Morphemic Shifts in Bilingual Translation of Colleen Mc Cullough’s The Thorn Birds and Lanny Murtihardjana’s Burung-Burung Semak Berduri
Telangkai Bahasa dan Sastra, April 2014, 117-134
Copyright ©2014, Program Studi Linguistik FIB USU, ISSN 1978-8266
Tahun ke-8, No 1
MORPHEMIC SHIFTS IN BILINGUAL TRANSLATION OF COLLEEN MC
CULLOUGH’S THE THORN BIRDS AND LANNY MURTIHARDJANA’S
BURUNG-BURUNG SEMAK BERDURI
Juliana
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ana_dahlan@yahoo.com
Abstract
This study aims to (1) find out the morphemic shifts found in Collen Mc Cullough„s
novel The Thorn Birds and its translation Burung-Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny
Murthihardjana (2) analyze the morphemic shifts in the English – Bahasa Indonesia
translation of the novel and (3) investigate the most dominant morphemic shifts used
in the novel. This study uses a descriptive qualitative with data collection on written
documents from Colleen Mc Cullough‟s novel The Thorn Birds and its translation
Burung-Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny Murtihardjana. The data will be taken by
using purposive sampling. The results of this study are there are two morphemic
shifts in translation of The Thorn Bird. They are the morphemic shifts from
morpheme into word and the morphemic shifts from morpheme into phrase. The
Morphemic shifts from morpheme into word are dis (5), un (9), in (1), im (4), re (6) ,
-ly (6), ing- (14), less- (12), -er (14), -est (5), -s (13), -ful (11), „s (5), -hood (4), ed (8), -ness (8), in-….-able (2), in-…-ible (3), un-…-able (3), un-…-ed (12), dis-…ed (4), un-….-ing (2), re-…-ed (5) with the total of 156 shifts (85 %). While the
Morphemic shifts from morpheme into phrase are un- (4), in- (1), less (5), -est (1), er (1), -ful (1), in-…-able (2), in-…-ible (2), un-…-ing (2), un-…..-able (3), un….ed (5), dis-…-ed (1) with the total of 28 shifts (15 %). In short, it can be seen that
the morphemic shifts from morpheme into word is in the total of 156 shifts (85 %).
Then the morphemic shifts from morpheme into phrase are in the total of 28 shifts
(15 %).
Keywords: Translation, Morphemic Shifts
INTRODUCTION
Translation is basically a change of form (Larson, 1984:3). The form refers to the actual
words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc which are spoken and written. It
consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into target language and
reproducing a source language message into target language. The process of translation is
done by studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and
cultural context of source language text, analyzing it and then reconstructing the meaning
using the lexicon and grammatical structure of target language context in order to produce
a good translation (Larson, 1984:1). A translation is considered good when it arouses in
the same effect, as did the original (Zilahy in House, 1977:8). Of course, it is not easy for
a translator to do this, because every language has its own rule that may not affect for
another language. For example, English and Bahasa Indonesia have the different rules in
linguistics units; one of them is in forming words especially the use of
morphemes.
117
Juliana
Morpheme is the smallest meaningful element into which words can be analyzed
(Sibarani, 2001:22). For example, the word prejudge can be divided into minimal
elements where each has meaning such as pre- and judge. Bahasa Indonesia has also
morphemes. Morfem adalah satuan bahasa terkecil yang mengandung makna. For
example, the word diperjualbelikan can be divided into the smallest meaningful unit is
jual, beli, and di- +….-kan.
There are no two identical languages, either in meaning or in structure (Nida in
Venuti, 2000:126). This fact causes some difficulties for a translator to find the
equivalence in TL. The equivalence is taken to be the basis on which source language
(SL) textual material is replaced by target language (TL) textual material (Catford in
Hatim, 2000:14). Therefore, to produce a good translation, a translator should be able to
do adjustments either in meaning or in structure to keep the meaning constant so that the
messages can be conveyed naturally and communicatively. One of the possible ways is
by making shifts. As Catford (1965:80) says, ―Shift is needed to produce natural
translation and establish translation equivalence between SL and TL which usually occurs
in the unit of grammar, class, structure, and system‖.
Shifts are firstly proposed by J.C Catford. A shift is a translation procedure
involving the change in the grammar from SL to TL (Newmark, 1988:85). Shifts can be
classified into level and category shifts. Level shift occurs when an SL item has a TL
translation equivalent at a different linguistic level from its own (grammatical, lexical,
etc). For example, the English word girl can be translated into a phrase anak perempuan
in Bahasa Indonesia. Category shift refers to a strict rank-for-rank correspondence
between SL and TL sentences, clauses, groups, words and morphemes is not observed. It
involves four categories of class, structure, system and unit. For example, the adjective in
medical student becomes an adverbial phrase in French equivalent student in medicine
(Catford in Hatim, 2000:15).
