HUKUM INTERNASIONAL DALAM FUNGSI PERLINDUNGAN TERHADAP RAKYAT BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA DAN SANKSI ATAS PELANGGARAN - PELANGGARAN Repository - UNAIR REPOSITORY
SKRI PSI DODDY SETIAWAN HUKUM INTERNASIONAL DALAM FUN6SI PERLINDUNGAN TERHADAP RAKYAT BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA DAN SANKSI ATAS PELANGGARAN - PELANGGARAN
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FAKULTAS HUKUM UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA S U R A B A Y A 1993
HUKUM I NT E RNAS I ONAL DAL AM F UNGS I P E R L I N D U N GA N T E RHADAP RAKY AT BOS NI A - H E R Z E GOV I N A DAN S ANKS I AT AS P E L A N GGA R A N - P E L A N GGA R A N N Y A
5 KRI P S I D i a j u k a n u n t u k Me l e n g k a p i T u g a s d a n Me me n u h i S v a r a t - s y a r a t unt uk . Me n c a p a i Ge ?l a r S a r j a n a Hu k u m o l e h : P ODDY S E T I AWAN 0 3 8 8 1 2 7 5 4 F A K U L T A S HUK U M U N I V E R S I T A S A I R L ANGGA S URABAY A 1 9 9 3
HUKUM I NT E RNAS I ONAL DAL AM F UNGS I P E R L I NDUNGAN T E RHADAP RAKY AT BOS NI A - HE RZ E GOV I NA DAN S ANKS I AT AS P E L ANGGARAN- P E L ANGGARANNY A S KRI P S I Di a j u k a n u n t u k Me l e n g k a p i T u g a s d a n Me me n u h i S y a r a t - s y a r a t u n t u k Me n c a p a i Ge l a r S a r j a n a Hu k u m o l e h s
DQDDY S E T I AWAN 0 3 8 8 1 2 7 5 4 F A KUL T AS HUKUM UNI V E RS I T AS AI RL ANGGA S URABAY A 1 9 9 3
Di p e r t a h a n k a n d i d e p a n De wa n P e n g u j i S k r i p s i F a k u l t a s Hu k u m Un i v e r s i t a s Ai r l a n g g a S u r a b a y a d a n d i t e r i ma u n t u k me me n u h i s y a r a t - s y a r a t g u n a me mp e r o l e h g e l a r S a r j a n a h u k u m p a d a t a n g g a l 3 S e p t e mb e r 1 9 9 3 . De wa n P e n g u j i : E ma n * S . H
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KAT A P E NGANT AR B T S MI L L A H I R R OH MA N I R R OH I M. AL HAMDUL I L L AHI R A B B I L ' AL AM1 I N S HAL L I WA S AL L I M L I N NABI KHAI RI L BAS Y AR De n g a n me ma n j a t k a n p u j i s y u k u r k e p a d a Al l a h S WT . k a r e n a l i mp a h a n r a h ma t - Ny a , ma k a s e l e s a i l . a h s u d a h s k r i p s i i n i g u n a me l e n g k a p i , t u g a s - t u g a s a k a d e mi s , y a n g ms mp e r o l e h s a l a h s a t u s v a r a t u n t u k me mp e r o l e h g e l a r s a r j a n a h u k u m d i F a k u l t a s Hu k u m U n i v e r s i t a s Ai r l a n g g a S u r a b a y a * De n g a n d e mi k i a n , l e wa t l a h s u d a h l a n g k a h p e r d a n a s t u d i i l mu h u k u m d i F a k u l t a s Hu k u m U n i v e r s i t a s Ai r l a n g g a S u r a b a y a d e n g a n s e g a l a s u k a d a n d u k a n y a . P a d a k e s e mp a t a n i n i , t a k l u p a s a y a me n g u c a p k a n r a s a t e r i ma k a s i h d a n h o r ma t k e p a d a :
1. Ba p a k J He n d y T e d j o n a g o r o , S . H. , s e l a k u d o s e n p e mb i mb i n g , y a n g t e l a h b e r s e d i a me mb e r i k a n b i mb i n g a n , s a r a n d a n ma t e r i - ma t e r i y a n g d i b u t u h k a n d a l a m p e mb u a t a n s k r i p s i i ni . 2 . S e l u r u h t i m p e n g u j i y a i t u Ba p a k He r ma wa n P s . N o t o d i p o e r o S. H. , MS. , Ba p a k Ab d o e l Ra s j i d S . H. , L L . M. , Ba p a k Ha r u n Al s a g o f f , S . H. , M A . . Ba p a k E ma n , S . H. , MS. . Ba p a k I Wa y a n T i t i b Su l a l ' s a n a , S . H . , MS. i i i
3 . S e l u r u h s t a f p e n g a j a r di F a k u l t a s Hu k u m U n i v e r s i t a s A i r l a n g g a S u r a b a y a y a n g t e l a h me r n b e r i k a n b e k a l i l mu p r c n g e t ^ h u a n k e p a d a s a y a . 4 . Ba p a k Dr . F r a n s L i ma h e l u , S. H. , L L . M. s e l a k u De k a n F a k u l t a s Hu k u m U n i v e r s i t a s Aj r l a n g g a S u r a b a y a .
