each other and express their communicative needs. Language is a communication tool that is used by people in everyday life. Sometimes, somebody knows someone’s behavior or attitude from language. It means that communication is the way to interact people by using language itself, and how does someone interact people; make it run well with good communication (Wardaugh, 1997:7).

But in fact, there are a lot of people still have a difficulties to understand the meaning of words and it caused some imperfect people who cannot use their mind well. A few people like that have a schizophrenia disease. People with schizophrenia disease namely schizophrenic, it often suffer terrifying or fearing

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symptoms such as hearing internal voices which not heard by others, or they believing that other people are reading their minds. They have a lack in comprehension, production, and attention.

Schizophrenia is a mental disturb or illness that usually strikes at any time in life and it mostly strikes in early adulthood. This disease is very dangerous, because it make our brain disable. Schizophrenics cannot use their mind well to understand the reality because they don’t have a common sense. As the result, they have an impairment or weakness on language and comprehension. In response, people with schizophrenia may withdraw from the outside world or act out in confusion and fear (Smith and Segal, 2014).

Most of schizophrenics have a language disturbances or language impairment. It involved the processing of linguistic information. Language impairment refers to a language disability which causes the difficulties of understanding and expressing language.

The research on schizophrenia is traditionally seen as something belong to psychology, while study of language belongs to linguistics. So, this study of language disorder in schizophrenia belongs to both psychology and linguistics or psycholinguistics.

Psycholinguistics focus on three aspects of language competence; acquisition, comprehension, and production. Language acquisition is the process by which human acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate. The term language acquisition also refers to learning a language, in the babyhood or later.

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Language comprehension is the ability to extract intended meanings from language. Language production is the ability to speak or write fluently. Scovel (1998: 4) defined psycholinguistics as the study of the normal and abnormal use of language and speech to gain a better understanding of how human mind functions.

From the definition and explanation about schizophrenia and language disturbance, it can be conclude that the language comprehension of schizophrenics is caused by their language production or language process which shows impairment.

The researcher chooses the movie “A Beautiful Mind” as the object of the study because of some reasons. First, this movie is one of the best seller movies which is adopted from real life of schizophrenic person in New Jersey. The second is, the movie tells us about the information of schizophrenia disease. And the last reason is, the movie shows comprehension disturbance of genius mathematician “John Nash” which he is the main character in this movie. There is an example in dialogue about comprehension disorder, when there is a girl asks him a question in bar “May be you want to buy me a drink?” John Nash answers “I don’t exatly know what I’m required to say in order for you to have intercourse with me, but could we assume that I said all that? Essentially we’re talking about fluid exchange, right? So, could we just go straight to the sex?” From this dialogue, it means that he has comprehension disturbance because he cannot understand well what the girl says and means.

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This research focuses on analyzing comprehension disturbance of the schizophrenic character in A Beautiful Mind movie. Comprehension disturbance or disorder is a language disability which causes impairment of both the understanding and the expression of language.

This research use qualitative descriptive which describe about language disorder and attempts to explore the application of sentence form as language disorder on language comprehension in schizophrenic utterances which are spoken by John Nash in several setting such as Princeton University, Wheeler lab, MIT campus and John Nash’s house. The data are analyzed firstly is conducting the data in each category, and second selecting the data into the characteristics of comprehension disorder. Third is analyzing the data and sentences from each category more deeply. Fourth, the researcher describes how the language disorder done by main character of schizophrenic man in “A Beautiful Mind” movie. Finally, making conclusion from the result of analysis which gave detail description related to language disorder perspectives.

The finding of this research shows that the schizophrenic character of a Beautiful Mind movie disordered in his language, especially in the language comprehension, his comprehension disturbance influenced by his delusion and hallucination.

The researcher hopes that this research can give a new contribution to the readers, especially the students who are interested in the understanding of the schizophrenic illness.

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1.2 Statement of The Problem

The statement of the problem which concerning on the background of study above, the researcher formulates the following questions:

a. What are the kinds of comprehension disturbance suffered by John Nash as a schizophrenic character?

b. What are the contexts causing the comprehension disturbance?

1.3 Purpose of The Study

The purpose of this study is to answer the question and solve the problem that is written in the statement of problems at above, and the objectives would be formulated as follows:

a. To find out the kinds of comprehension disturbance which suffered by John Nash as a schizophrenic character.

b. To analyze the context causing a comprehension disturbance through movie dialogue.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The result of the study is expected to be able to enrich the teaching and learning psycholinguistics theoretically and practically.

Theoretically, the result of the study to give more information and explanation about comprehension disturbance caused by brain damage or psychological aspect, especially caused by schizophrenia.

Practically, it can give more information about the study of mental disorder, especially schizophrenia in relation with language. The study is useful to

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provide better understanding to the person with mental illness. And it is hoped that the research can be used as a reference for the student who are interested to analyze this movie. Finally, the writer hoped that the whole significances can be additional reference, especially for people who are studying linguistic.

1.5 Limitation of The Study

The writer of this research concern with psycholinguistics study, especially in language disorder, comprehension disorder, schizophrenia speech and schizoprenia disease.

1.6 Definition of Key Terms

To avoid the problem which misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the research finding, the researcher would like to explain and define the key as following:

Comprehension disturbance: a language disability which causes impairment of the understanding and the expression of language. Comprehension disturbance is a term used to describe a pattern of disordered language use that is presumed to reflect disordered thinking. (Nancy C Andreasen, 1979:1317)

Schizophrenia: a mental illness, in which a person is unable to link her or his thoughts and feelings to real life, suffers from delusion and withdraws increasingly from social relathionship into a life of imagination. The abnormalities in language are the central of psychosis, particularly the schizophrenic syndrome.

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Many, though not all, patients diagnosed with schizophrenia display abnormalities of language. (Kuperberg and Caplan, 2003: 444)

A Beautiful Mind: is one of the best seller movies which is adopted from real life of schizophrenic namely John Forbes Nash. (Wikipedia)

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter, the researcher presents and discusses the review of related literature which the first is the theoretical framework, includes the description definition about psycholinguistics, comprehension disturbance and language disorder, thought disorder, the characteristics of language disorder, schizophrenia, schizophrenia speech, symptoms of schizophrenia and the main character of the movie John Nash. The second is the related studies concerning on comprehension disturbance and language disorder as a reference of this study.

2.1 Psycholinguistics

Linguistics is the study of human language. The primary object is human language signifying that language is human specific and human species. It is only human that uses language as a means of communication. In its development, linguistics consists of two branches; micro linguistics and macro linguistics.

The former, micro linguistics, focuses on the structure of language e.g., phonology, morphology, syntax, semantic, and pragmatic. The later, macro linguistics, focuses on the relation of language with other studies e.g., sociology, psychology, neurology, etc. From this combination of studies some new inter-discipliners are appeared, such as sociolinguistics; studies the relation between language and society i.e. how social factors influence the structure and use of language, neurolinguistics is the study of language processing and language

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representation in the brain, and psycholinguistics, or the psychology of language. It is a branch of linguistics which concerns with discovering the psychology process by which human acquire and use language.

Scovel (1998: 4) defined psycholinguistics as the study of the normal and abnormal use of language and speech to gain a better understanding of how human mind functions. In his book psycholinguistics (1998) he examined research questions on psycholinguistics in four sub-fields: (1) how are language and speech acquired? (2) How are language and speech produced? (3) How are language and speech comprehended? And finally, (4) how are language and speech lost?

Chaer (2009: 6) said that practically psycholinguistics tries to applied linguistics and psychology science into the problems such as language acquisition and language learning, early reading and advance reading learning, bilingual and multilingual, language and speech disorder such as aphasia, stuttering, etc.; as well as other social problems which related to language, such as language and education and developing nations.

