Khazanah Ekoleksikal, Sikap, Dan Pergeseran Bahasa Melayu Serdang : Kajian Ekolinguistik
ABSTRAK
KHAZANAH EKOLEKSIKAL, SIKAP, DAN PERGESERAN BAHASA MELAYU SERDANG: KAJIAN
EKOLINGUISTIK
Penelitian ini menganalisis khazanah leksikal, sikap, dan pergeseran Bahasa Melayu
Serdang selanjutnya disingkat BMS. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) menganalisis
khazanah leksikal BMS, (2) Menganalisis perubahan lingkungan dan pilihan bahasa, (3)
membuktikan hubungan pengetahuan dengan sikap penutur, (4) Menganalisis sikap
bahasa dan pergeseran bahasa serta faktor-faktor penyebab terjadi pergeseran. Metode
yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Metode
kualitatif digunakan untuk menganalisis khazanah leksikal leksikon lingkungan BMS.
Metode kuantitatif digunakan untuk membuktikan hubungan antara pengetahuan
dengan sikap penutur. Data kualitatif diperoleh dengan cara wawancara dengan 5
informan, pengamatan berpartisipasi dan dokumentasi. Data kuantitatif diperoleh
dengan cara menyebarkan angket kepada 240 responden usia muda dan tua yang
menjadi sample dalam penelitian ini. Teori yang digunakan untuk mengkaji khazanah
leksikal adalah teori ekolinguistik dengan menggunakan parameter ekolinguistik yakni:
interrelasi, interaksi, dan interdepedensi serta keberagaman, dan lingkungan. Teori
sosiolinguistik digunakan untuk melihat bahasa dalam masyarakat penutur BMS. Teori
morfologi digunakan untuk melihat bentuk-bentuk leksikal dasar, turunan, dan
majemuk. Untuk mengkaji makna leksikal, makna gramatikal, makna referensial
eksternal,digunakan teori semantik, dan mengkaji budaya digunakan antropologi. Hasil
penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa : (1) Leksikal umum flora yang utama dalam BMS
adalah kelambir. Leksikal umum ini menurunkan 27 leksikon khusus yakni: mumbang,
kal, tempurung, sudu, senduk, serundeng, lidi, ampas, santan, minyak kelambir, akar
kelambir, umbut, nyiur, selodang, pelepah, kelongkong, sabut, bungkuk sabut, pokok,
sula, segandeng, rebab, rebana, air kelambir muda, kelambir muda, kelambir tua, dan
tua-tua kelambir. (2) Leksikal umum fauna yang utama adalah ayam kampung yang
menurunkan 9 leksikal khusus yakni: biring besi, kepoh,balung, telur ayam kampung,
tembolok, temorok, mengeram, menetas, dan cirit ayam (3) Lingkungan penutur BMS
pada mulanya menggunakan BMS dikarenakan ecoregion yang mendukung. Di sisi lain
masyarakat non BMS yang bermukim di lingkungan Melayu Serdang menggunakan BMS.
Dewasa ini penutur usia muda BMS tidak lagi menggunakan BMS di rumah, di laut atau
ladang. Hanya penutur usia tua yang masih menggunakan BMS. (4) Terdapat hubungan
yang tidak signifikan antara pengetahuan dengan sikap penutur muda. Hal ini berarti
meskipun ada hubungan diantara keduanya tetapi sangat kecil. Hasil ini dibuktikan
dengan nilai t hitung 0,326. Sebaliknya penutur tua mempunyai hubungan antara
pengetahuan dan sikap yang sangat signifikan pada nilai t hitung 0,603. Hal ini berarti
hubungan diantara keduanya positif sangat kuat. (5) BMS bergeser, faktor penyebab
adalah: (a) Bilingualisme BMS dan BI, (b) Faktor psikologis yakni generasi muda
mempunyai sikap negatif terhadap BMS, (c) Faktor ekonomis yakni generasi muda
berasumsi bahwa menggunakan BMS tidak menguntungkan secara ekonomi, (d) Leksikal
tidak ditemukan karena sudah punah, (e) Leksikal kehilangan makna khusus dalam BMS
seperti kembang bentang tikar dalam BMS, tambang ongkos dalam BMS dalam BI bunga
dan tali, (f) Kemajuan Iptek, (g) penyempitan lahan, (h) kekeliruan dalam mengambil
kebijakan.
Kata kunci: leksikal, sikap penutur, pergeseran bahasa, dan ekolinguistik
ABSTRACT
The Ecolexical Treasury, Attitude, and Serdang Malay Language Shift
(SMLS).
The purposes of this study are: (1) to analyze the ecolexical treasury in
Serdang Malay Language (SML), (2) to analyze the environmental change and
language choice, (3) to prove the relation between language and itsnative speaker’s
attitude, (4) to analyze the language attitude and language shift as well as some
factors causing the shift. The study uses both qualitative and quantitative methods.
