Proses Etanolisis Minyak Sawit Dalam Sistem Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) Berbasis Choline Chloride – Etilen Glikol
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1]
Caldas, Bárbara S., Cátia S. Nunes, Paulo R. Souza, Fernanda A. Rosa,Jesuí V.
Visentainer, Oscar de Olivera S. Júnior, Edvani C. Muniz. Supercritical ethanolysis
for biodiesel production from edible oilwaste using ionic liquid [HMim][HSO4] as
catalyst. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 181 (2016) 289 297
[2]
Musa, Idris Atadashi. The effects of alcohol to oil molar ratios and the type of alcohol
on biodiesel production using transesterification process. Egyptian Journal of
Petroleum (2016) 25, 21 31
[3]
K. Shahbaz, F.S. Mjalli, M.A. Hashim, I.M. AlNashef. Eutectic Solvents For The
Removal Of Residual Palm Oil-Based Biodiesel Catalyst. Separation and Purification
Technology 81 (2011) 216 222
[4]
Fadhil, Abdelrahman B.,Adnan I. Ahmed. Ethanolysis of fish oil via optimized
protocol and purification by dry washing of crude ethyl esters. Journal of the Taiwan
Institute of Chemical Engineers 000 (2015) 1 13
[5]
Narvaez, P.C., M.A. Noriega, J.G. Cadavid. Kinetics of palm oil ethanolysis. Energy
83 (2015) 337-342
[6]
Cernoch, Michal., Martin Hajek, Franti ek Skopal. Study of effects of some reaction
conditions on ethanolysis of rapeseed oil with dispergation. Bioresource Technology
101 (2010) 1213–1219
[7]
Avramovic, Jelena M., Ana V. Velickovic, Olivera S. Stamenkovic, Katarina M.
Rajkovic, Petar S. Milic, Vlada B. Veljkovic. Optimization of sunflower oil
ethanolysis catalyzed by calcium oxide: RSM versus ANN-GA. Energy Conversion
and Management 105 (2015) 1149–1156
[8]
Roschat, Wuttichai., Theeranun Siritanon, Teadkait Kaewpuang, Boonyawan
Yoosuk, Vinich Promarak. Economical and green biodiesel production process using
river snail shells-derived heterogeneous catalyst and co-solvent method. Bioresource
Technology 209 (2016) 343–350
[9]
Encinar, Jose M., Ana Pardal, Nuria Sánchez. An improvement to the
transesterification process by the use 4 of co-solvents to produce biodiesel. Fuel xxx
(2015) xxx–xxx
[10]
Rado evi , Kristina., Marina Cvjetko Bubalo, Vi nje Gaurina Sr ek, Dijana Grgas,
Tibela Landeka Dragi evi , Ivana Radoj i Redovnikovi . Evaluation of toxicity and
biodegradability of choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents. Ecotoxicology and
Environmental Safety 112 (2015) 46 53.
[11]
Tang, Baokun., Kyung Ho Row. Recent Developments In Deep Eutectic Solvents In
Chemical Sciences. Springer-Verlag Wien (2013) 402-751
36
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[12]
Gu, Ling., Wei Huang, Shaokun Tang, Songjiang Tian, Xiangwen Zhang. A Novel
Deep Eutectic Solvent For Biodiesel Preparation Using A Homogeneous Base
Catalyst. Chemical Engineering Journal 259 (2015) 647 652
[13]
Santi, Valerio De., Fabio Cardellini, Lucia Brinchi, Raimondo Germani. Novel
Brønsted Acidic Deep Eutectic Solvent As Reaction Media For Esterification Of
Carboxylic Acid With Alcohols. Tetrahedron Letters 53 (2012) 5151 5155
[14]
Hayyan, Adeeb., Mohd Ali Hashim, Maan Hayyan, Farouq S. Mjallic, Inas M.
AlNashef. A New Processing Route For Cleaner Production Of Biodiesel Fuel Using
A Choline Chloride Based Deep Eutectic Solvent. Journal of Cleaner Production 65
(2014) 246-251
[15]
Zhao, Hua., Cheng Zhang, Tanisha D. Crittle. Choline-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents
For Enzymatic Preparation Of Biodiesel From Soybean Oil. Journal of Molecular
Catalysis B: Enzymatic 85 86 (2013) 243 247
[16]
Dai, Yuntao., Geert-Jan Witkamp, Robert Verpoorte, Young Hae Choi. Tailoring
properties of natural deep eutectic solvents with water to facilitate their applications.