From some definitions above, it can be concluded that psycholinguistics is a relatively new subject of linguistics due to the fact that it involves not only language study but psychological aspects as well. Study of the mental processes involved in the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language. Traditional areas of research include language production, language comprehension, language acquisition, and language disorders.

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2.2 Comprehension disturbance and language disorder

Comprehension disturbance is a language disability which causes impairment of both the understanding and the expression of language. Nancy C. Andreasen explains that comprehension disorder/disturbance is a term used to describe a pattern of disordered language use that is presumed to reflect disordered thinking.

Language disorders or language impairments are disorders that involve the processing of linguistic information. Problems that may be experienced can involve grammar (syntax / morphology), semantics (meaning), or other aspects of language. These problems may be receptive (involving impaired language comprehension), expressive (involving language production), or a combination of both.

The American Speech Language Hearing Association (1980) defined that a language disorder is the abnormal acquisition, comprehension or expression of spoken or written language. The disorder may involve all, one, or some of the phonologic, morphologic, semantic, syntactic, or pragmatic components of the linguistic system. Individuals with language disorders frequently have problems in sentence processing, or in abstracting information meaningful for storage and retrieval from short and long term memory.

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The definition of thought disorder is when thought is broken and the person who have thought disorder can not to carry through a line of thinking in a way that makes sense to other people around him/her.

In a world of psychiatry, thought disorder is a term used to explain a pattern of disordered language use. It explains a continually disturbance to conscious thought and this is classified by its effects on speech and writing. Eugene Bleuer, the person who named schizophrenia held that its defining the characteristic of the thinking process.

Holzman (1990 : 62) states that the delusion voiced which suffered by patients commonly are wrote in language that in syntactically and grammatically correct. With psychological disorganization, people suffering from psychosis tend to manifest disturbance of language along with thought disorder.

In schizophrenia, Bleuer (1911) regarded schizophrenia as a disorder of the associations between thoughts, characterized by the process of consideration, displacement and faulty of symbols. In consideration, two ideas with something in common are blended into one false concept, while in displacement one idea is used for an associated idea. And in the faulty use of symbol involves using the concrete aspects of the symbol instead of the symbolic meaning.

2.4 Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that have an affects a person’s thoughts, behaviour, moods, and ability to work and relate to others. Many people with schizophrenia hear or see things that are not really there, have strange beliefs

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that other people do not share, or speak and behave in a disorganized way for others to understand.

Thompson (2007:33) says that schizophrenia can affect severe condition in an individual’s life, such as difficulty in managing money, self-injury, impaired learning or memory, and disapproval in everything he or she dislike. In this case, the sufferer with schizophrenia will have episodes of acute psychotic symptoms, especially having the disturbances in mood, thinking, and behavior. The psychotic symptoms may affect the sufferer in losing contact with the reality. Thompson (2007:33) explains further that the psychotic symptoms are primarily characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thought patterns. These explanations are as follows.

Schizophrenia is a serious and challenging medical illness and it is often feared and misunderstood. People with schizophrenia often suffer terrifying symptoms such as hearing internal voices not heard by others. Kuperberg and Caplan (2003: 444) stated that abnormalities in language are the central of psychosis, particularly the schizophrenic syndrome. Many, though not all, patients diagnosed with schizophrenia display abnormalities of language.

Schizophrenia often interferes with a person’s ability to think clearly, to distinguish reality from fantasy, to manage emotions, make decisions, and relate to others. Schizophrenia is not caused by bad parenting or personal weakness.

2.5 The characteristics of language disorder suffered by schizophrenia

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style of schizophrenic can be distinguished with normal people, because schizophrenic have a weakness to comprehend and understanding a language.

The people who have a schizophrenia disease are isolating their mind and less comunnication with the outside world, but the activity in internal world (speaking in their mind) so crowded. Therefore, schizophrenia verbal expression disturbance in this step, have inability to speak with a public.

The important thing of this disease which suffered by the character is delusional disorder. One of the type of delusional disorder is erotomania. Erotomania is a type of delusional disorder, where the affected person believes that another person is in love with him or her. This belief is usually applied to someone with higher status or a famous person, but can also be applied to a complete stranger. Sunaryo (2002:31) stated on his book Psikologi untuk keperawatan that erotomania is a repetitive thought related to sexual matters.

2.6 Schizophrenia Speech

Many of the general signs of psychiatric problems can be observed in speech. In fact, oral language is a particularly sensitive manifestation of thought processes and brain dysfunction. Andreasen (1979 : 1318- 1321) proposed 18 types of schizophrenic speech.

Those 18 types of schizophrenic speech are: poverty of speech, poverty of content of speech, pressure of speech, distractible speech, tangentiality, derailment, incoherence, illogicality, clanging, neologism, word approximations, circumstantiality, loss of goal, perseveration, echolalia, blocking, stilted speech,

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about types of schizophrenic speech. The types of schizophrenic speech between Andreasen and Ginsberg theory is almost the same, but there are some different of both, such as : flight of ideas and irrelevant answer.

a) Poverty of speech

Poverty of speech is a delimitation in the amount of spontaneous speech, so that replies to questions tend to be brief, concrete and unelaborated. Unprompted additional information is rarely provided. Replies may be monosyllabic, and some questions may be left unanswered altogether. When confronted with this speech pattern, the interviewer may find him/herself frequently prompting the patient to encourage elaboration of replies.

Example from Andreasen (1979: 1318):

Interviewer : “Do you think there’s a lot of corruption in government?” Patient : “Yeah, seem to be”.

Interviewer : Do you think Haldeman and Ehrlichman and Mitchell have been fairly treated?”

Patient : “I don’t know”.

Interviewer : “Were you working at all before you came to the hospital?” Patient : “No”.

Interviewer : “What kind of jobs have you had in the past? Patient : “Oh, some Janitor jobs, painting”.

Interviewer : “What kind of work do you do?”

Patient : “I don’t. I don’t like any kind of work. That’s silly.” Interviewer : “How far did you go in school?”

Patient : “I’m still in 11th grade.” Interviewer : How old are you?

Patient : “Eighteen.”

b) Poverty of content of speech

In poverty of content of speech, although replies are long enough so that speech is adequate in amount, it conveys little information. Language tends to be

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vague, often over-abstract or over-concrete, repetitive and stereotyped. This interviewer may recognize this finding by observing that the patient has spoken at some length, but has not given adequate information to answer the question. Alternatively, the patient may provide enough information to answer the question, but require many words to do so, so that a lengthy reply can be summarized in a sentence or two. Sometime the interviewer may characterize the speech as ‘empty philosophizing’. Poverty of content of speech differs from circumstantiality in that the circumstantial patient tends to provide a wealth detail.

Example from Andreasen (1979: 1318):

Interviewer : “Tell me what you are like, what kind of person are you.”

Patient : “Ah one hell of an odd thing to say perhaps in these particular circumstances, I happen to be quite pleased with who I am and many of problems that I have and have been working on I have are difficult for me to handle or to work on because I am not aware of them as problems which upset me personally. I have to get my feelers way out to see how it is and where that what I may be or seem to be is distressing, too painful or uncomfortable to people who make a difference to me emotionally and personally or possibly on an economic or professional level. And I am I think becoming more aware that perhaps on an analogy the matter of some who understand or enjoy loud rages of anger, the same thing can be true for other people, and I have to kind of try to learn to see when that’s true and what I can do about it.”

c) Pressure of speech

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that the answer takes minutes rather than seconds, and indeed may not stop at all if the speaker is not interrupted. Even when interrupted, the speaker often continues to talk. Speech tends to be loud and emphatic. Sometimes speaker with severe pressure will talk without any social stimulation, and talk even though no one is listening. If a quantitative measure is applied to the rate of speech, then a rate greater that 150 words per minute is usually considered rapid or pressured.

d) Distractible speech

In distractible speech, during the course of a discussion or interview, the patient repeatedly stops talking in the middle of a sentence or idea and changes the subject in response to a nearby stimulus, such as an object in a desk, the interviewer’s clothing or appearance, etc.