The first method is principally employed to mainly analyze the lexical treasury of
environmental lexicon in SML. The second method, namely quantitative method, is
applied to prove the relation between native speaker’s knowledge and his attitude.
The qualitative data is obtained through some interviews with five informants,
through participant observation, and through documentary files. Meanwhile, the
quantitative data is generally equired by sending questionnaires to 240 young and
old respondents who are then determined as the research sample. The theory which
helps in the study of lexical treasury is taken from ecolinguistic theory which is
primarily supported by some parameters as follows: inter-relation, interaction, and
inter-dependance as well as varieties and environment. The theory from
sociolinguistics is practiced by paying attention on language in the perspective of
SML’s native speaker. Morphological theory is also used to see basic lexical forms,
their derivation, and their compounds. Theory of semantics is employed to analyze
the lexical, grammatical, and referential meanings, and theory of anthropology is
paid attention to discuss the culture. The results of this research give some
orientations which are written in sequence. (1)The common lexical of flora which
becomes the main focus in SML is KelambeR. This common lexical consists of 27
special lexicons (2) Common lexical of main fauna refersto ayam kampung(lit.
country chicken) which derives 9 special lexicals, (3)The native speaker’s previous
environmentsof language utterance were mainly caused by conducive ecoregion in
one hand and by elder society of nonnative speaker using this language in other
hand. Today the young generation in Serdang Malay do not communicate with this
language either at home, in the sea, or in the field. Only elder native speaker still
articulates the SML. (4) The correlation of knowledge and young communicator’s
attitude, for example, as shown in the figures in table t with the rate of trust of 5% is
0.361and therefore, the value of t with calculation of 0,310 is smaller than table t; as
a result, the correlation of knowledge and attitude appears it is not significant.(6)
The correlation of knowledge and elder native speaker’s attitude, for instance, as
seen in the figures in table t with the rate of trustof 5% is 0.361; therefore, the value
of t with calculation of 603is greater than table t so the correlation of knowledge and
attitude is significant. (7) SML has shifted and the main factors are caused by (a)
bilingualismin SML and Bahasa Indonesia (BI), (b)the psychology of young generation
who tend to have negative attitude towards SML,(c)the economy in which young
generation assumes that using SML does not give benefits economically, (d)the
lexical which is not found any more because it is extinct, (e) the certain lexical which
loses its special meaning in SML, for instance, kembang bentang tikarand tambang
ongkos in SML which are translated into BI as ‘flower’ and ‘rope’, (f) the
advancement of knowledge and technology, (g) land decreasing, and (h)mistake in
policy making.
Keywords: lexical, speaker’s attitude, language shift, and ecolinguistics
KHAZANAH EKOLEKSIKAL, SIKAP, DAN PERGESERAN BAHASA MELAYU SERDANG: KAJIAN
EKOLINGUISTIK
Penelitian ini menganalisis khazanah leksikal, sikap, dan pergeseran Bahasa Melayu
Serdang selanjutnya disingkat BMS. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) menganalisis
khazanah leksikal BMS, (2) Menganalisis perubahan lingkungan dan pilihan bahasa, (3)
membuktikan hubungan pengetahuan dengan sikap penutur, (4) Menganalisis sikap
bahasa dan pergeseran bahasa serta faktor-faktor penyebab terjadi pergeseran. Metode
yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Metode
kualitatif digunakan untuk menganalisis khazanah leksikal leksikon lingkungan BMS.
Metode kuantitatif digunakan untuk membuktikan hubungan antara pengetahuan
dengan sikap penutur. Data kualitatif diperoleh dengan cara wawancara dengan 5
informan, pengamatan berpartisipasi dan dokumentasi. Data kuantitatif diperoleh
dengan cara menyebarkan angket kepada 240 responden usia muda dan tua yang
menjadi sample dalam penelitian ini. Teori yang digunakan untuk mengkaji khazanah
leksikal adalah teori ekolinguistik dengan menggunakan parameter ekolinguistik yakni:
interrelasi, interaksi, dan interdepedensi serta keberagaman, dan lingkungan. Teori
sosiolinguistik digunakan untuk melihat bahasa dalam masyarakat penutur BMS. Teori
morfologi digunakan untuk melihat bentuk-bentuk leksikal dasar, turunan, dan
majemuk. Untuk mengkaji makna leksikal, makna gramatikal, makna referensial
eksternal,digunakan teori semantik, dan mengkaji budaya digunakan antropologi. Hasil
penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa : (1) Leksikal umum flora yang utama dalam BMS
adalah kelambir. Leksikal umum ini menurunkan 27 leksikon khusus yakni: mumbang,
kal, tempurung, sudu, senduk, serundeng, lidi, ampas, santan, minyak kelambir, akar
kelambir, umbut, nyiur, selodang, pelepah, kelongkong, sabut, bungkuk sabut, pokok,
sula, segandeng, rebab, rebana, air kelambir muda, kelambir muda, kelambir tua, dan
tua-tua kelambir. (2) Leksikal umum fauna yang utama adalah ayam kampung yang
menurunkan 9 leksikal khusus yakni: biring besi, kepoh,balung, telur ayam kampung,
tembolok, temorok, mengeram, menetas, dan cirit ayam (3) Lingkungan penutur BMS
pada mulanya menggunakan BMS dikarenakan ecoregion yang mendukung. Di sisi lain
masyarakat non BMS yang bermukim di lingkungan Melayu Serdang menggunakan BMS.