5. Re k a n - r e k a n p e me r h a t i ma s a l a h Bo s n i a - H e r n e g o v i n a y a n g t e l a h me mb e r i k o n s t r i b u s i b a g i s e l e s a i n y a s k n p s i i n i . 6 . S e l u r u h s t a f p e r p u s t a k a a n u mu m Un i v e r s i t a s A i r l a n g g a S u r a b a y a . 7 . S e l u r u h r e k a n - r e k a n ma h a s i s ws F a k u l t a s Hu k u m Un i v e r s i t a s , A i r l a n g g a S u r a b a y a , k h u s u s n y a j u r u s a n h u k u m i n t e r n a s i o n a l , s e r t a s e r mua p i h a k y a n g t i d a k b i s a s a y a s e b u t k a n s a t u p e r s a t u . 8 . k . e dua o r a n g t u a s a y a , s e h i n g g a k a r e n a p e n g o r b a n a n b e l i a u ma k a s k r i p s i i n i b i s a s e l e s a i . Ak h i r k a t a , s a y a me n y a d a r i b a h wa s k r i p s i ma s i h j a u h d a r i u k u r a n s e mp u r n a , n a mu n d e i n i k i a n . mu d a h - mu d a h a n e k r i p s i d a p a t b e r ma n f a a t b a g i p i h a k - p i h a k y a n g b e r k e p c n t i n g a n . S u r a b a y a , J u l i 1 9 9 3 P e n y u s u n , ( DODDY S RT 1 AWAN)
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1. Hu k u m I n t e r n a s i o n a l t e n t a n g P e r a n g d i k a i t k a n d e n g a n P e r l i n - d u n g a n d a n P e n j a mi n a n Ha k As a s i Ma n u s i a t e r h a d a p Uma t Ma n u s i a . . . 1 4 a P e r l i n d u n g a n Me nur ut . Ko n v e n s i De n H a a g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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c . P e r l i n d u n g a n d i d a l a m Ko n v e n s i J e n e wa 1 9 4 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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d. Ko n v e n s i - k o n v e n s i b a r n t e n - t a n g Hu k u m P e r a n g . . . . * . . . . . . . . 2 5 2 . P e r i s t i wa d i B o s n i a - H e r z e g o v i n a D i t i n j a u d a r i s e g i Ha k As a s i Ma n u s i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3
BAB I I I : P E L A N GGA R A N - F E L A N GGA R A N P I HAK S E RBI A T E R H A D A P HUKUM I N T E R N A S I ON A L . . . . . . . . 3 6 1. F a k t a P e n y e b a b T i n d a k a n t i dak. ma n u s i a wi S e r b i a t e r h a d a p B o s n i a - H e r z e g o v i n a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 2 . P e l a n g g a r a n - P e l a n g g a r a n S e r b i a di k a i t k a n d e n g a n Hu k u m F ' ^ r a m) . . . . . 3 7 3 . S a n k s i d a l a m Hu k u m I n t e r n a s i o n a l d a n K' e - e f e k t i v i t c i s a nny a . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9 BAB I V : K0 NS E KWE N5 I Y URI D1 S T E RHADAP P E L A N G GAR A N HUK U M I NT E RNAS I ONAL T E NT ANG P E R A N G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2
1. S a n k s i d a l a m h u k u m i n t e r n a s i o n a l , k h u s u s n y a t e n t a n g P e r a n g . . . . . . . . 5 2
2. Be n t u k - b e n t u k . S a n k s i b a g i P e l a n g - g a r t e r h a d a p Hu k u m P e r a n g . . . . . . . . 5 7 a . R e p r i s a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Di r i ) S e b a g a i S a r a n a P e l a k s a n a a n S a n k s i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0 c . Us e o f F o r c e ( p e n g g u n a a n k e k e - r a s a n ) S e b a g a i s a r a n a P e l a k s a n a a n S a n k s i T a h a p K e d u a . . . . . . 6 4 3 . Ha l - h a l y a n g Me n y e b a b l a n Ke t i d a k - E f e k t i v a n T i n d a k a n P e r s e r i k a t a n Ba n g s a - B a n g s a d a n Ne g a r a B a r a t . . . 6 9
BAB V : F ' ENUT UP 7 3 J. K e s i mp u l a n . . . . . . . . » . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . S a r a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4 DAF T AR BACAAN L a mp i r a n v i i
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BAB I P E NDAHUL UAN 1. P e r ma s a l a h a n : L a t a r B e l a k a n q d a n R u mu s a n n v a . S u d a h me n j a d i p e mb a h a s a n y a n g c u k u p l u a s ba i ^ o l e h me d i a ma s s a n a s i o n a l ma u p u n i n t e r n a s i o n a l me n g e n a i g e j o l a k y a n g s e d a n g me l a n d a Bo s n i a - He r z e g o v i n a , y a i t u k a s u s - k a s u s a n t a r a l a i n p e mb e r s i h a n e t n i s , p e me r k D s a a n , p e mb u n u h a n t e r h a d a p j u t a a n o r a n g - o r a n g y a n g t i d a k b e r d o s a t e r u t a ma a n a k - a n a k d a n wa n i t a , k e t i a d a a n p e r l i n d u n g a n t e r h a d a p p e n d u d u k s i p. i l , d a n ma s i h b a n y a k l a g i k e j a h a t a n - k e j a h a t a n l a i n y a n g d i l a k u k a n oi l eh S e r b i a s e h i n g g a t i d a k b i s a d i s e b u t k a n d i s i n i s e l u r u h n y a . Na mu n d i b a l i k e e mu a i t u , t e r j a d i s u a t u k o n d i s i y a n g s a n g a t i r o n i s s e k a l i y a i t u l a mb a t n y a d a n j u g a b e r b e l i t - b e l .1 t n y a p r o s e d u r b a n t u a n y a n g h e n d a k di . s a mpa i . k a n k e p a d a Bo s n i a —He r z e g o v i n a o l e h n e g a r a - n e g a r a d i d u n i a i n i , t p r u t a ma n e g a r a - n e g a r a y a n g b e g i t u s a n g a t me mp e r h a t i k a n r n a s a l a h h a k - h a k a s a s i ms n u s i a , j u g a n e g a r a - n e g a r a ma j u a p a l a g i y a n g <- f . - - r. gaku s e b a g a i p o l i s i d u n i a ' - T i n d a k a n p e mb e r s i h a n e l n i s , p e me r k o s a a n , p e mb u n u h a n d a n k e j a h a t a n - k e j a h a t a n l a i n t e r s e b u t a n c a r a s e n q a j a d a n me mb a b i b u t a d i l a n c a r k a n o l e h p i h a k S e r b i a y a n g me n g k l a i m d i r i n y a s e b a g a i pe w. - r i s Y u g o s l a v i a l a ma . Be nt ul - . - Be nl . uk t i n d a k a n p i h a k St - r bi o s e c a r a r i n c i t e r s e b u t