Example from Andreasen (1979: 1318):

Patient may say: “Then I left San Francisco and moved to… Where did you get that tie?” it looks like it’s left over from ‘50s. I like the warm weather in San Diego. Is that a conch shell on your desk? Have you ever gone scuba diving?”

e) Tangentiality

In tangentiality, patient replies a question in an oblique, tangential or even irrelevant manner. The reply may be related to the question in some distant way. Or the reply may be unrelated and seem totally irrelevant. In the past, tangentiality has been used as roughly equivalent to loose associations or derailment. The concept of tangentiality has been partially redefined so that it refers only to questions and not to transition in spontaneous speech.

Example from Andreasen (1979: 1319): Interviewer : “What city are you from?”

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Patient : “Well that’s a hard question to answer because my parents. . . I was born in Lowa, but I know that I’m white instead of black so apparently I came from North somewhere and I don’t know where, you know, I really don’t know where my ancestors came from. So I don’t know whether I’m Irish or French or Scandinavia or I don’t I don’t believe I’m Polish but I think I’m I think I might be German or Welsh. I’m not but that’s all speculation and that’s one thing that I would like to know and is my ancestors you know where where did I originate. But I just never took the time to find out the answer to that question.” f) Derailment

Derailment is a pattern of spontaneous speech in which the ideas slip off the track on to another one that is clearly but obliquely related, or on to one that is completely unrelated. Things may by said in juxtaposition that lack a meaningful relationship, or the patient may shift idiosyncratically from one frame of reference to another. At times there may be a vague connection between the ideas; at others, none will be apparent. Perhaps, the commonest manifestation of this disorder is a slow, steady slippage, with no single derailment being particularly severe, so that the speaker gets farther and farther off the track with each derailment, without showing any awareness that his reply no longer has any connection with the question that was asked.

Derailment differs from circumstantiality in that each new subject is only obliquely related or even unrelated to the previous one and is not a further illustration or amplification of the same idea or subject. It may lead to loss of goal, but the speaker may also realize that he has gotten off the track and return to his original subject, and this should also be considered derailment.

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Interviewer : What did you think of the whole Watergate affair?”

Patient : “You know I didn’t tune in on that, I felt so bad about it. I said, boy, I’m not going to know what’s going on in this. But it seemed to get so murky, and everybody’s reports were so negative. Huh, I thought, I don’t want any part of this, and I was I don’t care who was in on it, and all I could figure out was Artie had something to do with it. Artie was trying to flush the bathroom toilet of the White House or something. She was trying to do something fairly simple. The tour guests stuck or something. She got blamed because of the water overflowed, went down in the basement, down, to the kitchen. They had a, they were going to have to repaint and restore the White House room, the enormous living room. And then it was at this reunion they were having. And it’s just such a mess and I just thought, well, I’m just going to pretend like I don’t even know what’s going on. So I came downstairs and ‘cause I pretended like I didn’t know what was going on, I slipped on the floor of the kitchen, cracking my toe, when I was teaching some kids how to do some double dives.”

g) Incoherence

This type of language disorder is relatively rare. When it occurs, it tends to be severe or extreme, and mild forms are quite uncommon. It may sound quite similar to a Wernicke’s aphasia or jargon aphasia; in these cases, the disorder should only be called incoherence (thereby implying a psychiatric disorder as opposed to a neurological disorder) when history and laboratory data exclude the possibility of a known organic etiology and formal testing for aphasia gives negative results.

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Example from Andreasen (1979: 1319):

Interviewer : Why do you think people believe in God?

Patient : “Um, because making a do in life. Isn’t none of that stuff about evolution guiding isn’t true anymore now. It all happened a long time ago. It happened in eons and stuff they wouldn’t believe in him. The time that Jesus Christ people believe in their thing people believed in, Jehovah God that they didn’t believe in Jesus Christ that much.”

h) Illogicality

Illogicality is a pattern of speech in which conclusions are reached that do not follow logically. This may take the form of non sequiturs (i.e., it does not follow), in which the patient makes a logical inference between two clauses that is unwarranted or illogical. It may take the form of faulty inductive inferences. It may also take the form or reaching conclusions based on faulty premises without any actual delusional thinking. Illogicality may either lead to or result from delusional beliefs. "

Example from Andreasen (1979: 1319):

Interviewer : Why do you think people believe in God?

i) Clanging

Clanging is a pattern of speech in which sounds rather that meaningful relationships appear to govern word choice, so that the intelligibility of the speech is impaired and redundant words are introduced. In addition to rhyming relationships, this pattern of speech may also include punning associations, so that

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“I’m not trying to make noise. I’m trying to make sense. If you can make sense out of nonsense, well, have fun. I’m trying to make sense out of sense. I’m not making sense (cents) anymore. I have to make dollars.

j) Neologism

Neologisms are new word formations. A neologism is defined here as a completely new word or phrase whose derivation cannot be understood. Sometimes the term ‘neologism’ has also been used to mean a word that has been incorrectly built up but with origins that are understandable as due to a misuse of the accepted methods of word formation. For purposes of clarity, these should he referred to as word approximations.

Example from Andreasen (1979: 1320):

Patient may say: “I got so angry I picked up a dish and threw it at the gashinker”. “So I sort of bawked the whole thing up”.

k) Word approximations

Word approximations are old words that are used in a new and unconventional way, or new words that are developed by conventional rules of word formation. Often the meaning will be evident even though the usage seems peculiar or bizarre (i.e., gloves referred to as ‘hand shoes’, a ballpoint pen referred to a ‘paper skate’, etc). Sometimes the word approximation may be based on the use of stock words, so that the patient uses one or several words repeatedly in ways that give them a new meaning (i.e., a watch may be called a ‘time vessel’, the stomach a ;food vessel’, a television set a ‘news vessel’, etc).

Example from Andreasen (1979: 1320):

Patient may say: “Southeast Asia, well, that’s like Middle Asia now”. “His boss was a seeover”.

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l) Circumstantiality

Circumstantiality is a pattern of speech that is very indirect and delayed in reaching its goal idea. In the process of explaining something, the speaker brings in many tedious details and sometimes makes parenthetical remarks. Circumstantial replies or statements may last for many minutes if the speaker is not interrupted and urged to get to the point. Interviewers will often recognize circumstantiality on the basis of needing to interrupt the speaker to complete the process of history taking within an allotted time.

Although it may coexist with instances of poverty of content of speech or loss of goal, it differs from poverty of content of speech in containing excessive amplifying or illustrative detail and from loss of goal in that the goal is eventually reached if the person is allowed to talk long enough. It differs from derailment in that the details presented are closely related to some particular idea or goal and in that the particular goal or idea must by definition eventually be reached.

An example of circumstantiality is that when patient asked about the age of his mother at death, the speaker responds by talking at length about accidents and how too many people die in accidents, then eventually says how the mother’s age was at death.

m) Loss of goal

Loss of goal refers to failure to follow a chain of thought through to its natural conclusion. This is usually manifested in speech that is begins with a particular subject wanders away from the subject and never returns to it. The

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association with derailment. e.g. "Why does my computer keep crashing?", "Well, you live in a stucco house, so the pair of scissors needs to be in another drawer." n) Perseveration

Perseveration refers to persistent repetition of words, ideas or subjects, so that once a patient begins a particular subject or uses a particular word, he continually returns to it in the process of speaking (McKenna, 2005: 24). This may also involve repeatedly giving the same answer to different questions.

