Lysistrata`s actions in stopping the war as seen in Aristophanes` Lysistrata drama script - USD Repository

  LYSISTRATA’S ACTIONS IN STOPPING THE WAR AS SEEN IN ARISTOPHANES’ LYSISTRATA DRAMA SCRIPT A THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

  By Ester Palupi Nan Utami

  Student Number: 041214033

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2011

  LYSISTRATA’S ACTIONS IN STOPPING THE WAR AS SEEN IN ARISTOPHANES’ LYSISTRATA DRAMA SCRIPT A THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

  By Ester Palupi Nan Utami

  Student Number: 041214033

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2011

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  A Thesis on

  

LYSISTRATA’S ACTIONS IN STOPPING THE WAR

AS SEEN IN ARISTOPHANES’ LYSISTRATA DRAMA SCRIPT

Prepared and presented by:

Ester Palupi Nan Utami

  

Student Number: 041214033

Approved by

  Date

Dr. Antonius Herujiyanto, M.A. July 27, 2011

Major Sponsor

  A Thesis on

  LYSISTRATA’S ACTIONS IN STOPPING THE WAR

AS SEEN IN ARISTOPHANES’ LYSISTRATA DRAMA SCRIPT

  By Ester Palupi Nan Utami

  Student Number: 041214033 Defended before the Board of Examiners on July 29, 2011 and Declared Acceptable

  

Board of Examiners

  Chairperson :

  C. Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.Pd. ___________________ Secretary : Made Frida Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd. ___________________ Member : Dr. Ant. Herujiyanto, M.A. ___________________ Member :

  C. Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.Pd. ___________________ Member : Christina Kristiyani, S.Pd., M.Pd. ___________________

  Yogyakarta, July 29, 2011 Faculty of Teachers Training and Education Sanata Dharma University Dean, Drs. Tarsisius Sarkim, M.Ed., Ph.D.

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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

  I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the bibliography, as a scientific paper should.

  Yogyakarta, July 27 2011 The Writer

  Ester Palupi Nan Utami Student Number: 041214033

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  We learn fr n from yesterday We live for for today We prepare, are, pray, and hope for tomor morrow

  (Ano nonymous) This Thesis is de s is dedicated to : My beloved family My bel

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH

UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

  Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dhatma : Nama : Ester Palupi Nan Utami Nomor Mahasiswa : 041214033

  Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul :

  

LYSISTRATA’S ACTIONS IN STOPPING THE WAR

AS SEEN IN ARISTOPHANES’

LYSISTRATA DRAMA SCRIPT

  Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dan saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal 29 Juli 2011 Yang menyatakan (Ester Palupi Nan Utami)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  First of all, I thank God and Mother Mary, who be on my side. They give me great blessing and show me the best way I should follow.

  I realize that many people have given their help in finishing this thesis. Now, I would like to express my gratitude for their guidance and support in finishing this thesis.

  My special gratitude is addressed to my beloved family, especially my mother, Margareta Siti Suparjilah, and my father Robertus Budiharjo, my great supporters. I thank them for their patience and for supporting me to finish this thesis.

  Next, I would like to convey my appreciation to Drs. Antonius

  

Herujiyanto, M.A., Ph.D. as my sponsor. I thank him for his guidance,

suggestions and corrections in helping me to complete this thesis.

  My deepest thank is also for Elin, and Sigit, for the discussions and sugestions. I am deeply thank to them for their willingness to spend their time to guide me in finishing this thesis.

  My big gratefulness is also addressed to my best friends, Dita, Maya,

  

Dian, Retno, and Rini for supporting me. My friends in PBI ’04 are also

  meaningful during my time in Sanata Dharma. I would like to thank to my beloved brother Warih and all my family for their prayer. I also thank to Mas

  

Willy and his family for giving a big support and love in my sadness and

happiness time.

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  I would also give my biggest appreciation to all the lecturers of PBI and to the secretariat staffs of PBI, Mbak Tari and Mbak Danik. I would not have realized my dream without their guidance.

  The last, I would like to thank everyone who has not been mentioned here for everything they have given me. May God Bless Them All.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

  TITLE PAGE ..................................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGES .......................................................................................... ii STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ................................................... iv PAGE OF DEDICATION................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................ vii TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT........................................................................................................ xii

  

ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ xiii

  CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ..........................................................