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a n t a r a l a i n , p a d a k u r u n wa k t u a n t a r a Me i - J u n i t e r j a d i p e mb a n t a i a n t e r h a d a p 3 0 0 0 a n a k - a n a k d a n p a r a wa n i t a y a n g s u d a h j e l a s b a h wa me r e k a a d a l a h p e n d u d u k s i p i l d i Br c k o - Bo s n i a . Ha l t e r s e b u t a d a l a h me r u p a k a n l a p o r a n d a r i t a wa n a n - t a wa n a n y a n g s e l a ma t d a n d a t a - d a t a l a i n n y a y a n g d i k u t i p o l e h h a r i a n Ne w Y o r k Ti me r s . Me r e k a y a n g ma t i t e r s e b u t j e n a s a h n y a t i d a k d i k u b u r s e c a r a l a y a k t e t a p i s e b a g i a n d i t e n q g e 1 a mk a n d i s u n g a i S a v a , s e b a g i a n l a g i d i k u b u r ma s s a ! d e n g a n t i d a k me n q i n d a h k a n k o b i a s a a n - k e b i a s a a n v a n g b e r l a k u d a n y a n g l a i n n y a d i b u a n g d i l a h a n p e r t a n i a n , ^ J u g a p a d a Ag u s t u s 1 9 9 2 p i h a k S e r b i a me l a k u k a n p e n y i k s a a n d a n t i d a k me mb e r ! ma k a n \ e p a d a p a r a t a h a n a n di k a mp - - k a mp k o n s e n t r a s i , s e h i n g g a P e r s e r i k a t a n Ba n g s a - Ba n g s a ( n e n g e l u a r k a n s a t u r e s o l u s i t e n t a n g P a l a n g Me r a h u n t u k me n o l o n g p a r a t a h a n a n t e r s e b u t . S u a t u k e s a k s i a n d a r i 2 wa r g a n e g a r a Ame r i k a S e r i k a t me n g a t a k a n b a h wa k o t i k a me r e k a d i t a wa n o l e h p i h a k S e r b i a , s e t i a p me r e k a me n y a k s i k a n t a wa n a n d i p u k u l i , d i s i k s a l i s t r i k d a n d i s i k s a s e c a r a s e k s u a l . L a p o r a n y a n g l a i d l a g i me n g a t a k a n d a l a m t e mp o 1 0 h a r i ( 4 - 1 4 Me i ) t e r d a p a t 1 0 0 - 3 0 0 o r a n g d i b a n t a i . Ha l i n i ma s i h d i t a mb a h d e n g a n t u n t u t a n d a r i p i h a k B o s n i a - H e r z e g o v i n a a g a r me n y e l i d i k i s e c a r a t u n t a s t e r h a d a p p e mb u n u h a n y a n g d i l a k u k a n o l e h p i h a k S e r b i a l . ' K i f s u S e r b i a i t u T e t a p 5 a j a \ J a » a P o s . S e p t e i b e r 1 9 9 2 , h . I .
k e p a d a 2 0 0 o r a n g Mu s l i m, p e n d u d u k Kr o a s i a d a n a n a k - a n a k T i d a k i t u s a j a , k e k e j a ma n p i h a k S e r b i a j u q a d a p a t d i a n g g a p s e b a g a i p e n y e b a b ma t i n y a 8 wa r t a wa n a s i n g . y a i t u 2 d a r i T u r k i , 2 I n g g r i s ,
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1 Ma r o k o d a n i t i d a k d i k e n a l d a l a m ha. I i n i b e l u m t e r ma s u k y a n g d a n I n d o n e s i a . ^ ' Ka s u s y a n g l a i n n y a a d a l a h p e n g a k u a n d a r i o r a n g mo d e r a t p i h a k S e r b i a b a h wa b a n y a k s e n j a t a d i b a g i - b a g i k a n d e n g a n d a l i h p e r l i n d u n g a n e t n i s , l a l u d e n g a n s e n j a t a t e r s e b u t me r e k a b e r t i n d a k b r u t a l h i n g g a t i d a k b i s a me mb e d a k a n s i k a p k e b a n g s a a n d a n b a r b a r i s me . Me r e k a d e n g a n me n g g u n a k a n t o p e n g j u g a me n a k u t - n a k u t i r a k y a t . Di s a mp i n g k e b r u t a l a n - k e b r u t a l a n i t u a d a s u a t u k e i n g i n a n y a n g s a n g a t me n g a d a - a d a l a i n n y a d a r i k a u m e k s t r i mi s S e r b i a , y a i t u a g a r e t n i s Bo s n i a d i u s i r d a r i r u ma h - r u ma h n y a k e mu d i a n d i s e r a h k a n k e p a d a p e n g u n g s i S e r b i a . L a p o r a n t e r a k h i r me n g a t a k a n a d a k e i n g i n a n d a r i p i h a k Bo s n
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s - He r r . e g o v i n a a g a r d i l a k u k a n g e n c a t a n s e n j a t a t e r h a d a p k o t a S a r a j e v o y a n g s u d a h d i k e p u n g s e i a ma
5 b u l a n , b i l a t i d a k d i . mungk j n k a n a k a n a d a b a n y a k p e n d u d u k y a n g ma t i k a r e n a k e l a p a r a n d a n k e d i n g ma n . Di k o t a i t u j u g a t a r npa k g s n a n g a n - g e n a n n a n d a r a h d a n 1 u b a n a - 1 u b a n g b e k a s p e l u r u . S e o r a n g p e j a b a t . k e mn - n t n a n L u a r Ne g e r i 2 . 'Pei t i an Ui an f l u s l i i Bosn ia K i n U D i i i su t ', Jana Po s, 30 Sep t eib er 1992, h . I.
3 . "Nasib Lukian Masih Bel u i Je U s ' , Jawa Po s, 25 Se&t eib er 1992, h . I.