Example from Andreasen (1979: 1320):

Interviewer : “Tell me what you are like, what kind of person you are.”

Patient : “I’m from Marshalltown, Lowa. That’s 60 miles northwest, northeast of Des Moines, Lowa. And I’m married at the present time. I’m 36 years old. My wife is 35. She lives in Garwin, Lowa. That’s 15 miles southeast of Marshalltown, Iowa. I’m getting a divorce at the present time. And I am at presently in a mental institution in Lowa City, lowa, which is a hundred miles southeast of Marshalltown, Lowa”.

o) Echolalia

Echolalia is a pattern of speech in which the patient echoes words or phrases of the interviewer. Typical echolalia tends to be repetitive and persistent. The echo is often uttered with a mocking, mumbling or staccato intonation. Echolalia is relatively uncommon in adults, but more frequent in children.

Example from Andreasen (1979: 1321):

Doctor say to the patient: “I’d like to talk with you for a few minutes”.

The patient may responds with a staccato intonation: “Talk with you for a few minutes”.

p) Blocking

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minutes, the person indicates that he cannot recall what he had been saying or meant to say. Blocking should only be judge to be present if a person voluntarily describes losing his thought or if on questioning by the interviewer he indicates that that was his reason for pausing.

q) Stilted speech

Stilted speech refers to speech that has an excessively formal quality. It may seem rather quaint or outdated, or may appear pompous, distant or over polite. The stilted quality is usually achieved through use of particular word choices (multisyllabic when monosyllabic alternatives are available and equally appropriate), extremely polite phraseology (‘Excuse me madam, may I request a conference in your office at your convenience’). Or stiff and formal syntax (‘whereas the attorney comported himself indecorously, the physician behaved as is customary for a born gentleman’).

r) Self-reference

Self-reference refers to a disorder in which the patient repeatedly refers the subject under discussion back to himself when someone else is talking and also refers apparently neutral subjects himself when he himself is talking.

Example from Andreasen (1979: 1321): Interviewer : “What’s the time?”

Patient : “It’s 7 o’clock. That’s my problem. I never know time it is. Maybe I should try to keep better track of the time”.

s) Flight of ideas

Ginsberg (1985) states that flight of ideas is an extremely rapid progression of ideas with a sifting from one topic to another so that a coherent

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whole is maintained and considerable digression occurs from the beginning to the ending of the story.

t) Irrelevant answer

Ginsberg (1985) states that irrelevant answer is an answer that has no irrelevant to the question asked. For example “you don’t talk much, do you?” the patient say “I cannot talk about my work”.

2.7 Schizophrenia Symptoms

The signs and symptoms vary from individual to individual, but all people with the disorder show one or more than one of the following symptoms:

a. Delusions : these are false beliefs that a person holds on to, despite the fact that there is strong evidence that the beliefs are wrong. People with delusions often believe that a person or group of people is watching them and wants to hurt them, believing other people can read their minds, or beliefs that they have special powers or abilities.

Paranoid delusions are usually evidenced by extreme suspicion, fear, isolation, insomnia (for fear of being harmed while asleep), avoidance of food or medication (for fear of poisoning) and sometimes violent actions.

b. Hallucinations : many people with schizophrenia experience auditory hallucinations (hearing voices or noises that are not real). One person with schizophrenia said that having auditory hallucinations is like listening to headphones with the high level and not being able to turn it down in order to carry on conversations with people, read, watch television, or even sleep.

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According to Citrome (2011), visual hallucinations manifest as visual sensory perceptions in the absence of external stimuli. These false perceptions may consist of formed images (e.g., people) or unformed images (e.g., flashes of light). Visual hallucinations in those with schizophrenia tend to involve vivid scenes with family members, religious figures, and or animals.

c. Disorganized or catatonic behavior : Disorganized behavior people with schizophrenia may do an odd thing that are inappropriate, such as swearing in a public place. And mostly, they have hard time taking care of their basic needs, such as bathing, dressing properly, and eating regularly.

In general, catatonic schizophrenics believe that they must remain focus exclusively on certain limited motions in order to avoid catastrophic consequences.

d. Disorganized speech : The individual speaks in ways that are hard to understand. For the example, the sentences might not makes sense, or topic of conversation changes with little or no connection between sentences. Many people suffered a schizophrenia have loose associations. This means that they leap from one idea to another even though the two ideas are not connected in any logical way.

2.8 John Forbes Nash (main character)

John Forbes Nash is one of the famous people with schizophrenia. He was born in June 13th, 1928. He is an American mathematician who works in game theory, differential geometry, and partial differential equations, serving as a

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John Nash began to show his sign of schizophrenia in 1958. He became paranoid and was admitted into the Mclean Hospital, April-May 1959, where he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and mild depression with low self-esteem. After a problematic stay in Paris and Geneva, Nash returned to Princeton in 1960. He remained in and out of mental hospitals until 1970, being given insulin shock therapy and antipsychotic medications, usually as a result of being committed rather than by his choice.

Nash is also the subject of the Hollywood movie, A Beautiful Mind, which was nominated for eight Oscars, and the movie tells the true story based on the biography of the same name about him.

The story begins in the early years of Nash’s life at Princeton University as he develops his “original idea” that will revolutionize the world of mathematics.

2.9 Related Studies

In this part, some previous studies related to this thesis are reviewed. Some writers also made some researches related to language disorder in schizophrenic patient. The first related study is a thesis entitled Schizophrenic Language (a case study of Toni Blank) (2014) written by Wahyu Wiji Nugroho from Gadjah Mada University. It is a descriptive qualitative research which attempts to explain about language phenomenon occurred in schizophrenic or people with mental disorder, especially Toni blank. The aims of this study are (1) to describe the characteristics of language in schizophrenic, especially Toni Blank, (2) to describe about

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violation of cooperative principle and degree of relevance when Toni Blank speak to other (3) to describe cohesion and coherence of schizophrenic, especially Toni Blank.

The data of the research was taken from Toni Blank shows and live interview between the researcher and Toni Blank. Toni Blank shows in a video made by X-Code Yogyakarta Film, consists of dialogue between Toni Blank and the interviewer which is uploaded in youtube. And the data of this research are utterances and answers from Toni Blank.

The result of the study are (1) the characteristics of language of Toni Blank including: incoherence, Neologism, Blocking, repetition, code-mixing, deixis, and pragmatic deficit, (2) Toni Blank tends to violate all of the cooperative principle and have a very low degree of relevance, (3) Toni Blank still have the ability to use cohesion tool effectively.

The second related study is a thesis entitled Schizophrenia on The Main Character Of The Shutter Island Film Based on Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Theory(2015) written by Gofur from State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. It is used a qualitative research which attempt to explain about mental disorder especially the main character occurred in the movie of Shutter Island.

The aim of this study are (1) to describe of schizophrenia on the main character that portrayed in the Shutter Island film, and (2) to know the main character’s schizophrenia problem seen from Freud’s psychoanalysis theory.

The data of the research was taken from shutter island movie. The data of this research are the script and scenes description that is the main character

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through a form of monologue, dialogue, and scenes. Also interpreting the data with the theory of psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud.

Another research done by Choiria (2011) also analyzed the comprehension disorder of the schizophrenic character in The Soloist movie. This study shows that Nathaniel Anthony Ayer as the main character in that movie used eight types of language comprehension disorder of schizophrenic character in the Soloist

movie. Besides, the researcher also found tree contexts causing the comprehension disorder of schizophrenic character in the Soloist movie. Those are delusion, hallucination, and disorganized speech.