  1 B. Aims of the Study ....................................................................

  4 C. Problem Formulation ................................................................

  4 D. Definition of Terms...................................................................

  5 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Review of Related Theories ........................................................

  8 1. Theory of Character and Characterization ............................

  8 a. Theory of Character...........................................................

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  b. Theory of Characterization ............................................... 10

  2. Theory of Feminism.............................................................. 12

  a. Feminism Movement......................................................... 14

  1. Liberal Feminism ........................................................... 14

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  2. Radical Feminism............................................................ 15

  3. Marxian Feminism …………………………………...... 15

  4. Socialist Feminism ……………………………………. 16

  B. Theoretical Framework………………………………………… 16

  C. Context of Lysistrata …………………………………………… 17

  1. Aristophanes ……………………………………………. . 17

  2. Lysistrata ………………………………………………… 18

  CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Subject Matter ............................................................................. 19 B. Approach ..................................................................................... 20 C. Data Collection ………………………………………………… 20 D. Procedures ................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS A. Character Analysis of Lysistrata ................................................ 23

  1. Lysistrata has a beautiful and fine figure .............................. 24

  2. Lysistrata is a wise and smart................................................ 24

  3. Lysistrata is kind person........................................................ 27

  4. Lysistrata is a brave person ................................................... 28

  5. Lysistrata is a responsible woman ....................................... 30

  B. How Lysistrata stopped the war between Athena and Sparta .... 30

  1. The type of feminism represented by Lysistrata .................. 30

  2. How is Lysistrata stop the war ………………….... ............ 32

  CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATION A. Conclusions ................................................................................. 39

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  B. Suggestions and Recommendation ............................................. 40

  1. Suggestions for Future Researchers ........................................ 40

  2. Suggestion for Using Literature in Teaching English............. 41

  

REFERENCES.................................................................................................. 43

APPENDICES

  A. Lesson Plan for Teaching Drama ................................................. 45

  B. Materials ...................................................................................... 47

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ABSTRACT

Utami, Ester Palupi Nan. 2010. Lysistrata’s Actions in Stopping the War as

Seen in Aristophanes’s LYSISTRATA Drama Script. Yogyakarta:

Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training

and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

  This study deals with Aristophanes’s drama, entitle Lysistrata. Lysistrata is the main character in this drama. Lysistrata is a hero for her country, Greece. There is a war between the two major cities in Greece, namely Athena and Sparta. Lysistrata managed to unite her country, Greece.

  This study focuses on analyzing how Lysistrata stops the war and shows to the public that a woman has an ability and a big role in a family life. This study also analyzes the characters of Lysistrata. Therefore, there are two problems to solve. They are (1). “How is Lysistrata portrayed in the play?” (2) “How does Lysistrata stop the war between Athena and Sparta?”

  The theories and approach that are used in this study are theories of character and characterization also theory and approach of feminism. Theory of character and characterization is used to analyze the first problem. Theory and approach of feminism is used to analyze how Lysistrata stops the war and show to the public that a woman has an ability and a big role in a family life.

  The results of the study show that, first, Lysistrata is a smart person, wise, kind, brave and responsible person. Second, Lysistrata manages to stop the war, by inviting all wives and mothers of Athena and Sparta to strike on doing their family chores. They live together in Akropolis without men for a while.

  Aristophanes’ Lysistrata is a good drama. It is recommended for the future researchers to analyze Aristophanes’ Lysistrata, because this drama has some aspects, which can be analyzed. The researcher may analyze on the psychological aspect of Lysistrata. It is also suggested for English teachers to use Aristophanes’ Lysistrata as the material to teach a drama class. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRAK

Utami, Ester Palupi Nan. 2010. Peran Lysistrata dalam menghentikan perang

Dalam Teks Drama LYSISTRATA Karya ARISTOPHANES . Yogyakarta:

Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan

Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

  Studi ini membahas sebuah karya besar Aristophanes, Lysistrata. Lysistrata adalah tokoh utama dalam drama tersebut. Lysistrata adalah seorang pahlawan bagi bangsa Yunani. Ia berhasil menyatukan dua negara bagian Yunani yang sedang berperang, Athena dan Sparta.

  Studi ini menitik beratkan permasalahan bagaimana Lysistrata menghentikan perang yang sedang terjadi dan menunjukan kepada masyarakat umum bahwa wanita memiliki kemampuan serta peran besar dalam hidup berkeluarga. Maka dari itu dalam studi ini terdapat dua permasalahan yang akan dibahas, pertama bagaimana kepribadian Lysistrata yang digambarkan dalam drama. Yang kedua bagaimana cara Lysistrata menghentikan perang.