Food Chemistry
[17]
Gunstone, Frank D. Vegetable Oils In Food Technology: Composition, Properties and
Uses. 2002. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
[18]
Demirbas, Ayhan. Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels. Journal Of Energy
Conversion and Management 50 (2009a) 14 34.
[19]
Demirbas, Ayhan. Biodiesel From Waste Cooking Oil via Base-Catalytic and
Supercritical Methanol Transesterification. Journal Of Energy Conversion and
Management 50 (2009a) 923 927
[20]
Tan, Yie Hua., Mohammad Omar Abdullah, Cirilo Nolasco-Hipolito. The Potential
of Waste Cooking Oil-Based Biodiesel Using Heterogeneous Catalyst Derived From
Various Calcined Egg Shells Coupled With An Emulsification Technique : A Revie W
On The Emission Reduction and Engine Performance. Journal Of Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews 47 (2015) 589 603
[21]
Akhtar, Taimur. Synthesis of Biodiesel from Triglyceride oil. Faculty of Science and
Technology. University of Stavanger. (2011)
[22]
Zhang, Pingbo., Qiuju Han, Mingming Fan, Pingping Jiang. A Novel Waste Water
Scale-Derived Solid Base Catalyst For Biodiesel Production. Fuel 124 (2014) 66 72
[23]
Samart, Chanatip., Chaiyan Chaiya, Prasert Reubroycharoen. Biodiesel Production By
Methanolysis Of Soybean Oil Using Calcium Supported On Mesoporous Silica
Catalyst. Energy Conversion And Management 51 (2010) 1428 1431
[24]
Siongco, Kathrina R., Rhoda B. Leron, Alvin R. Caparang, Meng-Hui Li. Molar Heat
Capacities and Electrical Conductivities of Two Ammonium-Based Deep Eutectic
Solvents and Their Aqueous Solutions. Thermochimica Acta 566 (2013) 50 56
37
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[25]
Naser, J., F. Mjalli, B. Jibril, S. Al-Hatmi, Z. Gano. Potassium Carbonate as a Salt
for Deep Eutectic Solvents. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and
Applications. Vol. 4, No. 3, June 2013
[26]
Zhang, Qinghua., Karine De Oliveira Vigier, Sebastien Royer and Francois Jerome.
Deep Eutectic Solvents: Syntheses, Properties And Applications. Chem. Soc. Rev.
2012, 41, 7108 7146
[27]
Bagh, Fatemeh Saadat Ghareh., Mohamed Kamel Omar Hadj-Kali, Farouq S. Mjalli,
Mohd Ali Hashim, Inas M. AlNashef. Solubility Of Sodium Chloride In
Phosphonium-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents. Journal of Molecular Liquids 199 (2014)
344 351
[28]
Wen, Qing., Jing-Xin Chen, Yu-Lin Tang, Juan Wang, Zhen Yang. Assessing The
Toxicity and Biodegradability of Deep Eutectic Solvents. Chemosphere 132 (2015)
63 69
[29]
Harris, Robert Christopher. Physical Properties of Alcohol Based Deep Eutectic
Solvents. Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of
Leicester, 2008
[30]
Leron, Rhoda B., Allan N. Soriano, Meng-Hui Li. Densities and Refractive Indices of
The Deep Eutectic Solvents (Choline Chloride + Ethylene Glycol or Glycerol) and
Their Aqueous Mixtures at the Temperature Ranging From 298,15 to 333,15 K.
Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 43 (2012) 551 557
[31]
Durand, E., J. Lecomte, P. Villeneuve. Deep Eutectic Solvents: Synthesis, Application,
And Focus On Lipase-Catalyzed Reactions. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2013, 115,
379 385
[32]
Álvarez, Joaquín García. Deep Eutectic Solvents: Deep Eutectic Solvents:
Environmentally Friendly Media for Metal-Catalyzed Organic Reactions.
Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM), Facultad de Química,
Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Principado de Asturias, E-33071, Spain (2014)
[33]
Long, Tao., Deng Yuefeng, Gan Shucai, Chen Ji. Application of Choline
Chloride·xZnCl2 Ionic Liquids for Preparation of Biodiesel. Chinese Journal of
Chemical Engineering, 18(2) 322 - 327 (2010)
[34]
Troter, Dragan Z., Zoran B.Todorovi , Du ica R. oki -Stojanovi , Olivera S.