This research is totally different from these previous researches. This is because this research has its own distinctive focus and methodology. In fact, the researcher tries to observe the kind of language comprehension disturbance or language disorder more deeply and show the context causing a comprehension disturbance of a schizophrenic by using Andreasen explanation about the types of comprehension disturbance or schizophrenia speech. Thus, this research is deeper to analyze the phenomenon of schizophrenia.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter presents the aspects related to research method. They are: research approach, data and data source, data collection, and data analysis.

3.1 Research Approach

The research approach of this study is descriptive qualitative research. Because it has purpose to descript about language disturbance or disorder and attempt to explore the application of sentence form as comprehension disturbance in schizophrenics utterance which are spoken by “John Nash”.

It is called qualitative because it describes the data from the scripts texts to be analyzed and the findings of the data are also discussed and analyzed in the form of words, utterances and sentences.

In addition, Creswell (1994:1) affirms that qualitative research is defined as an inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem, based on building a complex, holistic picture, formed withwords, reporting detailed view of informants, and conducted in a natural setting. Qualitative research method is a type of scientific research.

The researcher uses descriptive qualitative as his methodology because it discusses deeper about the utterances among the main character John Nash in A Beautiful Mind movie.

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3.2 The Data &Data Source

The data of this study were the utterances produced by John Nash as the main character in A Beautiful Mind movie. The researcher also used the utterances produced by others characters that make a conversation with John Nash.

The researcher has the primary and secondary data in this study. The primary source is from the film A Beautiful Mind and the transcription itself, which taken from the internet. It is supported by watching the movie. The researcher choosing this movie because he interested in the comprehension disturbance or language disorder that occurred by the main character, the movie tells about the genious mathematician who has a comprehension disturbance and schizophrenia disease. The secondary source is from the books, journals, and online resources.

3.3 Data Collection

The researcher uses qualitative research method to collect the data. Firstly, the researcher watches the movie as the primary source. Then, selecting the interesting topic and problems related to the statement of problem. The researcher reading the secondary data related to the problem.

3.4 Data Analysis

The writer follows the following steps as follows:

a). Watching the whole story in the movie and deciding the topic to reasearch problems.

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b). Analyzing some data that have been collected based on the statement of the problems.

c). Analyzing the data and problems with other supporting resources.

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CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter consists of two parts: findings and discussion. In the first part, the researcher shows the findings of the analysis on John Nash’s utterance which represents a comprehension disturbance or schizophrenia speech from the dialogue on the movie.

In this research, the researcher found 18 utterances from John Nash which represents a comprehension disturbance or schizophrenia speech. The complete explanation can be seen below.

4.1 Findings

Conversation 1:

Neilson : It's the first time the Carnegie Prize has been split. Hansen's all bent.

Bender : Rumor is he's got his sights set on Wheeler Lab, the new military think tank at M.I.T.

Neilson : They're only taking one this year. Hansen's used to being picked first.

Bender : Oh, yeah, he's wasted on math. Neilson : He should be running for president.

John Nash : There could be a mathematical explanation for how bad your tie is.

In this section, the conversation occurred in front of Princeton University’s dormitory as introducing between junior and senior. All of the students around there talked about the scholarship. Hansen is one of unpredictable

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and Neilson added that Hansen should be running for president. Meanwhile, as long as their conversation, John Nash said while playing the light of glass to the Neilson tie that there could be a mathematical explanation for how bad your tie is. People around confused because they didn’t understand what he meant.

John Nash’s utterance is irrelevant with the topic or context. Because according to Andreasen theory of schizophrenia speech or language comprehension disturbance, it can be classified as derailment. From the beginning of the conversation he is following his particular train of thought.

The utterance of John Nash in the (conversation 1) is caused by his own hallucination. Because when he saw a tie of Neilson, he believed that there were mathematical explanations for how bad that tie, even it was not actually present.

In the case of derailment, there are 2 conversations and utterances more in the dialog of the movie which I mentioned one of the example in chapter 1, especially in a background of the study.

Conversation 1.a (Derailment)

Lady : May be you want to buy me a drink?

John Nash : I don’t exatly know what I’m required to say in order for you to have intercourse with me, but could we assume that I said all that? Essentially we’re talking about fluid exchange, right? So, could we just go straight to the sex?

In the (conversation 1.a), the problem is when some of students spends their time in bar. At that time, John Nash and Neilson drinking in the bar, there are two girls near Neilson and one of them want to try get the attention of John, then this girl try to asks John and he feels difficult to make a conversation.

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Conversation 1.b (Derailment)

Student : Can we leave one open, Professor? It's really hot, sir.

John Nash : Your comfort comes second to my ability to hear my own voice. Personally, I think this class will be a waste... of your and what is infinitely worse- my time. However, here we are. So you may attend or not. You may complete your assignments at your whim. We have begun.

In the conversation (1.b), the problem is when the students in the class feel very hot and they complain to John Nash to open the window, but the answer of John Nash is irrelevant with the question of the students.

Conversation 2:

John : Well, Martin Hansen. It is Martin, isn't it? Hansen : Why, yes, John, it is.

John : I imagine you're getting quite used to miscalculation. I've read your pre-prints-both of them. The one on Nazi ciphers, and the other one on non-linear equations, and I am supremely confident that there is not a single seminal or innovative idea in either one of them. Enjoy your punch.

In conversation 2, John Nash, Neilson, and Bender were made a conversation while drinking, and then lately come Sol, and he introduces him self to John Nash and the other. Martin Hansen came toward them and he asked a glass of beer for drink to John Nash, because Hansen thought that John Nash was a waiter. Finally, John Nash said that he was not a waiter, and then Hansen said that he assumed John Nash as a waiter.

In the conversation 2, the utterance “I imagine you're getting quite used to miscalculation. I've read your pre-prints-both of them. The one on Nazi ciphers, and the other one on non-linear equations, and I am supremely confident that there

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punch”. This uttered by John Nash to give responses of Hansen’s question. This utterance means that John Nash has known that Hansen always wrong in his calculation, and the utterance of John Nash flew from one topic to another topic, which John Nash said that from his preprints about Nazi cchippers, non linear equation there is not single seminar or innovative idea in either one of them. And suddenly John Nash stopped his flight of thought and he said “enjoy your punch” and he leaves them. This conversation can be categorized as Flight of Ideas,

because it is a rapid progression of ideas with a shifting from one topic to another topic.

Flight of ideas happens when the schizophrenic get some disturbance in his thingking, and then makes his utterance disoraganized. The utterance in conversation 2 is caused by his delusion. In the case of Flight of ideas, there are 2 more examples of conversation which categorized as a Flight of ideas, the examples can be seen below.

Conversation 2.a (Flight of Ideas)

John : Adam Smith needs revision. Hansen : What are you talking about?

John : If we all go for the blonde, we block each other. Not a single one of us is gonna get her. So then we go for her friends, but they will all give us the cold shoulder... because nobody likes to be second choice. Well, what if no one goes for the blonde? We don't get in each other's way, and we don't insult the other girls. That's the only way we win. That's the only way we all get laid. Adam Smith said... the best result comes... from everyone in the group doing... what's best for himself, right? That's what he said, right?

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This conversation happened in the billiard room. In that room, there are Hansen and friends, and then there are some of blonde ladies comes. Hansen and friends try to get the strategy to find the blonde lady. And finally, they ask John Nash to give them some idea. They said about the theory of Adam Smith, the father of economic to solve their competition to get the blonde lady, but John Nash gives his another idea which the idea is strange and make his friend confuse with his idea.

Conversation 2.b (Flight of Ideas)

John : I find that polishing my interactions in order to make them sociable requires a tremendous effort. I have a tendency to expedite information flow... by being direct. I often don’t get a pleasant result.

Alicia : Try me.