  Teori dan metode pendekatan masalah yang dipakai adalah teori karakter dan karakteristik juga teori feminisme sedangkan pendekatannya secara feminis. Teori karakter dan karakteristik digunakan dalam menganalisa permasalahan yang pertama. Teori dan pendekatan feminisme digunakan dalam menganalisa bagaimana Lysistrata menghentikan perang dan menunjukan kepada masyarakat umum bahwa wanita memiliki kemampuan serta peran besar dalam hidup berkeluarga.

  Dari analisa tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Lysistrata adalah seorang wanita yang cerdas, bijaksana, baik hati, pemberani, serta bertanggung jawab. Kedua, Lysistrata berhasil menghentikan perang dengan mengundang seluruh wanita-wanita Athena dan Sparta untuk meninggalkan rumah mereka dan hidup bersama tanpa suami serta anak-anak mereka di suatu tempat bernama Akropolis.

  Drama Lysistrata sangat memiliki banyak aspek untuk dapat dianalisa, ini sangat bagus untuk penelitian selanjutnya. Drama ini juga dapat dipergunakan untuk mengajar bahasa Inggris dalam kelas drama.

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter presents the introduction of the whole study. This chapter is

  divided into four parts. It starts with the background of study, which discusses my reason of choosing this topic. The second part of this chapter is the problem formulation that contains three questions that I would like to discuss. The purposes of the study are stated in the objectives of the study as the third part of this chapter. The fourth part is the definition of terms.

A. Background of The Study

  The number of population in the world is growing rapidly today. From year to year, the numbers of mother give birth their babies is increase. The number of people will increase, but the place may not be larger. The IDB (International Data Base) estimates that the total of citizens in the world about 6.952.939.682 in this year (2011). It shows that a lot woman give birth everyday.

  This condition happened since long time ago.

  The position of women was weak. In the traditional society, they only helped their husbands at home. They cooked meals in the kitchen, gave birth many times, raised the children and deals with the household activities. It also happenned in our society. Javanese people said, “Wong wedok kuwi konco

  

wingking ” (women can only do activities that related with household). Women

are weak, different from men who are strong and powerful.

  2 This condition is always written in many newspaper, books, poems, novels even in a song. In Indonesia, we have a song, the title is Sabda Alam written by

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  Ismail Marzuki, which describes the position of women.

  “Diciptakan alam pria dan wanita dua makhluk dalam asuhan dewata Ditakdirkan bahwa pria berkuasa adapun wanita lemah lembut manja”

  “Man and women are created by nature, they are in God’s taking care. It is predestination that man are in authority, and the woman are weak.” This song is an example how is weak women position in men’s view. Psychically women and men are different. However, in fact women are a needed for men. Men are nothing without women. Especially in the family life, the role of women is very important. They can be a stockholding for their family. Women organized the whole aspect in the family life, they are a smart people.

  Today, women realize their ability and their role in this life. Therefore, there is women emancipation. Women emancipation need long process and it depends from the society. On the other side, many people still cannot accept women emancipation. As a woman, I feel that women emancipation is very important to show that truly women have a power, ability and role in this life.

  Actually, woman emancipation has been begun since long time ago. In Indonesia we have R.A. Kartini as a hero who struggle the women. In Athens, we have Lysistrata also as a heroine in a war between Athena and Sparta.

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  In this study, I bring this case by seeing feminism in Lysistrata Drama Script. The primary data of this study is taken from the Aristophanes’ Lysistrata written by Dudley Fits in 1954. Why do I choose this script drama as my study? First of all, I am interesting in this story, because this story is famous drama and have good story. Beside that the story also has strong character. It is seen in Lysistrata character. It is also expressed by her, she says that: “Only we, women can save Greece!” (act 16, scene prologue ).

  Her expression, above truly show that she believes women have a power, ability and power in this life. Second, I live in Javanese culture, which believes that woman is under the men. This script drama also shows women’s problem in daily life, and women’s love, that is my other reason.