This study discusses about morphemic shifts. From the explanation of shifts
above, it can be concluded that morphemic shift belongs to level shift that involve the
change from SL to TL at a different linguistic level from its own (grammatical, lexical,
etc). In the translation, level shift can also be realized through category shift. As Hatim
(2000:16) says ―A translation through level shift could on a different occasion or by a
different translator, be achieved through category shift‖. For example, the morpheme unin the word unable is translated into a word tidak. It means that there is morphemic shift
from morpheme to word. And the morpheme -un in the word unspoken can be translated
into a phrase yang tidak diucapkan. This means that there is morphemic shift from
morpheme to phrase. This study uses novel as the data source, because novel is one of
literary works in which shifts are commonly used; one of them is morphemic shifts. The
problems of this study are to find out the morphemic shifts found in Collen Mc
Cullough‗s novel The Thorn Birds and its translation Burung-Burung Semak Berduri by
Lanny Murthihardjana; to analyze the morphemic shifts in the English – Bahasa
Indonesia translation of the novel; and to investigate the most dominant morphemic shifts
used in the novel.
118
Telangkai Bahasa dan Sastra, Tahun Ke-8, No 1, April 2014
Review of Related Literature
Translation Theories
The term translation itself has several meaning. It can refer to the general subject field,
the product (the text that has been translated) or the process (the act of producing the
translation, otherwise known as translating) (Munday, 2004:5). It means that translation
refers to the general subject, product and the process. Translation is to reproduce a source
language message in the receptor language in both receptor (of the original message) and
source (of the new message) (House, 1977:1). It means that translation is to reproduce a
source language message into receptor language (the original message of source
language). While Newmark stated that Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into
another language in the way that the author intended the text. It means that in translation
the meaning of a text should be same with what the author‘s intend
Translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language (RL) the closest
natural equivalent of the source language (SL) message, first in terms of meaning and
secondly in terms of style (Nida and Taber in Venuti, 1999:12). It means that in
reproducing the message in translation there should be natural equivalent in terms of
meaning and style between SL to RL. Translation is the result of a text-processing
activity, by means of which a source language text is transposed into a target language
text (Koller in Hatim, 2000:27). It means between the resultant text in L2 (the target
language text) and the source text in L1 (the source language text), there is a relationship
which can be designed as a translational or equivalence relation.
From the definitions above, it can be concluded that translation refers to the
general subject, product and the process of reproducing the source language information
or message into target language (the original information or message) which the
information or message should be equivalent with what the author‘s intend.
The Shifts in Translation
A translator will always attempt to reproduce the messages of SL into TL (the original
message of SL). In doing this, a translator not only studies and analyzes the form of SL,
but also reconstructs the meaning of SL using the form that appropriate in target language
in order to produce a good translation (Larson, 1984:1). A translation is considered good
when it arouses in the same effect as did the original (Zilahy in House, 1977:8). Of
course, it is not easy to do this, because every language has its own rule that may not
affect for another language. This fact causes some difficulties for a translator to find the
same equivalent and the exact structure (form) in TL. Therefore, in translation a translator
should be able to do adjustments either in meaning or structure to keep the meaning
constant so that the messages can be conveyed naturally and communicatively. One of the
possible ways is by making shifts. As Catford (1965:80) says ―Shift is needed to produce
natural translation and establish translation equivalence between SL and TL which
usually occurs in the unit of grammar, class, structure, and system‖.
Shifts are defined in terms of departures from formal correspondence in the
process of going from the SL to the TL (Catford, 1965:73). Shift can also be called as
transference that means a translation procedure involving the change in grammar from
SL to TL (Newmark, 1988:85). It means shift is a translation strategy that involves a
grammatical change from SL to TL. The phenomenon of shifts should be redefined
positively as the consequence of the translator's effort to establish translation equivalence
(TE) between two different language-systems: that of the SL and that of the TL.
119
Juliana
In this sense, shifts can be defined as problem-solving strategies adopted consciously to
minimize the inevitable loss of meaning when rendering a text from one language into
another.
Catford proposes two main types of shifts; they are level and category shifts
(Catford in Hatim, 2000:15). Firstly, level shift occurs when an SL item has a TL
translation equivalent at a different linguistic level from its own (grammatical, lexical,
etc). For example, source text word play achieved at the phonological level may be
translated by exploiting the possibilities of the lexical level in the target language. In
short, in level shifts the SL word at one linguistic level may be translated at a different
level in the TL, it might occur in grammatical, lexical, etc.