Stamenkovi , Vlada B.Veljkovi . Application of ionic liquids and deep eutectic
solvents in biodiesel production: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 61 (2016) 473 500
[35]
Abbott, Andrew P., Paul M. Cullis, Manda J. Gibson, Robert C. Harris and Emma
Raven. Extraction of Glycerol from Biodiesel into a Eutectic Based Ionic Liquid.
Green Chem., 2007, 9, 868 872
38
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[36]
Blanco, Antonio., Alicia García-Abuín, Diego Gomez-Díaz, and JoseM. Navaza.
Density, Speed of Sound, Viscosity, and Surface Tension of Dimethylethylenediamine
+ Water and (Ethanolamine + Dimethylethanolamine) + Water from T = (293.15 to
323.15) K. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 2016
[37]
Myers, Rusty L. The Basic Of Physics. Greenwood Press. Westport, Connecticut
London (2006)
[38]
Butt, Hans-Jurgen and Michael Kappl. Surface and Interfacial Forces. Wiley VCH
Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Germany (2010)
[39]
Dixit, Savita., Sangeeta Kanakraj. Enzymatic Degumming of Feedstock s (Vegetable
Oil) For Bio-Diesel A Review. Journal of Engineering, Science and Management
Education/Vol. 3, 2010/57-59
[40]
Araújo, Francisca Diana da Silva., Iranildo C. Araújo, Isabella Cristhina G. Costa,
Carla Veronica Rodarte de Moura , Mariana H. Chaves, Eugenio Celso E. Araújo.
Study of Degumming Process and Evaluation of Oxidative Stability of Methyl and
Ethyl Biodiesel of Jatropha Curcas L. Oil From Three Different Brazilian States.
Renewable Energy 71 (2014) 495-501
[41]
Tu, Qingshi. Assessment of Selected Sustainability Aspects of Biodiesel Production :
Water And Waste Conservation. School of Energy, Environmental, Biological and
Medical Engineering. University of Shanghai for Science and Technology. China.
2008
[42]
Goembira, Fadjar., Shiro Saka. Effect of Water and Free Fatty Acids in Oil on
Biodiesel Production by Supercritical Methyl Acetate Method. Green Energy and
Technology. Zero-Carbon Energy Kyoto. Springer Japan 2013
[43]
Hebendanz, Nikolaus. Impurities How To Get Rid of Unwanted By-Products.
American Oil Chemist s Society. (1990) 161-163
[44]
Morad, Noor Azian., Mustafa Kamal Abd Aziz, Rohani binti Mohd Zin. Process
Design in Degumming and Bleaching of Palm Oil. Centre of Lipids Engineering and
Applied Research. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (2006)
[45]
Nwaigwe, Kevin N., Nnamdi V. Ogueke, Clifford Kamalu, & Emmanuel E.
Anyanwu. Design and Construction of A Biodiesel Batch Reactor With Improved
Settling Capability. International Mechanical Engineering and Exhibition Congress &
Exposition November (2014)
[46]
Lam, Man Kee., Keat Teong Lee, Abdul Rahman Mohamed. Homogeneous,
Heterogeneous and Enzymatic Catalysis for Transesterification of High Free Fatty
Acid Oil (Waste Cooking Oil) to Biodiesel: A Review. Biotechnology Advances 28
(2010) 500 518
[47]
Abbaszadeh, A., B. Ghobadian, G. Najafi, T. Yusaf. An Experimental Investigation of
the Effective Parameters on Wet Washing of Biodiesel Purification. International
Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering. Volume 9. 1525-1537 (2014)
39
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[48]
Stojkovi , Ivan J., Olivera S. Stamenkovi , Dragan S. Povrenovi , Vlada B.
Veljkovi . Purification Technologies for Crude Biodiesel Obtained by AlkaliCatalyzed Transesterification. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 32 (2014)
1 15
[49]
Kralchevsky, P.A. and K. Nagayama. Particles at Fluid Interfaces and Membranes.
Attachment of Colloid Particles and Proteins to Interfaces and Formation of TwoDimensional Arrays. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2001. 469-502
[50]
Geankoplis, Christie J. Transport Process and Unit Operation. Third Edition.
