t ing 0808278 table of content
TABLE OF CONTENT
DECLARATION ................................................................................................
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................
ii
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................ iii
TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................................... iv
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background ..................................................................................................
1.2 Research Questions ......................................................................................
1.3 Purposes of Research ...................................................................................
1.4 Scope of the Research ..................................................................................
1.5 Significance of the Research ........................................................................
1.6 Organization of Paper ..................................................................................
1
5
5
6
6
7
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Critical Discourse Analysis ..........................................................................
2.1.1 Definition of Critical Discourse Analysis ..........................................
2.1.2 Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis ..........................................
2.1.3 Critical Discourse Analysis in Reading .............................................
2.2 Systemic Functional Linguistics ..................................................................
2.3 Concluding Remarks ....................................................................................
8
9
11
17
25
30
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design ...........................................................................................
3.2 Site and Participant ......................................................................................
3.3 Data Collection ...........................................................................................
3.3.1 A Phase of Teaching ...........................................................................
3.3.1.1 Participant Observation .........................................................
3.3.1.2 Students’ Reflective Journal ..................................................
3.3.1.3 Questionnaire .........................................................................
3.4 Data Analysis .............................................................................................
3.5 Concluding Remarks ....................................................................................
31
33
34
34
35
36
36
37
38
CHAPTER FOUR: THE TEACHING PROGRAM: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Preliminary Phase of the Teaching Program ................................................ 39
4.1.1 Stage 1: Introducing the Teaching Program ....................................... 40
4.1.2 Stage 2: Deciding on the Topic for Discussion ................................. 42
4.1.3 Stage 3: Distributing Pre-program Questionnaire .............................. 43
4.1.4 Stage 4: Undertaking Diagnostic Test ................................................ 46
4.1.5 Summary of the Preliminary Phase .................................................... 50
4.2 The Teaching Program .................................................................................. 50
4.2.1 Explicit Teaching of CDA-related Guiding Critical Questions ......... 51
4.2.2 Explicit Teaching of SFL-related Framework for Critical Reading ... 51
4.2.3 The Teaching of Critical Reading ...................................................... 60
4.2.3.1 Pre-reading Stage ..................................................................
4.2.3.2 While-reading Stage ...............................................................
4.2.3.3 Post-reading Stage ..................................................................
4.3 The Effect of the Teaching Program towards Students’ Critical Reading....
4.3.1 Students’ Progress on Critical Reading .............................................
4.3.2 The Positive Effect .............................................................................
4.3.3 The Negative Effect ............................................................................
4.4 Students’ Responses towards the Teaching Program ...................................
4.5 Synthesis of Findings ....................................................................................
4.6 Concluding Remarks .....................................................................................
61
65
71
74
74
78
79
81
82
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 83
5.2 Limitations of the Study................................................................................ 84
5.3 Recommendations ......................................................................................... 85
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 86
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Guiding Critical Questions............................................................. 93
Appendix 2: Diagnostic and Progress Test Format ........................................... 94
Appendix 3: Pre-program Questionnaire ............................................................ 95
Appendix 4: Post-program Questionnaire .......................................................... 96
Appendix 5: Sample of Students’ Reflective Journals ....................................... 98
Appendix 6: Sample of Observation Notes ........................................................ 100
Appendix 7: Syllabus .......................................................................................... 103
Appendix 8: Lesson Plan .................................................................................... 104
Appendix 9: Handout of CDA ............................................................................ 111
Appendix 10: Handout of SFL............................................................................ 114
Appendix 11: Text for Practicing SFL................................................................ 115
Appendix 12: Text for Diagnostic Test .............................................................. 116
Appendix 13: Text for Progress Test .................................................................. 119
Appendix 14: Reading Materials ........................................................................ 121
Appendix 15: Condensed Form of Data from Pre-program Questionnaire ........ 133
Appendix 16: Students’ Answers on Diagnostic Test ........................................ 149
Appendix 17: Students’ Answers on Progress Test ........................................... 160
Appendix 18: Students’ Scores on Diagnostic & Progress .Test ........................ 170
DECLARATION ................................................................................................