Secondly, Category Shift. Category shift is a generic term referring to shifts involving
any of the four categories of class, structure, system, and unit. For example, ST adjectival
phrase is translated into an advervial phrase in TT. In short, category shift may involve
class, structure, system and unit shifts. Class shift occurs when an SL item is translated by
means of a TL items belongs to a different grammatical class. For example, the adjective
in medical student is translated into an advervial phrase student in medicine in French. It
means that there is a change in grammatical class from adjective to advervial phrase.
While Structure shift involves a change in grammatical structure between ST and target
text TT. For example, Jhon loves Mary is translated into is love at Jhon on Mary in
Gaelic. It means that there is a change in a grammatical structure. Unit shift may occur
when a strict rank for rank correspondence between SL and TL sentences, clauses groups,
words, and morphemes is not observed. For example, the word girl is translated into a
phrase anak perempuan. While intra-system shift occurs within a system when
translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL systems when
approximately correspond formally. For example, a pair of trousers is translated into
sebuah celana.
METHODOLOGY
Data dan Data Source
The data source of this study is written text, which are taken from one of the International
best selling novels written by Colleen Mc Cullough, under the title The Thorn Birds in
1977. This novel consists of 7 chapters and 591 pages. While its translation BurungBurung Semak Berduri translated by Lanny Murtihardjana in 2007. It consists of 7
chapters and 685 pages. The data of this study is words that has morphemes and used in
Colleen Mc Cullough‘s novel The Thorn Birds and its translation Burung-Burung Semak
Berduri by Lanny Murtihardjana.
Data Collection Method
Dede Oetomo (in Suyanto, 1995:186) says ―There are three methods of collecting data
such as interview, observation, and analysis on written documents such as quotation,
notes, memorandum, publications, and official reports, diaries, and written answer to
questioner and survey‖.Since the data of this analysis are collected from Colleen Mc
Cullough‘s novel The Thorn Birds and also from the translation of this novel into Bahasa
120
Telangkai Bahasa dan Sastra, Tahun Ke-8, No 1, April 2014
Indonesia Burung-Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny Murtihardjana, so the method of
collecting the data is the written documents.
The data will be taken by using purposive sampling. It means that I take only the
samples of which are concerned with the purpose of this study. The novel consists of 7
chapters and 591 pages. The translated novel itself consists of 7 chapters and 685 pages.
The data to be analyzed will be taken purposively. It can be 10, 20, 30, from each of
morphemic shifts from morpheme to word and shifts from morpheme to phrase. Each
sample has already been on the homogeny data.
Data Analysis Method
In this thesis, I apply qualitative method to analyze data. Qualitative method is applied by
describing or explaining the data from Colleen Mc Cullough‘s novel The Thorn Birds
translated into Burung Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny Murtihardjana. Qualitative
method means an analysis which uses some instruments for collecting the data.
To find the most dominant of morphemic shifts is used in the novel, so I use Bungin‘s
formula. The following formula is:
N = X x 100%
Y
Where,
X
= the number of each morphemic shift found in the novel
Y
= the total number of all morphemic shifts
N
= Percentage of morphemic shift
The systematic procedures in conducting the analysis are as follow:
1. Reading the original novel (SL) and its translation (TL) repeatedly.
2. Identifying and selecting morphemes from the original novel (SL) and its
translation (TL).
3. Categorizing and underlining the morphemic shift from the original novel (SL)
and its translation (TL).
4. Analyzing the morphemic shifts by using J. C Catford‘s theory in Basil Hatim‘s
book
5. Calculating the morphemic shifts
6. Drawing the tables which show the most dominant of morphemic shifts used in
the novel.
7. Making some conclusions based on the result of analysis
FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
Morphemic Shifts from Morpheme into Word
Morphemic shifts from morpheme to word are shifts from morpheme level in Source Text
(ST) into word level in Target Text (TT). Morphemic shifts from morpheme to word
occur in morphemes dis (5), un (9), in (1), im (4), re (6) , -ly (6), ing- (14), less- (12), -er
(14), -est (5), -s (13), -ful (11), „s (5), -hood (4), -ed (8), -ness (8), in-….-able (2), in-…ible (3), un-…-able (3), un-…-ed (12), dis-…-ed (4), un-….-ing (2), and re-…-ed (5) with
the total of 156 Shifts (85 %)
121
Juliana
Prefixes: Morphemic shifts from morpheme into word
No
Prefixes
1
dis- into tidak
Source Text (ST)
Target Text (TT)
But it‘s no disgrace to have Tapi punya tangan kapalan
calluses on your hands (p. 27)
tidaklah memalukan (p. 28)
He knew her to give her any hint Karena mengenal gadis ini
of his embarrassment or dengan sangat baik, Pastor
discomfort (p. 151)
Ralph tidak mau menunjukkan
rasa jengah atau tak nyaman
sedikitpun (p. 169)
In spite of her dislike for beer Meskipun tidak menyukainya (p.