A me r i k a S e r i k a t me n g a t a k a n b a h wa i n t o r ma s i t e r s e b u t ma s i h s e b a g i a n s a j a , b e r a r t i ma s i h b a n y a k y a n g l a i n n y a y a n g b e 1 ur n d i b e n t a k a n ^ . S e j a l a n d e n g a n p e r i s t i wa t e r s e b u t s i mp a t i d a r i d u n i a i n t e r n a s i o n a l mu l a i b e r mu n c u l a n , t i d a k h a n y a d a r i n e g a r a - n e g a r a I s l a m s a j a t e t a p i j u g a d a r i n e g a r a - n e g a r a b a r a t b a i k i n d i v i d u ma u p u n s e c a r a k e l o mp o k , j u g a d u k . u n g a n d a r i p e me r i n t a h a n s u a t u n e g a r a , d a l a m h a l i n i mi s a l n y a p e me r i n t a h F r a n c i s , Ma s y a r a k a t E r o o a d a n Ame r i k a y a n g b e r j u a n g b a i k s e c a r a d i p l o ma t i k d i f o r u m P e r s e r i k a t a n Ba n g s a - B a n g s a ma u p u n me 1 a 1 u i me j a p e r u n d i n g a n - p e r u n d i n g a n u n t u k me n g h e n t i k a n t r a g e d i t e r s e b u t . B e n t u k - Be n t u k s i mp a t i p u n b e r ma c a m- ma c a m, b a h k a n s i mp a t i y a n g d i t u n j u k k a n o l e h Ma l a y s i a d a p a t d i k a t a k a n s a n g a t me n a r i k , k a r e n a b a g i Ma l a y s i a p e r wu j u d a n s i k a p s o l i d a r i s me t e r s e b u t d i t u n j u k a n d e n g a n t i n d a k a n d a r i p e me r i n t a h Ma l a y s i a u n t u k me mu t u s k a n h u b u n g a n d i p l o ma t i k d e n g a n p i h a k S e r b i a , y a n g me n g k l a i m s e b a g a i p e wa r i s Y u g o s l a v i a l a ma . Ke mu d i a n s a l a h s a t u s i mp a t i l a g i y a n g d i t u n j u k k a n o l e h p i h a k Mu j a h i d i n a d a l a h a d a l a h s e c a r a l a n g s u n g b e r g a b u n g d e n g a n p e j u a n g Mu s l i m Bo s n i a . S u k a r e l a wa n y a n g b e r j u ml a h 5 0 0 o r a n g i ni me n g a t a k a n b a h wa me r e k a t i dal - a n t i S e r b i a t e t a p i mi . r i e nt a ng p i h a l - p i h a k 4 , ' Ni l i t e r AS Be t u i S i a p k e B o s n i a ’ , J a wa F' os , 2 5 S e p t e i b e r 1 9 9 2 , h , ] .
5 y a n g me mb u n u h s a u d a r a - s a u d a r a Mu s l i m me r e k a . Da n p a s u k a n Mu j a h i d i n i n i b u k a n me r u p a k a n k e l o mp o k a t a u n e g a r a I s l a m t e r t e n t u me l a i n k a n t e r d i r i d a r i o r a n g - o r a n g Mu s l i m y a n g p r i h a t i n t e r h a d a p p e n i n d a s a n . k e b r u t a l a n d a n k e j a h a t a n p i h a k S e r b i a . P r e s i d e n S o e h a r t o d a l a m a c a r a r e s mi b a i k d i f o r u m KT T No n Bl o k X d i J a k a r t a ma u p u n p a d a s i d a n g Ma j e l i s Umu m P e r s e r i k a t a n Ba n g s a - B a n g s a t a k l u p a s e l a l u me n g i n g a t H a n p a d a d u n i a i n t e r n a s i o n a 1 a k a n k e b r u t a l a n p a s u k a n S e r b i a . b e l i a u b e r p e n d a p a t b a h wa s e b a i k n y a n e g a r a - n e g a r a s e g e r a me n g a mb i l s i k a p u n t u k me n g h e n t i k a n p r a k t e k y a n g d i s a mp i n g k e j a m j u q a k e j i t e r s e b u t " 1. T a n g g a p a n Ame r i k a S e r i k a t d a l a m me n g h a d a p j . s e r u a n b e r b a g a i n e g a r a i t u a n t a r a l a i n A me r i k a S e r i k a t me n g a j u k a n t u n t u t a n p a d a P e r s e r i k a t a n B a n g s a - Ba n g s a b a h wa p i h a k S e r b i a me l a k u k a n k e j a h a t a n p e r a n g y a i t u p e mb u n u h a n d e n g a n s e n g a j a , pe ny . i k . s a a n t a wa n a n d a n p e n g a n i y a a n t e r h a d a p p e n d u d u k s i p i l a t a u d a J ^ m k o n t e k s l a i n n y a d . i s e b u t ' P e mb e r s i h a n E t n i s ' ( Et ni c. Cl e a n s i n g ) . Ba h k a n p a r a k o l u mn i s d i Ame r i k a S e r i k a t s a n g a t me n d o r o n q a g a r Ame r i k a S e r i k a t s e g e r a t u r u n t a n g a n . P r a n c i s d a n p a s u k a n P e r s e r i k a t a n B a n g s a - Ba n g s a d a l a m h ^ i m i t e r u s me n d e s a k a g a r j u ml a h p a s u k a n P e r s e r i k a t a n B a n g s a - B a n g s a d i t a mb a h . De wa n k e a ma n a n P e r s e r i k a t a n B a n g s a - B a n g s a c e t u j u
5 . J a * a ? o s , 3 0 S e p t e i b e r 1 9 9 2 , i o c . c i t