Prentice-Hall International, Inc. University of Minnesota (1993)
40
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[1]
Caldas, Bárbara S., Cátia S. Nunes, Paulo R. Souza, Fernanda A. Rosa,Jesuí V.
Visentainer, Oscar de Olivera S. Júnior, Edvani C. Muniz. Supercritical ethanolysis
for biodiesel production from edible oilwaste using ionic liquid [HMim][HSO4] as
catalyst. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 181 (2016) 289 297
[2]
Musa, Idris Atadashi. The effects of alcohol to oil molar ratios and the type of alcohol
on biodiesel production using transesterification process. Egyptian Journal of
Petroleum (2016) 25, 21 31
[3]
K. Shahbaz, F.S. Mjalli, M.A. Hashim, I.M. AlNashef. Eutectic Solvents For The
Removal Of Residual Palm Oil-Based Biodiesel Catalyst. Separation and Purification
Technology 81 (2011) 216 222
[4]
Fadhil, Abdelrahman B.,Adnan I. Ahmed. Ethanolysis of fish oil via optimized
protocol and purification by dry washing of crude ethyl esters. Journal of the Taiwan
Institute of Chemical Engineers 000 (2015) 1 13
[5]
Narvaez, P.C., M.A. Noriega, J.G. Cadavid. Kinetics of palm oil ethanolysis. Energy
83 (2015) 337-342
[6]
Cernoch, Michal., Martin Hajek, Franti ek Skopal. Study of effects of some reaction
conditions on ethanolysis of rapeseed oil with dispergation. Bioresource Technology
101 (2010) 1213–1219
[7]
Avramovic, Jelena M., Ana V. Velickovic, Olivera S. Stamenkovic, Katarina M.
Rajkovic, Petar S. Milic, Vlada B. Veljkovic. Optimization of sunflower oil
ethanolysis catalyzed by calcium oxide: RSM versus ANN-GA. Energy Conversion
and Management 105 (2015) 1149–1156
[8]
Roschat, Wuttichai., Theeranun Siritanon, Teadkait Kaewpuang, Boonyawan
Yoosuk, Vinich Promarak. Economical and green biodiesel production process using
river snail shells-derived heterogeneous catalyst and co-solvent method. Bioresource
Technology 209 (2016) 343–350
[9]
Encinar, Jose M., Ana Pardal, Nuria Sánchez. An improvement to the
transesterification process by the use 4 of co-solvents to produce biodiesel. Fuel xxx
(2015) xxx–xxx
[10]
Rado evi , Kristina., Marina Cvjetko Bubalo, Vi nje Gaurina Sr ek, Dijana Grgas,
Tibela Landeka Dragi evi , Ivana Radoj i Redovnikovi . Evaluation of toxicity and
biodegradability of choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents. Ecotoxicology and
Environmental Safety 112 (2015) 46 53.
[11]
Tang, Baokun., Kyung Ho Row. Recent Developments In Deep Eutectic Solvents In
Chemical Sciences. Springer-Verlag Wien (2013) 402-751
36
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[12]
Gu, Ling., Wei Huang, Shaokun Tang, Songjiang Tian, Xiangwen Zhang. A Novel
Deep Eutectic Solvent For Biodiesel Preparation Using A Homogeneous Base
Catalyst. Chemical Engineering Journal 259 (2015) 647 652
[13]
Santi, Valerio De., Fabio Cardellini, Lucia Brinchi, Raimondo Germani. Novel
Brønsted Acidic Deep Eutectic Solvent As Reaction Media For Esterification Of
Carboxylic Acid With Alcohols. Tetrahedron Letters 53 (2012) 5151 5155
[14]
Hayyan, Adeeb., Mohd Ali Hashim, Maan Hayyan, Farouq S. Mjallic, Inas M.
AlNashef. A New Processing Route For Cleaner Production Of Biodiesel Fuel Using
A Choline Chloride Based Deep Eutectic Solvent. Journal of Cleaner Production 65
(2014) 246-251
[15]
Zhao, Hua., Cheng Zhang, Tanisha D. Crittle. Choline-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents
For Enzymatic Preparation Of Biodiesel From Soybean Oil. Journal of Molecular
Catalysis B: Enzymatic 85 86 (2013) 243 247
[16]
Dai, Yuntao., Geert-Jan Witkamp, Robert Verpoorte, Young Hae Choi. Tailoring
properties of natural deep eutectic solvents with water to facilitate their applications.