  This story tells about a woman, Lysistrata. She was a smart and wise person. When a war between Athena and Sparta happened in her country, she was very sad. She looked that women and child in her country suffered of that condition. They could not gather with their family, because their husband went to the war. The children could not gather with their father, because of war, sometimes men were die in the war. Lysistrata began to think how to end the war.

  Therefore, she invited some women from that country, Athena and Sparta, to gather in high meeting. In the meeting, they tried to solve the war.

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  B. Aims of The Study

  The aim of the study is to see how a woman may make use of her important role within her family to stop the war as seen in Lysistrata, the main character of Aristophanes’ Lysistrata.

  C. Problem Formulation

  In order to achieve the aim of the study above, I put two problems that formulated as follows:

  1. How is Lysistrata portrayed in the play?

  2. How does Lysistrata stop the war between Athena and Sparta? To answer the problem formulation above, I would employ two theories.

  The first one is character and characterization, and the second one is theory of post Feminism. I also employ feminism approach.

  I hope this thesis will contribute a better view about feminism for the readers, especially for women in Indonesia. By this way, they realize that they have an important role in this life, especially in their family. Besides that, it is to know that truly women have a power and ability.

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D. Definition of Term

  In this study, I would like use three different terms and I define those terms briefly, so that it will be not confusing.

  1. The first term is Character. Hornby’s Oxford Advanced Learner’s

  Dictionary states that, character is (a person, a community, or a race,

  etc) or moral nature, mental nature, mental or moral qualities that make one person different from others. In this script drama, the character is the behavior of Lysistrata. Abrams in his book A Glossary of Literary Terms defines: “Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, which is interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and disposed qualities that are expressed in what they say ‘the dialogue’ and by what they do ‘the action’ “ (1980: 20) Abram said that characters are the representation of human beings. These characters inherit human characteristics. They are presented through their speeches and actions and not depending on the narration of the author only. Hornby’s Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary states, “Character is (a person, a community, or a race, etc different from others” (1974: 140)

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  Characterization according to Baldick in his Criticism and Literary Theory (34), characterization is the representation of aperson in a dramatic or narrative work with the use of direct method of attribution to the character so that the reader can infer or deduce the qualities from the character’s appearance, action, or speech.

  2. The second term is Feminism. Terrey’s Encyclopedia Feminism says, “In brief, feminism can be described as a belief and a commitment to equal rights and opportunities for women” (1989:139). The term of feminism is originated from the Latin femina (=woman) which meant, having the qualities of females.

  Charlotte Bunch defines that “feminism is transformational politics since everything affects women, every issue is women’s issue” (Tuttle, 1986:107) Noah Webster in his book, Webster New Twentieth Century Dictionary says that “Feminism is : 1). The theory that women should have political, economic, and social rights equal to men.

  2). The movement to win such right for women” (1972: 674). Maggie Humm, in her book, The Dictionary of Feminism Theory says that feminism is a term used by cultural and essentialist feminist to describe the ideology of female superiority (1995 : 93).

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  Hornby’s Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary states that, feminism is the belief and aim that women should have the same rights and opportunities as men. (2005:565)

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter deals with two main parts. First is review of related theories,

  which consist of theory of character and characterization, theory of feminism and post feminism. Second is theoretical framework which explains the contribution of the theories in this study in solving the problem as stated in problem formulation in chapter I.

A. Review of Related Theories

  In this study, I am going to analyze Aristophanes’ Lysistrata Drama Script, especially the feminism side of the drama script. In analyzing the drama script, this study refers to some theories that support the analysis. Below are the theories used as the foundation of the discussion later.

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

  Instead of using feminism approach, this study use other theories to support my analysis. They are theory of character and theory of characterization.

a. Theory of Character

  Abrams proposes character can be classified into protagonist and antagonist (128). The protagonist is the central figure of a story and usually referred to the main character of the story. Whereas, antagonist creates conflicts or barriers that

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  the protagonist must overcome. Antagonist is not always human; it can be circumstances, situation that creates conflict.

  Talking about the character, we will imagine that it is about the psychical appearance, but in fact, character is not just a matter of psychical appearance.

  Character also includes the personality and behavior that reveals the figure. Foster gives two kinds of character, they are flat and round character.

  1. Flat character Flat character is a static character that develops in a single idea or quantity

  (1978: 21). There is no detail description of the character in a novel. It is call flat because we see only one side of the character.