me n g g u n a k a n c a r a mi l i t e r u n t u k me n q a wa l b a n t u a n u n t u k b i s a s a mp a i d i t u j u a n . Ka r e n a j a l u r d a r a t y a n g me n j a d i t u mp u a n h a r a p a n ma s u k n y a b a n t u a n k e S a r a j e v o p a d a s a a t i t u ma s i h s a n g a t s u l i t , p a d a h a l d a l a m k o n d i s i s e p e r t i i t u k e b u t u h a n a k a n o b a t d a n ma k a n a n s e ma k i n me n i n g k a t ^ . Na mu n s a mp a i s e b e q i t u j a u h a p a y a n g d i t u n g q u - t u n g g u b e l u m j u g a t e r e a l i s i r , mi s a l n y a p e n j a t u h a n s a n k s i o l e h P e r s e r i k a t a n B a n g s a - B a n g s a k e p a d a p i h a k S e r b i a h a r u s me n u n g g u k o mi s i p e n y e l i d i k P e r s e r i k a t a n Ba n g s a - Ba n g s a , s a mp a i k a p a n h a l i t u s a n g a t t i d a k b i s a d i t e n t u k a n . Na mu n d e mi k i a n , k e n y a t a a n y a n g t e r j a d i s e p e r t i s a a t i n i wa l a u k o mi s i p e n y e 1 i d i k P e r s e r i k a t a n Ba n g s a - B a n g s a s u d a h me n y e l e s a i k a n t u g a s n y a r e a l i s a i b e n t u k s a n k s i t e r h a d a p p i h a k S e r b i a s a ma s e k a l i t i d a k t a mp a k , a t a u t a mp a k t a p i s e d i k i t s e b a g a i f o r ma l i t a s s a j a , c o n t o h n y a h u k u ma n t e r h a d a p
2 o r a n g S e r b i a i t u s a j a wa l a u p u n p e l a k u j e l a s - j e l a s b u k a n h a n y a 2 o r a n g t e r s e b u t . Ba h k a n s e b e n a r a n y a b i l a k i t a ma u me n i n j a u l e b i h j a u h k e p r i h a t i n a n p e j u a n g Mu j a h i d i n i t u j u g a d i d a s a r i o l e h s i k a p Ame r i k a S e r i k a t d a n E r o p a y a n g t i d a k s e q e r a b e r t i n d a k . Da n b e b e r a p a wa k t u y a n q l a l u p e j a b a t Ke mo n t r i a n L u a r Ne g e r i Ame r i k a S e r i k a t me n g a t a k a n b a h wa mi l i t e r Ame r i k a S e r i k a t b e l u m s i a p wa l a u t e l a h
b .'Sen at AS Dukung Pen g ir isan Bantuan « i l i t e r U Bo sn ia‘ , Jawa Po s, 2 Oktober 1992, m i .
t e r j a d i p e r i s t i wa p e n y e r a n g a n t e r h a d a p p e s a wa t I t a l i a d a n 2 t e n t a r a F r a n c i s . At a u k a l a u b e g i t u me ma n g t e p a t a p a y a n g d i d u g a o l e h Ami n Ra i s , p a k a r p o l i t i k Un i v e r s i t a s Ga j a h Ha d a b a h wa Ame r i k a S e r i k a t s u l i t b e r t i n d a k k a r e n a t i d a k a d a k e p e n t i n g a n j a n g k a p a n j a n g t e r h a d a p Bo s n i a - He r z e g o v i n a d a n h a l i n i s a n g a t b e r b e d a s e k a l i d e n g a n s i k a p n y a d u l u k e t i k a me n g h a d a p i I r a k d a l a m ma s a l a h p e r a n g T e l u k . Da r i u r a i a n d i a t a s , t i . mb u l l a h b e r b a g a i p e r ma s a l a h a n y a i t u Ap a k a h Hu k u m I n t e r n a s i o n a l k h u s u s n y a h u k u m h u ma n i t e r y a n g me r u p a k a n b a g i a n d a r i h u k u m i n t e r n a s i o n a l t i d a k me n g a t u r p e r l i n d u n g a n h u k u m t e r h a d a p p e r i s t i wa y a n g t e r j a d i d i Bo s n i a ~ H* ? r z e g o v i n a a k i b a t n y a k e b r u t a l a n p i h a k S e r b i a t e r u s b o r l a n . i u t s a mpa i . s e k a r a n g ? Pe r / n a s a l a h a n i n i d a p a t d i p e c a h me n j a d i b e b e r a p a a n a k ma s a l a h , y a i t u :
1. B a g a i ma n a b e n t u k p e r l i n d u n g a n y a n g d i ma k s u d d a l a m Hu k u m P e r a n g t e r h a d a p p e n d u d u k s i p i l B o s n i a - H e r z e g o v i n a d a r i t j n d a k k e k e j a ma n p i h a k S e r b i a ? 2 . Ap a k a h p e l a n g g a r a n S e r b i a t e r h a d a p h u k u m i n t e r n a s i o n a l d a n . i i ka t e r n y a t a me l a n g g a r Hu k u m P e r a n g t e r s e b u t a p a k a h s a n k ^ i n y a ? 3 . B a g a i ma n a k a h b e n t u k p e i a k s a n a a n s a n k s i t e r h a d a p p e l a n g g a r a n Hu k u m P e r a n g ( Hu[ ur n Hu ma n i t e r ) y a n g
d i l a k u k a n o l e h p i h a k S e r b i a ? 2 . Pe n j e 1 a s a n J u d u l J u d u l s k r i p s i i n i a d a l a h : HUKUM
I NT E RNAS I ONAL DAL AM F UN GS I P E R L I N D U N GA N T E RHADAP RAKY AT BOS NI A H E R Z E GOV I N A DAN S ANKS I AT AS P E L A N GGA R A N - P E L A N GGA R A N N Y A . Ma s a l a h y a n g t e r j a d i d i B o s n i a - H e r z e g o v i n a b a n y a k s e k a l i a n t a r a l a i n k a s u s - k a s u s pe n g h . i l a n g k . a n , p e mu s n a h k a n a t a u p e mb e r s i h a n t e r h a d a p r a s , s u k u b a n g s a t e r t e n t u y a n g t i d a k d i k . e h e n d a k i d e n g a n d a l i h , a l a s a n d a n mo t i v a s i y a n g b e r ma c a m- ma c a m. P e me r k o s a a n , p e mb u n u h a n t e r h a d a p j u t a a n o r a n g - o r a n g y a n g t i d a k b e r d o s a t e r n t a ma a n a k - a n a k d a n wa n i t a , p e n q a n i y a y a a n , p e r a mp a s a n t a n a h , p e l a n