John : All right. I find you attractive. Your aggressive moves towards me... indicate that you feel the same way. But still, ritual requires that we... continue with a number of platonic activities... before we have sex. I am proceeding with those activities, but in point of actual fact, all I really want to do is have intercourse with you as soon as possible. Are you gonna slap me now?

Alicia : How was that result?

In this conversation, John Nash explains to Alicia about his difficulty to make interaction with another people, Alicia asks him to try make interaction with her, and get another result. John Nash give the opinion and before he gives his opinion, he kisses Alicia.

Conversation 3:

Hansen : Let me ask you something, John. John : Be my guest, Martin.

Hansen : Bender and Sol here correctly completed Allen's proof of Peyrot's Conjecture.

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In the conversation 3, it happens when John Nash and Hansen were enjoying their chess competition. They conversing and asked to each other. Then Hansen asked to John Nash something. John Nash also answered that Hansen been him quest. Hansen with his question and said that Bender and Sol correctly completed Allen’s proof Perrot’s Conjecture. And before finished his question, John Nash cuts and said that was adequate work... without innovation.

When John Nash cuts and said “Adequate work... without innovation.”, this utterance means train of speech. When John said “Adequate work...” it is difficult for him to complete his utterance, he stops his speaking for a while and after that he continuous to says “... without innovation”. From the explanation above, this utterance can be clategorized as a Blocking, because it was utterance which caused by an unconscious interruption in the train of thought.

Blocking or thought blocking occurs when the patient of schizophrenia have loss of a train of thought but the patients do not concern that the topic has been lost, the people who have a schizophrenia disease, they will pass onto the one topic which distracted their thingking.

In the conversation 3, John Nash felt that Hansen can read his mind, then when he tried to answer the question of Hansen, it looked difficult for John Nash to concentrate on the topic. In the utterance of John Nash, he said that the work of his friend is without innovation and he felt that he was the best one, because his mind was influenced by delusion.

In this section, the writer only found 1 example of blocking, and there is no another example of blocking in the dialogue movie.

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Conversation 4:

John : Now, pizza I have enormous respect for. And of course beer. I have respect for beer. I have respect for beer!

In conversation 4, John Nash has been in the library for two days, but he can not find a topic for his doctorate paper. The hallucination of John Nash was when his friend Charles came to him, he said that on the bright side, John Nash has invented window art. Then John Nash explained waht he had painted on the window. Charles left him, and said that he had no respect for theory, but he respected for pizza and beer. After that John Nash left the library, he said that he had respect for beer. And he repeated it for three times.

In this conversation, we can see that John Nash repeated the same word. This utterance can be categorized as perseveration, because he is persistent to repeat of the word.

Perseveration is an occurrence in which the patient uses the same word, thought or idea repeatedly. If he says only once it looks normally, but he says three times, and it is repeatedly.

The utterance in the conversation 4 is caused by his hallucination. His utterance is the repetition of his hallucination friend Charles, who said to him that he had respect for pizza and beer. In this case, there is no one stay in library. But John Nash felt that his friend Charles was in library with him.

The writer found another example of perseveration in a dialogue movie.

Conversation 4.a (perseveration)

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John : I've almost got it! Charles, you just watch the baby. I've got one more to close!

Alicia : No!

John : I'll be right there.

Alicia : Oh, God. I need a towel. Shhh.

John : Charles was watching him. He was okay

In conversation 4.a, it occured when John Nash draws his baby bath in the bathroom, and Alicia going to take the laundry. But Alicia hears the radio then she running to that place, after that she knows that John Nash still did some strange work behind her. So he runs home to get her baby.

Conversation 5:

Bender : You made the cover of Fortune... again.

John :Please note the use of the word "you," not "we". That was supposed to be just me.

Sol : oh. (laugh).

In this conversation, John Nash arrives in his office of Wheeler Defense Labs MIT Campus. He stays in one office with his friends Sol and Bender. Bender read a magazine, and he look John Nash’s picture in the cover of that magazine. Than he informs John Nash and he said that he was made the cover of fortune again. John Nash gives response to Bender and said that please note the used of the word “you” not “we” that was supposed to been just him. Then the utterance of John Nash makes Sol laughs.

In the conversation, the answer of John Nash was unrelated with the statement of his friend. And this utterance can be categorized as incoherence, because it was generally marked by illogically connected idea.

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his delusion, which he believe that another people talk about him and made his picture in the magazine. When his friend said about the picture of John Nash in the cover of magazine, John Nash focuses on the magazine and does not focus on the utterance of his friend. His friend Sol laugh in the end of conversation, because the answer of John Nash is not logic for them.

In the case of incoherence, there two more examples in a dialogue movie which uttered by John Nash. Here we can see another examples below.

Conversation 5.a (Incoherence)

John :So not only do they rob me of the Fields Medal, now they put me on the cover of Fortune magazine... with these hacks, these scholars of trivia.

Bender : John, exactly what's the difference...between genius and most genius? In this conversation, John Nash was made the cover of fortune magazine again. And Bender informs him about it.

Conversation 5.b (Incoherence)

John : Where am I?

Dr.rosen : Ahem. MacArthur Psychiatric Hospital. I find that highly unlikely. John : You made a mistake. My work is non-military in application.

This conversation occured when John Nash tries to give some information to the doctor in the hospital. And the utterance of John Nash was unrelated with the statement of Dr.Rosen.

Conversation 6:

Bender : John, exactly what's the difference...between genius and most genius? John : Quite a lot. He's your son.

This conversation occured in the office, when Bender asked to John Nash that what was the differences between genius and most genius, and John Nash did

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not answer the question well, but John Nash said that Bender must quite a lot. Then John Nash asked to Bender about his son. In this case, there was another people over there.

According to Ginsberg theory about this utterance, the utterance of John Nash is not relevant with the question. And it can be categorized as irrelevant answer, because the reason when John Nash answer the question has no relevant.

The utterance of John Nash in the conversation 6, the utterance caused by the hallucination. Because, when Bender asks to John Nash, John Nash does not answer in the true answer. And suddenly, he asked to Bender that there was his son. And the utterance of John Nash makes Bender confuse.

There is another example of irrelevant answer, we can see the conversation below.

Conversation 6.a (Irrelevant answer)

Alicia : You don't talk much, do you?

John : I can't talk to you about my work, Alicia.

Alicia : I don't mean work.

It occured when John Nash and Alicia get their first date in the park. And both of them sitting on the grass and laminar by carpet. In this conversation, Alicia asks to John Nash, because she feels that he does not talk much as she looks.

Conversation 7:

Alicia : I'm wondering, Professor Nash, if I can ask you to dinner. You do eat, don't you?

John : Oh, on occasion, yeah. Table for one. Prometheus alone chained to the rock... with the bird circling overhead, you know how it is.

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In this conversation occured when Alicia went to John Nash’s office to inform him about his students waiting for him. And before Alicia left the office, she asks John Nash to get dinner together.

In this conversation, the utterance of John Nash can be categorized as circumstantiality, because his utterance when he gives a response contains

numerous digressions before he returns to the topic of his speech, and he was not able to distinguish essential from non essential detail.

In this case, when Alicia asks to John Nash, suddenly John Nash gives the story before he answer the question correctly. But the story of John Nash looks strange and hard to understand for Alicia. The utterance of John Nash in the conversation 7 is caused by his delusion. John Nash feels that his life without have friend, when Alicia asks him to get dinner together he feels confuse and he do not believe.

The writer found another example of circumstantiality in the conversation, which in the utterance of John Nash. The example will see below.

Conversation 7.a (Circumstantiality)

Alicia : I don't mean work.

John : I find that polishing my interactions... in order to make them sociable requires a tremendous effort. I have a tendency to expedite information flow... by being direct. I often don't get a pleasant result.