Food Chemistry
[17]
Gunstone, Frank D. Vegetable Oils In Food Technology: Composition, Properties and
Uses. 2002. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
[18]
Demirbas, Ayhan. Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels. Journal Of Energy
Conversion and Management 50 (2009a) 14 34.
[19]
Demirbas, Ayhan. Biodiesel From Waste Cooking Oil via Base-Catalytic and
Supercritical Methanol Transesterification. Journal Of Energy Conversion and
Management 50 (2009a) 923 927
[20]
Tan, Yie Hua., Mohammad Omar Abdullah, Cirilo Nolasco-Hipolito. The Potential
of Waste Cooking Oil-Based Biodiesel Using Heterogeneous Catalyst Derived From
Various Calcined Egg Shells Coupled With An Emulsification Technique : A Revie W
On The Emission Reduction and Engine Performance. Journal Of Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews 47 (2015) 589 603
[21]
Akhtar, Taimur. Synthesis of Biodiesel from Triglyceride oil. Faculty of Science and
Technology. University of Stavanger. (2011)
[22]
Zhang, Pingbo., Qiuju Han, Mingming Fan, Pingping Jiang. A Novel Waste Water
Scale-Derived Solid Base Catalyst For Biodiesel Production. Fuel 124 (2014) 66 72
[23]
Samart, Chanatip., Chaiyan Chaiya, Prasert Reubroycharoen. Biodiesel Production By
Methanolysis Of Soybean Oil Using Calcium Supported On Mesoporous Silica
Catalyst. Energy Conversion And Management 51 (2010) 1428 1431
[24]
Siongco, Kathrina R., Rhoda B. Leron, Alvin R. Caparang, Meng-Hui Li. Molar Heat
Capacities and Electrical Conductivities of Two Ammonium-Based Deep Eutectic
Solvents and Their Aqueous Solutions. Thermochimica Acta 566 (2013) 50 56
37
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[25]
Naser, J., F. Mjalli, B. Jibril, S. Al-Hatmi, Z. Gano. Potassium Carbonate as a Salt
for Deep Eutectic Solvents. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and
Applications. Vol. 4, No. 3, June 2013
[26]
Zhang, Qinghua., Karine De Oliveira Vigier, Sebastien Royer and Francois Jerome.
Deep Eutectic Solvents: Syntheses, Properties And Applications. Chem. Soc. Rev.
2012, 41, 7108 7146
[27]
Bagh, Fatemeh Saadat Ghareh., Mohamed Kamel Omar Hadj-Kali, Farouq S. Mjalli,
Mohd Ali Hashim, Inas M. AlNashef. Solubility Of Sodium Chloride In
Phosphonium-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents. Journal of Molecular Liquids 199 (2014)
344 351
[28]
Wen, Qing., Jing-Xin Chen, Yu-Lin Tang, Juan Wang, Zhen Yang. Assessing The
Toxicity and Biodegradability of Deep Eutectic Solvents. Chemosphere 132 (2015)
63 69
[29]
Harris, Robert Christopher. Physical Properties of Alcohol Based Deep Eutectic
Solvents. Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of
Leicester, 2008
[30]
Leron, Rhoda B., Allan N. Soriano, Meng-Hui Li. Densities and Refractive Indices of
The Deep Eutectic Solvents (Choline Chloride + Ethylene Glycol or Glycerol) and
Their Aqueous Mixtures at the Temperature Ranging From 298,15 to 333,15 K.
Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 43 (2012) 551 557
[31]
Durand, E., J. Lecomte, P. Villeneuve. Deep Eutectic Solvents: Synthesis, Application,
And Focus On Lipase-Catalyzed Reactions. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2013, 115,
379 385
[32]
Álvarez, Joaquín García. Deep Eutectic Solvents: Deep Eutectic Solvents:
Environmentally Friendly Media for Metal-Catalyzed Organic Reactions.
Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM), Facultad de Química,
Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Principado de Asturias, E-33071, Spain (2014)
[33]
Long, Tao., Deng Yuefeng, Gan Shucai, Chen Ji. Application of Choline
Chloride·xZnCl2 Ionic Liquids for Preparation of Biodiesel. Chinese Journal of
Chemical Engineering, 18(2) 322 - 327 (2010)
[34]
Troter, Dragan Z., Zoran B.Todorovi , Du ica R. oki -Stojanovi , Olivera S.