g g a r a n h a k a s a s i ma n u s i a d a n ma s i h b a n y a k l a g i k e j a h a t a n - k e j a h a t a n l a i n y a n g d i l a k u k a n o l e h S e r b i a d i l u a r b a t a s - b a t a s p e r i k e ma n u s i a a n . Y a n g b i l a d i s i mp u l k a n b a h wa y a n g t e r j a d i d i B o s n i a - H e r z e g o v i n a a d a l a h s u a t u k e t i a d a a n p e r l i n d u n g a n t e r h a d a p p e n d u d u k s i p i l d a n j u g a o r a n g - o r a n g y a n g p e r l u d i l i n d u n g i l a i n n y a . Hu k u m I n t e r n a s i o n a l y a n g s a y a ma k s u d a d a l a h s u a t u t i n j a u a n b e r d a s a r k a n s e k u mp u l a n h u k u m y a n g s e b a g i a n b e s a r t e r d i r i d a r i a s a s - a s a s d a n p e r a t u r a n - p e r a t u r a n t i n g k a h l a k u y a n g me n g i k a t n e g a r a - n e g a r a d a n k a r e n a i t u b i a s a n y a
8
9 d i t a a t i d a l a m h u . b u n g a n n e g a r a - n e g a r a s a t u s a ma l ai n' ^. Ak a n t e t a p i d a s a r p e mb a h a s a n i n i c e n d e r u n g b e r k i s a r me n g e n a i h u k u m i n t e r n a s i o n a l t e n t a n g p e r a n g . Hu k u m P e r a n g . me n u r u t U. S Ar my F i e l d Ma n u a l o f t h e l a w of wa r f a r e , b e r t u j u a n u n t u k y a i t u :
1. Me l i n d u n a i k a mb a t a n ma u p u n n o n - k o mb a t a n d a r i p e n d e r i t a a n y a n g t i d a k p e r l u ; 2 . Me n j a mi n Ha k As a s i Ma n u s i a t e r t e n t u d a r i o r a n g y s n g j a t u h k e t a n g a n mus uh; ; 3 . Me mu n g k i n k a n d i k e mb a l i k a n n y a p e r d a ma i a n ; d a n r> 4. Me mb a t a s i k e k u a s a a n p i h a k b e r p e r a n g 0 . 3 . Al a s a n P e mi l i h a n J u d u l Al a s a n s a y a me mi l i h j u d u l HUK U M
I NT E RNAS I ONAL DAL AM F U NGS I P E R L I N D U N GA N T E RHADAP RAKY AT BOS NI A H E R Z E GOV I N A DAN S ANKS I AT AS P E L A N GGA R A N - P E L A N GGA R A N N Y A t e r u t a ma s e l - a l i a d a l a h k a r e n s :
1. S u a t u k a s u s y a n g s a n g a t me n a r i k p e r h a t i a n ma s y a r a k a t i n t e r n a s i o n a l , n a mu n i r o n i s n y a p e r i s t i wa y a n g t e r j a d i p a d a e r a g l o b a l i s a s i t e r s e b u t , j u s t r u
/ .Ssst iai den$an d ef i n i s i Pr o f . Charles Cheney Hyde, In t er n at i o n al Law, 2nd Ed i t io n , 1947. vo l . ! , pasal 1 (J. 6 . St ar k e, 'In t r o d u ct i o n to In t er n at i o n al l w ' , 7th Ed i t i o n , But t er wor t lis, London, 1972, h . I . )
8 . J. Hendy Tedjonagoro, Hanlaat Hukua Hut an it er In t er n asio n al baoi dan Binosa Ind on esia, f ak u l t as Hukui Un i ver si t as Ai r Un g g a, Sur ab a.a, 1991, h . I,
ma s y a r a k a t i n t e r n a s i o n a l c e n d e r u n g b e r s i k a p p a s i t d e n g a n t i n d a k a n S e r b i a y a n g b e n a r - b e n a r t e l a h me l a n g g a r h u k u m i n t e r n a s i o n a l - k h u s u s n y a t e n t a n g p e r a n g , a s a s - a s a s p e r l i n d u n g a n , me n g a b a i k a n Ha k As a s i Ma n u s i a , b a h k a n t e l a h s a mp a i p a d a g e n o c i d e . 2 . Ko n f l i k t e r s e b u t b i l a t i d a k s e g e r a d i s e l e s a i k a n d i k h a wa t i r k a n a k a n me r e mb e t k e w i 1 a y a h / n e g a r a d i s e k i t a r n y a ( E r o p a T i mu r ) a t a u b a h k a n d i s e l u r u h d u n i a . Ha l i n i j e l a s - j e l a s me n g g a n g g u p e r d a r n a i a n , k e t e r t i b a n d a n k e a ma n a n i n t e r n a s i o n a l . 3 . P e n j a t u h a n s a n k s i k e p a d a p i h a k S e r b i a b e l u m me n g e n a i s a s a r a n . S e k a l i p u n t e l a h d i j a t u h k a n s a n k s i , n a mu n S e r b i a ma s i h t e r u s - me n e r u s me l a k u k a n t i n d a k a n - t i n d a k a n k e j i k e p a d a p e n d u d u k mu s l i n Bo s n i a , S e r b i a t i d a k a d a s e d i k i t p u n i t i k a d b a i k u n t u k me ma t u h i s a n k s i . Ko n d i s i i n i t i d a k me n u t u p k e mu n g k i n a n me n y e b a b k a n t u r u n n y a k e wi b a wa a n h u k u m i n t e r n a s i o n a l . Di s a mp i n g i t u u n t u k me n g e t a h u i s a mp a i d i ma n a h u k u m i n t e r n a s i o n a l me n g a t u r ma s a l a h t e r s e b u t . S a mp a i d i ma n a k a h p e n g a r u h h u k u m i n t e r n a s i o n a l d a n j u g a u n t u k me n g e t a h u i u n s u u — u n s u r h u k u m i n t e r n a s i o n a 1 y a n g b e r k a i t a n d e n g a n ma s a l a h t e r s e b u t , a n t a r a l a i n h u k u m h u ma n i t e r - b a i
V d a l a m p e n g e r t i a n l u a s ma u p u n s e mp i t .