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................
ii
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................ iii
TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................................... iv
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background ..................................................................................................
1.2 Research Questions ......................................................................................
1.3 Purposes of Research ...................................................................................
1.4 Scope of the Research ..................................................................................
1.5 Significance of the Research ........................................................................
1.6 Organization of Paper ..................................................................................
1
5
5
6
6
7
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Critical Discourse Analysis ..........................................................................
2.1.1 Definition of Critical Discourse Analysis ..........................................
2.1.2 Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis ..........................................
2.1.3 Critical Discourse Analysis in Reading .............................................
2.2 Systemic Functional Linguistics ..................................................................
2.3 Concluding Remarks ....................................................................................
8
9
11
17
25
30
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design ...........................................................................................
3.2 Site and Participant ......................................................................................
3.3 Data Collection ...........................................................................................
3.3.1 A Phase of Teaching ...........................................................................
3.3.1.1 Participant Observation .........................................................
3.3.1.2 Students’ Reflective Journal ..................................................
3.3.1.3 Questionnaire .........................................................................
3.4 Data Analysis .............................................................................................
3.5 Concluding Remarks ....................................................................................
31
33
34
34
35
36
36
37
38
CHAPTER FOUR: THE TEACHING PROGRAM: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Preliminary Phase of the Teaching Program ................................................ 39
4.1.1 Stage 1: Introducing the Teaching Program ....................................... 40
4.1.2 Stage 2: Deciding on the Topic for Discussion ................................. 42
4.1.3 Stage 3: Distributing Pre-program Questionnaire .............................. 43
4.1.4 Stage 4: Undertaking Diagnostic Test ................................................ 46
4.1.5 Summary of the Preliminary Phase .................................................... 50
4.2 The Teaching Program .................................................................................. 50
4.2.1 Explicit Teaching of CDA-related Guiding Critical Questions ......... 51
4.2.2 Explicit Teaching of SFL-related Framework for Critical Reading ... 51
4.2.3 The Teaching of Critical Reading ...................................................... 60
4.2.3.1 Pre-reading Stage ..................................................................
4.2.3.2 While-reading Stage ...............................................................
4.2.3.3 Post-reading Stage ..................................................................
4.3 The Effect of the Teaching Program towards Students’ Critical Reading....
4.3.1 Students’ Progress on Critical Reading .............................................
4.3.2 The Positive Effect .............................................................................
4.3.3 The Negative Effect ............................................................................
4.4 Students’ Responses towards the Teaching Program ...................................
4.5 Synthesis of Findings ....................................................................................
4.6 Concluding Remarks .....................................................................................
61
65
71
74
74
78
79
81
82
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 83
5.2 Limitations of the Study................................................................................ 84
5.3 Recommendations ......................................................................................... 85
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 86
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Guiding Critical Questions............................................................. 93
Appendix 2: Diagnostic and Progress Test Format ........................................... 94
Appendix 3: Pre-program Questionnaire ............................................................ 95
Appendix 4: Post-program Questionnaire .......................................................... 96
Appendix 5: Sample of Students’ Reflective Journals ....................................... 98
Appendix 6: Sample of Observation Notes ........................................................ 100
Appendix 7: Syllabus .......................................................................................... 103
Appendix 8: Lesson Plan .................................................................................... 104
Appendix 9: Handout of CDA ............................................................................ 111
Appendix 10: Handout of SFL............................................................................ 114
Appendix 11: Text for Practicing SFL................................................................ 115
Appendix 12: Text for Diagnostic Test .............................................................. 116
Appendix 13: Text for Progress Test .................................................................. 119
Appendix 14: Reading Materials ........................................................................ 121
Appendix 15: Condensed Form of Data from Pre-program Questionnaire ........ 133
Appendix 16: Students’ Answers on Diagnostic Test ........................................ 149
Appendix 17: Students’ Answers on Progress Test ........................................... 160
Appendix 18: Students’ Scores on Diagnostic & Progress .Test ........................ 170