Alicia : Try me.

The context of this conversation occured when John Nash and Alicia get their first date in the park. And both of them sitting on the grass and laminar by carpet. In this conversation, Alicia asks to John Nash, because she feels that he does not talk much as she looks.

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Conversation 8:

Alicia : I missed you. I missed you.

John : I have to talk to you. Okay. Alicia, I've been thinking about it, and I do realize that my behavior... and my inability to discuss the situation with you... must have appeared insane. I left you with no other choice. I do understand... and I'm truly sorry.

Alicia : That's okay.

John : Everything's gonna be all right. Everything's gonna be all right. We just have to talk quietly. They may be listening. There may be microphones. I'm gonna tell you everything now. It's breaking with protocol... but you need to know, because you have to help me get out of here. I've been doing top secret work for the government. There's a threat that exists of catastrophic proportions. I think the Russians feel my profile is too high. That's why they simply just don't do away with me. They're keeping me here to try to stop me... from doing my work. You have to get to Wheeler. You have to find William Parcher.

Alicia : Stop.

In this conversation, it occured when John Nash gets a treatment in the hospital and Alicia came to visited him. In the conversation, Alicia said that she missed him because she does not look John Nash for a several days. When she said that she missed him, John Nash did not give a response to Alicia, but he said that he had talked to her. He had thought about that. And the conversation can be seen above between John Nash and Alicia.

The utterance of John Nash in the conversation 8, it was difficult for Alicia to interupt John Nash speech. When he explained what had happened in his life, he tried to talk the truth to Alicia. But, the story which uttered by John Nash was illogical for Alicia, and then when he tried to stop his utterance it was very difficult for Alicia to interrupt because John Nash always continued his speech. This utterance can be categorized as Pressure of speech, because there is an

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excessive flow of words to such as an extent that it becomes difficult to interrupt the speaker.

Pressure of speech found when the utterance is difficult to interrupt, because he felt that he must explain and tell the truth what had happened. The utterance of John Nash is caused by the delusion, because John Nash believes that what had happened in his life was true.

Another example of pressure of speech will be seen below.

Conversation 8.a (Pressure of speech)

Alicia : John, you all right? John?

John : Turn it off! Turn off the light! Why would you do that? Why would you turn the light on?

The context of this conversation occured when John Nash forbids Alicia to turn on the lamp, because he believes that the danger was threaten her. There was Parcher in their house, who influences his life and his thought.

4.2 Discussion

In this section, the writer wants to discusses the finding of data analysis. From the explanation of finding above, the writer concluded that there are some types of comprehension disturbance. The following is the answer of the statement of the problem.

4.2.1 The kinds of comprehension disturbance or schizophrenia speech suffered by John Nash as a schizophrenic character.

The writer has analyzed the utterances in “A Beautiful Mind” movie which are classified into type of schizophrenia speech. In the result, the writer found 18

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of ideas, blocking, pressure of speech, circumstantiality, perseveration, incoherence and irrelevant answer. Furthermore, according to Andreasen theory of comprehension disturbance, there are twelve types of schizophrenia speech or comprehension disturbance were not found by the writer; they are poverty of speech, poverty of content of speech, distractible speech, tangentiality, illogicality, clanging, neologism, word approximations, loss of goal, echolalia, stilted speech, and self-reference.

a. Derailment

In this explanation, John Nash as a main character in A Beautiful Mind movie applies comprehension disturbance in his utterance or speaking. The first type found in his speech is derailment. According to Andreasen (1979 : 1318-1321), Derailment is a pattern of spontaneous speech in which the ideas slip off the track on to another one that is clearly but obliquely related, or on to one that is completely unrelated. Things may by said in juxtaposition that lack a meaningful relationship, or the patient may shift idiosyncratically from one frame of reference to another. As the example is the utterance in (conversation 1), the utterance of John Nash is out of the topic

b. Flight of Ideas

According Ginsberg (1985) states that flight of ideas is an extremely rapid progression of ideas with a sifting from one topic to another so that a coherent whole is maintained and considerable digression occurs from the beginning to the

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ending of the story. John Nash says in (conversation 2), his utterance seen extremely rapid progression and also shifting from one topic to another topic.

c. Blocking

According to Andreasen, Blocking refers to interruption of a train of speech before a thought or idea has been completed. After a period of silence lasting from a few seconds to minutes, the person indicates that he cannot recall what he had been saying or meant to say. Blocking should only be judge to be present if a person voluntarily describes losing his thought or if on questioning by the interviewer he indicates that that was his reason for pausing. As John Nash says in (conversation 3), he says “adequate work...” and suddenly his thought getting trouble, than he says “... without innovation”

d. Perseveration

e. Incoherence

According to Andreasen, This type of language disorder is relatively rare. When it occurs, it tends to be severe or extreme, and mild forms are quite uncommon. It may sound quite similar to a Wernicke’s aphasia or jargon aphasia; in these cases, the disorder should only be called incoherence (thereby implying a

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psychiatric disorder as opposed to a neurological disorder) when history and laboratory data exclude the possibility of a known organic etiology and formal testing for aphasia gives negative results.

Incoherence often is accompanied by derailment. It differs from derailment in that the abnormality occurs at the level of sentence, within which words or phrases are joined incoherently. The abnormality in derailment involves unclear or confusing connections between larger units, such as sentence or ideas. For example, we can see in (conversation 5) when another people ask something, John Nash answer another thing which illogicaly to another people.

f. Irrelevant answer

Ginsberg (1985) states that irrelevant answer is an answer that has no irrelevant to the question asked. We can see in (conversation 6), John Nash answer has no relevant with Alicia question.

g. Circumstantiality

According to the theory of Andreasen, Circumstantiality is a pattern of speech that is very indirect and delayed in reaching its goal idea. In the process of explaining something, the speaker brings in many bored details and sometimes makes parenthetical remarks. Circumstantiality replies or statements may last for many minutes if the speaker is not interrupted and urged to get to the point. Interviewers will often recognize circumstantiality on the basis of needing to interrupt the speaker to complete the process of history taking within an allotted time. We can see the example in (conversation 7), which shows about John Nash responses.

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h. Pressure of speech

Pressure of speech is an increase in the amount of spontaneous speech as compared with what is considered ordinary or socially customary. The patient talks rapidly and is difficult to interrupt. Some sentences may be left uncompleted because of eagerness to get on to a new idea. Simple questions that could be answered in only a few words or sentences will be answered at great length, so that the answer takes minutes rather than seconds, and indeed may not stop at all if the speaker is not interrupted. Even when interrupted, the speaker often continues to talk. Speech tends to be loud and emphatic. Sometimes speaker with severe pressure will talk without any social stimulation, and talk even though no one is listening.

The example can be seen in (conversation 8), it shows when John Nash speaks and it will flow and it difficult to interrupt or cut his speech.

4.2.2The context causing the comprehension disturbance

Here , the writer found the context causing of comprehension disturbance are delusion and hallucination. Delusion are described as false beliefs that a person holds on to, despite the fact that there is strong evidence that the beliefs are wrong. People with delusions often believe that a person or group of people is watching them and wants to hurt them, believing other people can read their minds, or beliefs that they have special powers or abilities. For example when John Nash delivering a guest lectures at Harvard University, Nash realizes that he is being watching by a hostile group of people.

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Hallucinations are episodes of sensory perceptions, such as sounds or sights, which are not present. As an example in this movie when John Nash’s friends such as Charles and Parcher. Charles comes to his life in John Nash hallucination firstly in roommate, Charles comes when John Nash needs a friend for sharing his problem. And Parcher comes to John Nash’s life when John Nash works in the laboratory of MIT.