Dewasa ini penutur usia muda BMS tidak lagi menggunakan BMS di rumah, di laut atau
ladang. Hanya penutur usia tua yang masih menggunakan BMS. (4) Terdapat hubungan
yang tidak signifikan antara pengetahuan dengan sikap penutur muda. Hal ini berarti
meskipun ada hubungan diantara keduanya tetapi sangat kecil. Hasil ini dibuktikan
dengan nilai t hitung 0,326. Sebaliknya penutur tua mempunyai hubungan antara
pengetahuan dan sikap yang sangat signifikan pada nilai t hitung 0,603. Hal ini berarti
hubungan diantara keduanya positif sangat kuat. (5) BMS bergeser, faktor penyebab
adalah: (a) Bilingualisme BMS dan BI, (b) Faktor psikologis yakni generasi muda
mempunyai sikap negatif terhadap BMS, (c) Faktor ekonomis yakni generasi muda
berasumsi bahwa menggunakan BMS tidak menguntungkan secara ekonomi, (d) Leksikal
tidak ditemukan karena sudah punah, (e) Leksikal kehilangan makna khusus dalam BMS
seperti kembang bentang tikar dalam BMS, tambang ongkos dalam BMS dalam BI bunga
dan tali, (f) Kemajuan Iptek, (g) penyempitan lahan, (h) kekeliruan dalam mengambil
kebijakan.
Kata kunci: leksikal, sikap penutur, pergeseran bahasa, dan ekolinguistik
ABSTRACT
The Ecolexical Treasury, Attitude, and Serdang Malay Language Shift
(SMLS).
The purposes of this study are: (1) to analyze the ecolexical treasury in
Serdang Malay Language (SML), (2) to analyze the environmental change and
language choice, (3) to prove the relation between language and itsnative speaker’s
attitude, (4) to analyze the language attitude and language shift as well as some
factors causing the shift. The study uses both qualitative and quantitative methods.
The first method is principally employed to mainly analyze the lexical treasury of
environmental lexicon in SML. The second method, namely quantitative method, is
applied to prove the relation between native speaker’s knowledge and his attitude.
The qualitative data is obtained through some interviews with five informants,
through participant observation, and through documentary files. Meanwhile, the
quantitative data is generally equired by sending questionnaires to 240 young and
old respondents who are then determined as the research sample. The theory which
helps in the study of lexical treasury is taken from ecolinguistic theory which is
primarily supported by some parameters as follows: inter-relation, interaction, and
inter-dependance as well as varieties and environment. The theory from
sociolinguistics is practiced by paying attention on language in the perspective of
SML’s native speaker. Morphological theory is also used to see basic lexical forms,
their derivation, and their compounds. Theory of semantics is employed to analyze
the lexical, grammatical, and referential meanings, and theory of anthropology is
paid attention to discuss the culture. The results of this research give some
orientations which are written in sequence. (1)The common lexical of flora which
becomes the main focus in SML is KelambeR. This common lexical consists of 27
special lexicons (2) Common lexical of main fauna refersto ayam kampung(lit.
country chicken) which derives 9 special lexicals, (3)The native speaker’s previous
environmentsof language utterance were mainly caused by conducive ecoregion in
one hand and by elder society of nonnative speaker using this language in other
hand. Today the young generation in Serdang Malay do not communicate with this
language either at home, in the sea, or in the field. Only elder native speaker still
articulates the SML. (4) The correlation of knowledge and young communicator’s
attitude, for example, as shown in the figures in table t with the rate of trust of 5% is
0.361and therefore, the value of t with calculation of 0,310 is smaller than table t; as
a result, the correlation of knowledge and attitude appears it is not significant.(6)
The correlation of knowledge and elder native speaker’s attitude, for instance, as
seen in the figures in table t with the rate of trustof 5% is 0.361; therefore, the value
of t with calculation of 603is greater than table t so the correlation of knowledge and
attitude is significant. (7) SML has shifted and the main factors are caused by (a)
bilingualismin SML and Bahasa Indonesia (BI), (b)the psychology of young generation
who tend to have negative attitude towards SML,(c)the economy in which young
generation assumes that using SML does not give benefits economically, (d)the
lexical which is not found any more because it is extinct, (e) the certain lexical which
loses its special meaning in SML, for instance, kembang bentang tikarand tambang
ongkos in SML which are translated into BI as ‘flower’ and ‘rope’, (f) the
advancement of knowledge and technology, (g) land decreasing, and (h)mistake in
policy making.
Keywords: lexical, speaker’s attitude, language shift, and ecolinguistics