1 1 4 . T u j u a n P e n u 1 i s a n . a . T u j u a n Umu r o . Me l e n g k a p i s a l a h s a t u p e r s y a r a t a n a k a d e mi s y a n g h a r u s d i p e n u h i o l e h s e t i a p ma h a s i s wa u n t u k me mp e r o l e h g e l a r k e s a r j a n a a n . Kh u s u s n y a b a g i s a y a , y a i t u u n t u k me mp e r o l e h q e l a r S a r j a n a Hu k u m p a a d F a k u l t a s Hu k u m U n i v e r s i t a s Ai r l a n g g a . S e l a i n h a l t e r s e b u t d i a t a s t u j u a n l a i n n y a y a n g b e r k a i t a n e r a t d e n g a n t u g a s s e o r a n g ma h a s i s wa s e b a g a i i n t e l e k t u a l y a i t u :
1. Me n g a p l i k a s i k a n t e o r i - t e o r i / h u k u r o - h u k u m y a n g t e l a h a d a d i k a i t k a n d e n g a n p r a k t e k v a n g t e r j a d i d i d a l a m p e r c a t u r a n k e h i d u p a n i n t e r n a s i o n a l . 2 . Me n i n g k a t k a n k e ma mp u a n me n g a n a l i s a p r o b l e m- p r o b l e m i n t e r n a s i o n a l me l a l u i s u a t u p e n g k a j i a n b e r b a g a i s u mb e r — s u mb e r / d a s a r - d a s a r t e o n / h u k u m i n t e r n a s i o n a l d a n j u g a b e r b a g a i i n f o r ma s i . b . T u j u a n K n u s u s . Un t u k t u r u t s e r t a me mb e r i s u mb a n g a n p e mi k i r a n b a g i p e n y e l e s a i a n s u a t u p r o b l e ma t i k a y a n g s e b e n a r n y a t i d a k b a r u , t e t a p i a k h i r — a k h i r c u k u p a k t u a l , y a i t u ma s a l a h k e b i a d a b a n s u a t u n e g a r a t e r h a d a p n e g a r a b e r d a u l a t 1 a i n n y a .
i . . P e n d e k a t a n Ma s a l a h . " '- - - ' I / * I /- P e mb a h a s a n y a n g p e n u l i s l a k u k a n a d a l a h d e n g a n me t o d e ( d e d u k t i f ) y a i t u d a r i u mu m k e k h u s u s , y a i t u d a t a y a n g d i p e r o l e h d a r i s u mb e r y a n q t e l a h d i s e b u t k a n , a k a n d i o l a h d a n d i . j a d i k a n s e b a g a i b a h a n r u j u k a n . Ke mu d i a n u n t u k me n g e t a h u i p e r ma s a 1 a h a n n y a d e n g a n j e l a s ma k a a k a n - d i g u n a k a n b e n t u k p e mb a h a s a n s e c a r a y u r i d i s p o l i t i s , k a r e n a k o n d i s i o b y e k b a h a s a n d e mi k i a n a d a n y a . 2 . S u mb e r Da t a . Bu mb e r d a t a d i p e r o l e h d a r i l i t e r a t u r — l i t e r a t u r , me d i a ma s s a - me d i a ma s s a , d a n wa wa n c a r a - wa wa n c a r a d e n g a n p e mb i c a r a d a l a m a c a r a - a c a r a p e n g u mp u l a n d a n a b a g i ma s y a r a k a t B o s n i a - H e r z e g o v i n a . 3 . T e h n i k P e n g u mp u l a n d a n P e n g o l a h a n Da t a . D i p e r g u n a k a n t e h n i k wa wa n c a r s - wa wa n c a r a d e n g a n p e mb i c a r a d a l a m a c a r a - a c a r a p e n g u mp u l a n d a n a b a g i ma s y a r a k a t B o s n i a - He r z e g o v i n a , t o k o h - t o k o h Bo s n i a - H e r z e g o v i n a « d a n p e n g a ma t ma s a l a h Bo s n i a - He r z e g o v i n a . 4 . An a l i s a Da t a . Da t a y a n g be r a s a l . d a r i n u mb e r d i a n a l i s a u n t u k k e mu d i a n s e c a r a s e l e k t i f d i p i 1 a h - p i 1 a h s e c a r a k u a l i t a t i f . 6 . P e r t a n q g u n o J a wa b a n S i s t e ma t i k a . Da l a m b a b 1, p e n d a h u l u a n d i t u l i s k a n t e n t a n g i ) u s t r a s i k o n d i s i y a n g s e d a n g t e r j a di . d e n g a n d e mi k i a n
a g a r mu n c u l g a mb a r a n p e r ma s a l a h a n a p a y a n g h e n d a k d i t a mp i 1 k a n , h a l i n i a d a l a h s e b a g a i p e d o ma n u n t u k me n g u r a i k a n b a b - b a b b e r i k u t n y a . S e l a n j u t n y a d a l a m b a b I I a k a n d i u r a i k a n t e n t a n g b e n t u k - b e n t u k p e r l i n d u n g a n p e n d u d u k s i p i l d a r i k e k e j a ma n p i h a k S e r b i a . Ba i k t e r h a d a p p e n d u d u k s i p i l ma u p u n b e n d a - b e n d a b u d a y a k e t i k a t e r j a d i k o n f l i k b e r s e n j a t a " . k e mu d i a n d i k a i t k a n d e n g a n a s p e k - a s p e k p e r l i n d u n g a n me n u r u t k o n v e n s i - k o n v e n s i , b a i k De n Ha a g r na upun J e n e wa d a n P r o t o k o l I t a h u n 1 9 7 7 d a n Ha k As a s i Ma n u s i a . Ba b