Stamenkovi , Vlada B.Veljkovi . Application of ionic liquids and deep eutectic
solvents in biodiesel production: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 61 (2016) 473 500
[35]
Abbott, Andrew P., Paul M. Cullis, Manda J. Gibson, Robert C. Harris and Emma
Raven. Extraction of Glycerol from Biodiesel into a Eutectic Based Ionic Liquid.
Green Chem., 2007, 9, 868 872
38
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[36]
Blanco, Antonio., Alicia García-Abuín, Diego Gomez-Díaz, and JoseM. Navaza.
Density, Speed of Sound, Viscosity, and Surface Tension of Dimethylethylenediamine
+ Water and (Ethanolamine + Dimethylethanolamine) + Water from T = (293.15 to
323.15) K. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 2016
[37]
Myers, Rusty L. The Basic Of Physics. Greenwood Press. Westport, Connecticut
London (2006)
[38]
Butt, Hans-Jurgen and Michael Kappl. Surface and Interfacial Forces. Wiley VCH
Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Germany (2010)
[39]
Dixit, Savita., Sangeeta Kanakraj. Enzymatic Degumming of Feedstock s (Vegetable
Oil) For Bio-Diesel A Review. Journal of Engineering, Science and Management
Education/Vol. 3, 2010/57-59
[40]
Araújo, Francisca Diana da Silva., Iranildo C. Araújo, Isabella Cristhina G. Costa,
Carla Veronica Rodarte de Moura , Mariana H. Chaves, Eugenio Celso E. Araújo.
Study of Degumming Process and Evaluation of Oxidative Stability of Methyl and
Ethyl Biodiesel of Jatropha Curcas L. Oil From Three Different Brazilian States.
Renewable Energy 71 (2014) 495-501
[41]
Tu, Qingshi. Assessment of Selected Sustainability Aspects of Biodiesel Production :
Water And Waste Conservation. School of Energy, Environmental, Biological and
Medical Engineering. University of Shanghai for Science and Technology. China.
2008
[42]
Goembira, Fadjar., Shiro Saka. Effect of Water and Free Fatty Acids in Oil on
Biodiesel Production by Supercritical Methyl Acetate Method. Green Energy and
Technology. Zero-Carbon Energy Kyoto. Springer Japan 2013
[43]
Hebendanz, Nikolaus. Impurities How To Get Rid of Unwanted By-Products.
American Oil Chemist s Society. (1990) 161-163
[44]
Morad, Noor Azian., Mustafa Kamal Abd Aziz, Rohani binti Mohd Zin. Process
Design in Degumming and Bleaching of Palm Oil. Centre of Lipids Engineering and
Applied Research. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (2006)
[45]
Nwaigwe, Kevin N., Nnamdi V. Ogueke, Clifford Kamalu, & Emmanuel E.
Anyanwu. Design and Construction of A Biodiesel Batch Reactor With Improved
Settling Capability. International Mechanical Engineering and Exhibition Congress &
Exposition November (2014)
[46]
Lam, Man Kee., Keat Teong Lee, Abdul Rahman Mohamed. Homogeneous,
Heterogeneous and Enzymatic Catalysis for Transesterification of High Free Fatty
Acid Oil (Waste Cooking Oil) to Biodiesel: A Review. Biotechnology Advances 28
(2010) 500 518
[47]
Abbaszadeh, A., B. Ghobadian, G. Najafi, T. Yusaf. An Experimental Investigation of
the Effective Parameters on Wet Washing of Biodiesel Purification. International
Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering. Volume 9. 1525-1537 (2014)
39
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[48]
Stojkovi , Ivan J., Olivera S. Stamenkovi , Dragan S. Povrenovi , Vlada B.
Veljkovi . Purification Technologies for Crude Biodiesel Obtained by AlkaliCatalyzed Transesterification. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 32 (2014)
1 15
[49]
Kralchevsky, P.A. and K. Nagayama. Particles at Fluid Interfaces and Membranes.
Attachment of Colloid Particles and Proteins to Interfaces and Formation of TwoDimensional Arrays. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2001. 469-502
[50]
Geankoplis, Christie J. Transport Process and Unit Operation. Third Edition.
Prentice-Hall International, Inc. University of Minnesota (1993)
40
Universitas Sumatera Utara