(p. 283)
326)
2
un- into tidak, tak
dan tanpa
Sister
Agatha
used
to Suster
Agatha
untuk
demonstrate the ugliness of menunjukkan hasil pekerjanya
untidy work (p. 45)
yang jelek dan tidak rapi (p.48)
Sister
Agatha
used
to Suster
Agatha
untuk
demonstrate the ugliness of menunjukkan hasil pekerjanya
untidy work (p. 45)
yang jelek dan tidak rapi (p.48)
But in its appurtenances it was
not unlike the house they had
left behind in New Zealand (p.
90)
Tapi
dalam
hal
perlengkapannya, rumah ini tak
beda jauh dengan rumah yang
mereka tinggalkan di New
Zealand (p. 98)
Unable to make it sound as light Tak mampu bersikap sesantai
as he had intended (p. 122)
yang dikehendakinya
(p. 135)
Unaware of the thoughts of his Tanpa menyadari pergolakan
companion harbored (p. 254)
dibenbak teman seperjalananya
(p. 291)
He could have passed among us Ia ternyata berhasil melalui
so many years and not made an masa sepanjang itu tanpa
unfriend (p. 519)
kehilangan persahabatan (p.
602)
3
In- into tidak
They
were
riveting, Mata yang menatap dengan
uncomfortable, inhuman eyes, tajam, meresahkan, dan tidak
rather blind-looking (p. 331)
manusiawi mirip mata buta (p.
382)
4
Im- into tidak
Knowing
it
was
quite
impossible,
she
permitted
herself the luxury of dreaming
about him (p. 154)
122
Karena tahu bahwa cintanya tak
mungkin jadi kenyataan, ia
memanjakan
diri
dengan
berkhayal tentang diri sang
pujaan hati (p. 173)
Telangkai Bahasa dan Sastra, Tahun Ke-8, No 1, April 2014
Re- kembali
5
The gnarled finger plucked
another
sheet
from
a
pigeonhole, dipped the pen in
the Standish again, and
rewrote the words as surely
as the first time (p. 155)
Jari yang bergonggolbonggol
itu
menarik
sehelai
kertas
baru,
mencelupkan
pena
kedalam botol tinta, dan
menulis kembali kata-kata
tadi tanpa ragu (p. 174)
I am reborn (p. 182)
Aku dilahirkan kembali (p.
207)
Suffixes: Morphemic shifts from morpheme into word
No
1
2
Suffixes
Target Text (TT)
Source Text (ST)
-ly into dengan dan The rains fell gently without Hujan jatuh dengan lembut
secara
bruising the tender sweetness of tanpa merusak aroma manis
all growing things, there was semua makhluk hidup (p.17)
snow, and the sun had just
enough strength to cherish,
never enough to sap (p.16)
Ing- sambil, yang,
sedang, sungguh
She became mentally deaf,
dumb and blind; that useless
appendage her right hand was no
more linked to her thought
processes than her toes (p. 46)
Ia seakan-akan jadi tuli, bisu
dan buta secara mental
kemampuan anggota badan
tak berguna alias tangan
kananya itu untuk mengikuti
perintah otaknya tak lebih
dari kemampuan jari-jari
kakinya (p. 49)
Stroking the bright pink folds of
the dress, grander than any she
had ever seen on a human
woman, she picked Agnes up
tenderly (p.13)
Sambil
membelai
gaun
merah jambu yang lebih
indah daripada gaun kaum
wanita
yang
pernah
dilihatnya, ia mengangkat
boneka itu dengan penuh
kasih saying (p.14)
Sank her fingers into
satisfying hair (p. 590)
that Membenamkan jari-jarinya
kedalam rambut yang lebat
itu (p. 684)
Paddy was waiting for him in Paddy sedang menantinya
the hall downstairs (p. 175)
diruang
depan
dilantai
bawah (p. 199)
123
Juliana
Frank‘s getting you some Frank sedang memesankan
sandwiches and I‘ll see the boys sandwich dan aku akan
are fed (p. 85)
mengajak anak-anak lelaki
makan (p. 92)
Interesting to take a face apart Sungguh menarik untuk
which was already so well menbelusuri setiap bagian
known (p. 518)
wajah yang serasa sudah
dikenalnya (p. 600)
3
-less into tak, tanpa
Many priest left their people
feeling guilthy, worthless, or
bestial (p. 150)
Begitu banyak pastor yang
membuat
umat
mereka
merasa
bersalah,
tak
berguna atau seperti hewan
(p. 168)
Ralph; An impotent, useless Ralph,
Laki-laki
palsu
sham! (p. 165)
impotent dan tak berguna (p.