Delusions and hallucinations are dangerous thing that makes a person who have a schizophrenia disease frequently has incohorent or disorganized speech. And the people who have this disease, they have unusual behavior or bizzare.

The most schizophrenia speech and comprehension disturbance which shown in John Nash utterance are derailment, flight of idea and incoherence. Because these are have 3 utterances in the movie that include the types of derailment, flight of idea and incoherence. Because when the people who have schizophrenia disease got a delusion or hallucination in his speech and the speech always disturbance, then it makes John Nash’s utterance mostly out of from the topic that he would says.

However, the writer in this reseach did not find the other types of language comprehension disturbance or schizophrenia speech such as poverty of speech, poverty of content of speech, distractible speech, tangentiality, illogicality, clanging, neologism, word approximations, loss of goal, echolalia, stilted speech, and self-reference, because the main character of this movie use the utterance as his reflect of his thought which influenced by his delusion and hallucination.

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h. Pressure of speech

The example can be seen in (conversation 8), it shows when John Nash speaks and it will flow and it difficult to interrupt or cut his speech.

4.2.2The context causing the comprehension disturbance

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

In this chapter, the writer presents the conclusion and suggestion which dealing with the findings of the analysis in chapter four. It presents the summary of the findings which is the writer discussed in the previous chapter and the suggestions for the readers.

5.1 Conclusion

In this chapter, the writer presents the use of comprehension disturbance or schizophrenia speech used by the main character of “A Beautiful Mind” movie as the important aspect in understanding and knowing about schizophrenic speech. People who have schizophrenia always have differences with another disease or illness in which the people who have schizophrenia or schizophrenic not only have disturbance on their mental, but also they have impaired in their speech or language comprehension.

This research finds the comprehension disturbance or schizophrenia speech used by John Nash as a main character in A Beautiful Mind movie such as : poverty of speech, poverty of content of speech, pressure of speech, distractible speech, tangentiality, derailment, incoherence, illogicality, clanging, neologism, word approximations, circumstantiality, loss of goal, perseveration, echolalia, blocking, stilted speech, self-reference and the addition according Ginsberg theory they are flight of ideas and irrelevant answer .

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From the the analysis above, the writer concluded that derailment, flight of ideas and incohorence are mostly used, it is shown when the character in the movie can not to relate the word of his speech.

5.2 Suggestion

Comprehension disturbance is part of psycholinguistics study that the topic has been researched by many writers before. In this research, comprehension disturbance becomes phenomena in schizophrenic’s language or speech, which are interesting for the writer to be discussed since it gives more understanding for all the readers to know the type of each utterance which uttered by the people who have schizophrenia disease.

After doing this research, the writer hopes that the readers can more understand more about comprehension disturbance which part of psycholinguistics study. Here the writer can not found the other types of schizophrenia speech or comprehension disturbance which used by the main character such as poverty of speech, poverty of content of speech, pressure of speech, distractible speech, tangentiality, illogicality, clanging, neologism, word approximations, loss of goal, echolalia, stilted speech, self-reference. And it is suggested to the next readers who interest on this topic to investigate more completely and deeply with another context as the object of analysis by using the same theory.

From this research, the writer finds that the people with schizophrenia disease has comprehension disturbance which is influenced by their delusion and

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REFERENCES

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Citrome L. 2011. Treatment resistant schizophrenia: what can we do about it?. Current psychiatry.

Creswell, John W. 1994. The Handbook of Scholarly Writing and Publishing. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

Field, John. 2003. Psycholinguistics: A Resource Book for Student. London: Routledge.

Gofur. 2015. Schizophrenia on The Main Character Of The Shutter Island Film Based on Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Theory. State Islamic

University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

Hoff, Ginsberg E. 1985. Some contributions of mothers’ speech to their children’s syntax growth. Journal of child language.

Holzman, Philiph. 1990. Though Disorder in Schizophrenia. Online.

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Mckenna, Peter J. 2005. Schizophrenia Speech. UK: Cambridge University Press. Nugroho, Wahyu Wiji. 2014. Schizophrenic Language (a case study of Toni

Blank). Gadjah Mada University.

Scovel, Thomas. 1998. Psycholinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Smith, Melinda and Jeanne Segal. 2014. Schizophrenia: Signs, Symptoms, Types,

Causes, and Effects. Online.

The American Speech Language Hearing Association. 1980. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. Online.

Thompson, Marie L. 2007. Mental Illness. New York: Greenwood Press. Wardaugh, Ronal. 1997. Introduction to Linguistics. New York: Mc Grawhill.

A COMPREHENSION DISTURBANCE ANALYSIS OF JOHN NASH AS A SCHIZOPHRENIC CHARACTER IN “A BEAUTIFUL MIND” MOVIE.

THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana

Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities UIN

Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

SANTRY RAHMATULLAH

Reg. Number: A83212180

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL

ABSTRACT

Parts

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AN ANALYSIS OF JOHN NASH AS SCHIZOPHRENIC MAN ON SYLVIA NASARSÂ’ NOVEL A BEAUTIFUL MIND

PROCESS OF A SCHIZOPHRENIC’S DIALOGUES IN A BEAUTIFUL MIND MOVIE.

COPING BEHAVIOR OF JOHN NASH IN RON HOWARD’S A BEAUTIFUL MIND MOVIE: AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH.

ANXIETY OF JOHN NASH IN RON HOWARD’S A BEAUTIFUL MIND MOVIE: A PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH.

HALLUCINATION AS A FACTOR OF THE MAIN CHARACTER SUCCESS IN ACHIEVING HIS DREAM IN RON HOWARDâS MOVIE A BEAUTIFUL MIND.

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A Psychoanalysis Of The Schizophrenic Character In “A Beautiful Mind” Movie

The struggle of a schizophrenic to gain recognition in Akiva Goldsman`s A Beautiful Mind - USD Repository

Dukungan

Links

A COMPREHENSION DISTURBANCE ANALYSIS OF JOHN NASH AS A SCHIZOPHRENIC CHARACTER IN “A BEAUTIFUL MIND” MOVIE.

THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana

Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities UIN

Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

SANTRY RAHMATULLAH

Reg. Number: A83212180

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL

ABSTRACT

Parts

Dokumen yang terkait

A Psychoanalysis Of The Schizophrenic Character In “A Beautiful Mind” Movie

AN ANALYSIS OF JOHN NASH AS SCHIZOPHRENIC MAN ON SYLVIA NASARSÂ’ NOVEL A BEAUTIFUL MIND

PROCESS OF A SCHIZOPHRENIC’S DIALOGUES IN A BEAUTIFUL MIND MOVIE.

COPING BEHAVIOR OF JOHN NASH IN RON HOWARD’S A BEAUTIFUL MIND MOVIE: AN INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH.

ANXIETY OF JOHN NASH IN RON HOWARD’S A BEAUTIFUL MIND MOVIE: A PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH.

HALLUCINATION AS A FACTOR OF THE MAIN CHARACTER SUCCESS IN ACHIEVING HIS DREAM IN RON HOWARDâS MOVIE A BEAUTIFUL MIND.

THE VIOLATION OF GRICE’S CONVERSATIONAL MAXIMS PERFORMED BY JOHN NASH IN ‘A BEAUTIFUL MIND’ MOVIE.

A PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIC CONVERSATIONS OF THE MAIN CHARACTER IN THE UNINVITED MOVIE.

A Psychoanalysis Of The Schizophrenic Character In “A Beautiful Mind” Movie

The struggle of a schizophrenic to gain recognition in Akiva Goldsman`s A Beautiful Mind - USD Repository

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HALLUCINATION AS A FACTOR OF THE MAIN CHARACTER SUCCESS IN ACHIEVING HIS DREAM IN RON HOWARDâS MOVIE A BEAUTIFUL MIND.