  2. Round Character Round character is dynamic and complex in temperament (1978: 21).

  Round character is not just static but it is dynamic and always changes, therefore it makes her/his character is unpredictable or hard to guess by the reader, as the result, round character is rather than difficult to be described.

  Henkle divide the character into “major” and “minor” character (1977: 89)

  1. Major character This is the most important and complex character in a novel. He or she can be identified as such trough the complexity of his or her characterization, the attention given to him or her is the personal intensity that seems to transmit.

  2. Minor character Minor characters are those who perform more limited functions. Their responses to the experiences are less complex and less interesting.

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b. Theory of Characterization

  Sometimes when we read a story, the author does not give direct the description of the character. If that is the case, we can perceive traits of character like what Murphy Says in his book. “There are nine ways of how an author may reveal the character’s personalities and traits to the reader” (1972:276). They are:

  1. Personal description The author describes the characters appearances and clothes directly.

  2. Character as seen by another The author uses another character’s eyes and opinions to describe a character.

  3. Speech What a character says can give the readers some clues to his/her character.

  4. Past lives The author lets the reader to learn something about a person’s life by giving clues through directing comment on the character, person’s thought, his conversation or through the medium of another person.

  5. Conversation of others The conversation of other people and the things they say about the character can be a clue to the person’s characteristic.

  6. Reactions The author helps the reader to recognize a person’s characters by describing how the person reacts to various situation and events.

  7. Direct comment The author gives a comment on a person’s characteristic directly.

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  8. Thoughts The author can give his readers a direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about.

  9. Mannerism The author can tell his reader about the character’s characteristics from the character’s mannerism, habits, and idiosyncrasies.

  The study also refers to the Abrams theory, Abrams says in his book entitled A Glossary of Literary Terms, that there are two kinds of character portrayal namely telling and showing method. Telling is also called as a direct method while showing is an indirect method or dramatic method. In the direct method, the author himself intervenes authoritatively in order to describe and often to evaluate the motives and dispositional qualities of the characters. In the direct method, the author merely presents his characters talking and acting, and leaves the readers to infer what motives and disposition behind on what they say and do (1981: 21)

  Koesnosoebroto says, “A character must be believable or convincing” (1988:67). Furthermore, he says, “A character must be consistent in his or her behaviour, clearly motivated and creadible”. What it means by consistent in his or her behaviour is that a character can change only by a strong reason. For instance, when somebody is depressed in his poverty, he can simply change to be a thief or the like. A character should also have clear motivations whenever he or she changes in mind. The reason has to be acceptable. Then, lastly, characters must be credible. It should be lifelike and realistic.

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  Thus, from the theory above, I try to find out the major characteristic of Lysistrata from the dialogues or speech.

2. Theory of Feminism

  John Stuart Mill one of the English philosophers says that feminism is indulged though a kind of education system in society (1981:6). He also believes that any efforts to divided human into two groups, women and men, and the effort to differentiate them in social role are the effect of an organized political act.

  “From the first time, women are born and grown bring some believe that they have a good morality, better then men. Women do not have their own hope. They have to be obedience person and being sacrifice for others. They always being thought to give all her live for others and deny themselves. Women only permit to have sense or feeling” Mill (1971:148). Arief Budiman in his book, Pembagian

  Kerja Secara Seksual says that, “Banyak orang percaya bahwa wanita sudah sewajarnya hidup di lingkungan rumah tangga. Tugas ini adalah tugas yang diberikan alam kepada mereka: melahirkan dan membesarkan anak-anak di dalam lingkungan rumah tangga.” (1981: 3)

  (Many people believe that women have to stay at home. It is given by nature for them, their job is only to give birth and raised the children in the house) Even in economic and social position, woman are weak. This situation also occurred in England around 1725 as R.W. Emerson says, in his English

  Traits, “The right of the husband to sell his wife has been retained down to our

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  times” (Freeman, 1984 : 520). Even though there is women emancipation and women’s right in economic and social position, still women have a bad condition in it. We can also see in fields and mines, manufactories and shops, on markets and roads as well as in workshops and in their homes, women are busy, assisting their men or replacing them in their absence or after their death, or contributing by their own labor to the family income. But owing to the fact that most industrial activities are carried out in the house of chances of female employment than are bigger. Women are admitted to a number of trades, such as woolen and linen weaving, braiding, tailoring, fur-dressing and tanning, baking, leather-cutting and armorial embroidery, and many other profession.