I I I g a mb a r a n a p a y a n g t e r j a d i d a l a m p r a k t e k b i l a d i h u b u n g k a n d e n g a n a t u r a n h u k u m- h u k u m i n t e r n a s i o n a l . Da n p a d a b a b I V i n i h e n d a k me mb a h a s k o n s e k we n s i y u r i d i s t e r h a d a p p e l a n g g a r a n h u k u m i n t e r n a s i o n a l t e n t a n g p e r a n g . Di ma n a b e n t u k k o n s e k we n s i y u r i d i s y a n g b e r u p a s a n k s i i n i d i a t u r o l e h Hu k u m I n t e r n a s i o n a l , y a i t u Re p r i s a l , h a k u n t u k S e l f De f e n s e j u g a Us e o f F o r c e . De n g a n d e mi k i a n , p r o s e s p e n g a n a 1 i s a a n d a n p e mb a h a s a a n t e r s e b u t d i a t a s s u d a h me n c a p a i t i t i k a k h i r , o l e h k a r e n a n y a s e b a g a i p e n u t u p s a y a l e t a k k a n p a d a b a b
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1. H u k u m__ I n t e r n a s i o n a l t e n t a n g P e r a n o d i k a i t k a n__ d e n q a n P e r 1 i n d u n o a n d a n P e n j a mi n a n H a k - h a k As a s i Ma n u s i a t e r h a d a p Uma t Ma n u s i a . D a l a m Hu k u m P e r a n g b a n y a k s e k a l i t e r k a n d u n g ma k n a - ma k n a k e ma n u s i a a n , t e r ma s u k d i d a l a mn y a f u n g s i p e r l i n d u n g a n t e r h a d a p p e n d u d u k s i p i l , b e l l i g e r e n t ( p a r a p i h a k d a l a m s u a t u p e r a n g ) , t a wa n a n , b e n d a - b e n d a b u d a y a s e r t a b a n g u n a n v i t a l ( mi s a l n y a , r u ma h s a k i t ) . P e n g a t u r a n i n i l e b i h j e l a s d a p a t d i l i h a t p a d a Ko n v e n s i - Ka n v e n s i d i b a wa h i ni . . a . P e r l i n d u n g a n me n u r u t Ko n v e n s i De n Ha a g 1 8 9 9 d a n 1 9 0 7 Hu k u m De n Ha a g p a d a d a s a r n y a b e r i s i t e n t a n g p e mb a t a s a n - p e mb a t a s a n c a r a b e r p e r a n g . Ko n v e n s i I I d a n
I V De n Ha a g t e n t a n g Hu k u m d a n Ke b i a s a a n P e r a n g d i Da r a t , d i ma n a Ko n v e n s i
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I I . Da n p a d a Ko n v e n s i i n i t e r d a p a t k e t e n t u a n y a n g s a n g a t p e n t i n g * y a i t u t e n t a n g a s a s - a s a s * p e r 1 i n d u n g a n * d a n ' k e ma n u s i a a n ' p a d a s e t i a p i n d i v i d u , b a i k y a n g t e r l i b a t l a n g s u n g V o n f l i k b e r s e n j a t a ma u p u n t i d a k . J u g a me n g a n d u n a b e b e r a p a " As a s P e r a n g " d i ma n a p a d a h a k e k a t n y a me r u p a k a n p e mb a t ^ s a n - 1 4
1 5 p e mb a t a s a n b a g i p a r a p i h a k y a n g b e r s e n g k e t a , p a d a a s a s p e r t a ma b e r i s i k e t e n t u a n y a n g me l a r a n g p e n y e r a n g a n t e r h a d a p p e n d u d u k s i p i l y a n g t i d a k b e r s e n j a t a d a n p e n d u d u k s i p i l y a n g t i d a k b e r s e n j a t a d i a n g g a p s e b a g a i o r a n g y a n g b e r d i r i d i l u a r p e r a n g . ( P r i n c i p l e of t h e ' Ra t i o n e R e s t r i c t i o n ) . P a r a p i h a k y a n g
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b e r p e r a n g h a r u s s e d a p a t mu n g k i n me n g h i n d a r k a n o r a n g - o r a n g y a n g ' n o n - k o mb a t a n a g a r j a n g a n me n j a di . s a s a r a n o p e r a s i mi l i t e r . Da n Ko n v e n s i - Ko n v e n s i De n Ha a g 1 8 9 9 i t u s e n d i r i , p a d a p o k o k n y a b e r i s i h u k u m d a n k e b i a s a a n p e r a n g d a n c a r a - c a r a b e r p e r a n g p a d a u mu mn y a ( c o n d u c t of wa r ) . As a s t e r s e b u t p a d a h a k e k a t . n y a me r u p a k a n p e mb a t a s a n - p e mb a t a s a n b a g i p a r a p i h a k d i d a l a m me l a k u k a n c a r a - c a r a b e r p e r a n g , y a i t u : a . P e mb a t a s a n me n g e n a i o r a n g y a n g d a p a t d i j a d i k a n s a s a r a n ( p r i n c i p l e o f t h e " r a t i o n e p e r s o n a l " r e s t r i c t i o n ) .
b. P e mb a t a s a n me n g e n a i t e mp a t y a n g d i j a d i k a n s a s a r a n ( p r i n c i p l e o f t h e “ r a t i o n e ] o c i " r e s t r i c t i o n ) . S u a t u s e r a n g a n d i a n g g a p s a h a p a b i l a d i a r a h k a n p a d a o b y e k - o b y e k mi l i t e r d a n a p a b i l a k e r u s a k a n y a n g d i t i mb u l k a n b a i k s e b a g i a n a t a u s e l u r u h n y a me n g h a s i 1 k a n k e u n t u n g a n mi l i t e r y a n g p r o p o r s i o n a 1. c . P e mb a t a s a n me n g e n a i s y a r a t t e r t e n t u ( p r i n c i p l e o1 t h e " r a t i o n e c o n d i t i o n j s " r e s t r i c t i o n ) . L a r a n g a n t e r h a d a p p e n q g u n a a n s e n j a t a - s e n j a t a a t a u c a r a - c a r a b e r p e r a n g
1 6 y a n g d a p a t me n i mb u l k a n a k i b a t y a n g t i d a k p e r l u a a t u p e n d e r i t a a n y a n g b e r l e b i h a n ( u n n e c e s s a r y s u f f e r i n g ) . Da n k e t e n t u a n - K e t e n t u a n a t a u a s a s - a s a s t e r s e b u t d i a t a s j u g a t e r d a p a t p a d a Al i n e a k e d e l a p a n P r e a mb u l e Ko n v e n s i