  Women have no right to protest about their condition. Women are taboo to express their real feeling. It will be happiness to accept their condition. This opinion also expressed by Mrs. Graves : “A good woman has no desire to rule, where she feels to be her duty, as it is as higher pleasure ‘to love, honor and obey’; and she submits with cheerful acquiescence to that order in the conjugal relation which God and nature have established. Woman feels she is not for command, and she finds her truest happiness in submitting to those who wield a rightful scepter in justice, mercy and love.” (Freeman, 1984: 521)

  Feminism is an effort to escape themselves from any exploitation from the society. It is also express by Maggie Humm in her book, The Dictionary of Feminism Theory says that Feminism is a term used by cultural and essentialist feminists to describe the ideology of female superiority (1995 : 93). It is to show that, women have power and ability in life.

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  Feminism is a woman movement aroused as an aware effort to escape themselves from any oppression, discrimination, and exploitation in societies and to dismiss them in their life.

a. Feminism Movement

  Concerning to the development on feminism theories cause different various point of view. Basically, there are four kinds of feminism, namely Liberal feminism, Radical feminism, Socialist feminism, and Marxian feminism. All the sources below are taken from Ratna Megawangi’s Perkembangan Teori Feminisme Masa Kini dan Mendatang serta Kaitannya dengan Pemikiran Islam (1996: 211-229)

1. Liberal Feminism

  It is that all people created with the same rights and chances to struggle for their lives. Therefore, liberal feminism assumes that naturally there are no differences between men and women so that women should have their right equaled with men’s. However, it focuses on the changes of rules and laws that supposed to survive the patriarchy system. On the other hand, Liberal Feminism regards the conventional family universal concept in which a husband is in charge of family earning and security ensuring. This case, according to liberal feminism, is not ensuring individual freedom concept to be self-manage and to decide one’s own life. This conventional family concept makes women depend on men. (1996: 212).

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  Basically women stick tightly to traditional values that from their incapable and irrational attitude and of course this causes the woman underdog in the society. Thus people consider that industrialization and modernization are the best ways to enhance woman status. (1996: 213)

  2. Radical Feminism

  Radical feminism theory developed rapidly in the United States in the course of year 1960’s and 1970’s. The basis of this theory correspondes to philosophy of socialist feminist theory, but the radical theory focuses mostly on the existence of the family institution and patriarchy system. Patriarchy is such masculinity ideology. According to radical feminism patriarchy is a system in which men considered to have superior power and economic privilege. Radical feminism tends to abhor men and let women to be autonomous, in fact even without men in their lives.

  3. Marxian Feminism

  Classic Marxism bears a solid tradition to study anything related to family affairs, private property, and nation. It absolutely rejects the concepts that suppose biological aspect is the basic way of which genders differentiated. Husbands are bourgeois while wives are proletariats that are always under oppression. In this occasion, women are supposed to be free from such patriarchy capitalistic authority only by launching woman revolution movement. Woman emancipation is effective when a woman takes part in production and stops handling household

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  affairs. Woman emancipation should be through industrialization and there is less time for them to do some household affairs (1996: 228).

4. Socialist Feminist

  According to socialist feminist, living in such capitalistic society is not the primary reason causing woman retardation, either in any capitalistic states or socialized woman states are still under patriarchy system (1996: 228-229). Socialist feminist is a feminism movement that adopt praxis Marxism theory, process of makinf awareness. It helps women aware of their position that are no in fortuned class (1996: 228-229).

B. Theoretical Framework

  This study is about how Lysistrata stops the war between Athena and Sparta as seen in Aristophanes’s Lysistrata Drama Script. Therefore, the theory of character and characterization and theories of feminism are used to answer the problem formulation.

  The theory of character and characterization is used to answer the first question in the problem formulation about how Lysistrata is portrayed in the play.

  The types of character stated by Foster and Henkle help to classify the character. This study uses Murphy’s theory, character and characterization to find out the characterization of Lysistrata. Therefore, we can find out what kind of personality that the character has. From the nine principles stated in chapter 2, which are personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation

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  of others, direct comment, thoughts, and mannerism. From those nine principles, there are only speech, conversation of others and direct comment to be devices in analyzing the characteristics of Lysistrata in the play.

  The theory of feminism is used to give clearer description about feminism. It also will be applied to answer the second question in the problem formulation. The theories of feminism taken from Maggie Humm as stated in his book, The Dictionary of Feminism Theory. Another theory of feminism are going to be used to discuss the way Lysistrata tries to survive live without the men to stop the war and show to them that a woman have a big important role in a family life.

  Feminism approach involves various theories of feminism to explain the women’s live in the daily live and women’s role in the family live.

C. Context of Lysistrata

  The setting of Lysistrata is in Greece in the 410 BC. I would like to give a brief history based on the Aristophanes and Lysistrata’s point of view, from socio culture, political and economic side.

1. Aristophanes

  Aristophanes wrote this play in the condition where women are underestimated by men. At that time Greece is divided into two local areas, they were Athena and Sparta. The background of those countries was very different. Athena was more modern country than Sparta. They had good knowledge therefore Athena have some scientist like Aristotle, Socrates, Plato, etc. It was

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  different from Sparta. Sparta was a military country. They concentrate to their country’s security.

  From economic side, Athena was more prosperous than Sparta. Democracy was effective in Athena than Sparta.

2. Lysistrata

  As stated above, Aristophanes wrote the drama in the condition where men had an authority. At that time, the women were not allowed to express their thought and their voices deliberately. Through this drama, Lysistrata as the main character tried to show that women have power in order to prove that they have the same right. They also tried to prove that a woman also has her own power to express her feeling.

  It is not the time for women to be underestimated by men. It is the time for women to realize that they have rise their dignity by showing their power.

  Therefore, women should struggle against the domination of men.

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This chapter consists of three parts. The first part is subject matter, in this

  part I would like to give brief explanation about the script drama. The second part I would discuss the approach in this study. Then the last part is procedures that explain all the steps on the analyzing of this script drama. A. SUBJECT MATTER In this thesis, I choose Lysistrata drama script. The original novel was written by Aristophanes at 410 BC. This drama script is an English translation, published in 1954 by Harcourt, Brace & Co, NY as the first edition. The English version is translated by Dudley Fitts.

  The content of this story is about women in Greece. There are a war between Athena and Sparta. Women and children are very sad, they cannot gather with their family completely. Their husbands/ father leave them and go to the war.

  Lysistrata is an Athenian her husband is a commissioner. She thinks only women can save Greece, she has an idea to end the war. One day, Lysistrata invites some people to her house. The people are women who have high position in Greece. Lysistrata conveys her idea to end the war. Her idea is all of the women in Greece leave their house and live in a mass calls Akropolis.

  By knowing the condition, all of the men in Greece are very angry. They lose their wife, and feel lonely. No one at home, they do the household alone

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  Men protest to Lysistrata about this condition, they want their wife come back to home. Finally, men and women make an appointment. Women will go back to home if men end the war. Moreover, they create peace together in the family life. From this moment, it raises a Lysistrata as a hero for Greece, their country.

  B. APPROACH

  In analyzing the problem formulation as mentioned in chapter one, I use the feminism approach based on the feminism theory that I would employ. This is because I would like to analyze the women’s live and role in the family. I also employ the theory character and characterization of Abram’s theory, to know the character of Lysistrata.

  C. Data Collection

  In order to complete the study, the study needed a lot of thought as well as reference books and notes. There are various sources that the study used in analyzing the adaptation of the main character and his characterization. The sources are basically divided into two parts. They are primary source and secondary sources. The explanation of each kind of source will be given as follow:

  1. Primary source The primary source is the source that becomes the basis of the study’s analysis about the character and the characterization of Lysistrata, the main

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  character of the drama. The primary source used in this study is the drama script, Lysistrata, written by Aristrophanes.

  2. Secondary Sources The secondary sources are the sources that become the supporting sources in giving information in the study’s analysis. Firstly, the study used some feminism books such as The Dictionary of Feminism Theory by Maggie Humm, Pembagian Kerja Secara Seksual, written by Arief Budiman, also the book from Ratna Megawangi, the title is Perkembangan Teori Feminisme Masa Kini dan Mendatang serta Kaitannya dengan Pemikiran Islam. The writer used some literary books such as A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature written by Wilfred L. Guerin, et al., An Introduction in English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students, written by Murphy and A Course Glossary of Contemporary-Literary Theory written by Jeremy Hawthorn.

  Besides those books above, there are many other psychological and literary books and Internet sources that support the analysis in this study. The complete information about all of the books and Internet sites that are used can be found in the bibliography of the thesis.

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