187)
The two spinters maid and the Kedua pelayan yang tidak
widowed childless housekeeper menikah dan poengurus
rumah tangga yang sudah
(p. 127)
menjanda tanpa anak (p.
141)
Life went on in the rhythmic, Hidup
terus
berjaklan
endless cycle of the land (p. menurut lingkaran hidup
140)
daerah itu yang berirama
dan tanpa ujung (p. 156)
4
-er lebih, semakin,
begitu, tukang
The house lay on top of a small
hill about one hundred feet
higher than the barn and stables
(p. 16)
Rumah itu terletak di puncak
bukit kecil, kira-kira tiga
puluh meter lebih tinggi
daripada
gudang
dan
kanddang-kandangternak (p.
16)
The league faster than any other Lompatan-lompatan
yang
animal save the emu (p. 207)
anggun lebih cepat daripada
binatang lain (p. 235)
The bigger and tougher they
were, the more Frank wanted to
see them humbled in the dust (p.
56)
124
Semakin besar dan tangguh
lawan-lawanya,
semakin
besar hasrat Frank untuk
merobohkan mereka (p. 61)
Telangkai Bahasa dan Sastra, Tahun Ke-8, No 1, April 2014
The house lay on top of a small Rumah itu terletak di puncak bukit
hill about one hundred feet higher kecil, kira-kira tiga puluh meter
than the barn and stables (p. 16)
lebih tinggi daripada gudang dan
kanddang-kandangternak (p. 16)
The league faster than any other Lompatan-lompatan yang anggun
animal save the emu (p. 207)
lebih cepat daripada binatang lain
(p. 235)
The bigger and tougher they
were, the more Frank wanted to
see them humbled in the dust (p.
56)
Semakin besar dan tangguh
lawan-lawanya, semakin besar
hasrat Frank untuk merobohkan
mereka (p. 61)
Work became increasingly harder Lapangan pekerjaan semakin sulit
to get (p. 76)
dihadapkan (p. 83)
She could no longer manage any Karena telah begitu lama tidak
but the simplest pieces (p. 78)
terlatih, sehingga hanya mampu
mendentingkan
lagu-lagu
sederhana (p. 84)
5
-est paling
At school he had always been the Di sekolah ia selalu jadi anak
smallest boys in his class (p. 56)
dengan badan paling kecil (p. 60)
Buit it was at Meggie everyone Namun, pada Meggielah semua
stared the longest (p. 157)
orang menatap kagum paling lama
(p. 177)
6
-s into para, kedua,
semua
His fleet of eleven ships held over
one thousand convicts, plus
sailors, naval officers and a
contingent of Marines (p. 31)
Armadanya yang terdiri
sebelas kapal membawa lebih
seribu narapidana, belum
para kelasi, perwira AL, dan
kontingern Marinir (p. 33)
atas
dari
lagi
satu
The twins were beaming in Kedua bocah kembar itu pun
administration (p. 157)
tersenyum kagum (p. 177)
7
-ful into penuh,
yang, sangat
The rabbits are dead (p. 448)
Semua kelinci sudah mati (p. 520)
The boys gathered round (p. 77)
Semua
anak
mengerumuninya (p. 82)
lelaki
Stuart just looked on quietly, from Stuart Cuma memeandang dengan
out of his peaceful, sympathetic tenang dari dalam jiwanya penuh
little soul (p. 62)
kedamaian dari simpatik itu (p.
67)
Bringing her face up to within Menariknya lebih dekat sampai
inches
of
those
dreadful wajah kecil itu hanya terpisah
spectacles (p. 39)
beberapa senti dari kacamata
yang mengerikan itu (p. 42)
125
Juliana
One of the rare handful of men Salah satu dari sedikit pencukur
who managed to shear over three yang mampu mencukur lebih dari
hundred merino sheep a day (p. tiga ratus domba sehari (p. 306)
266)
The spiders were dreadful (p. 94) Laba-labanya sangat mengerikan
(p. 103)
Meggie merasa sangat nyaman (p.
434)
Meggie felt wonderful (p. 375)
8
-‗s into milik
His arms were filthy from Kedua
lengannya
berlepotan
mucking out Mr. Jarman’s dairy karena membersihkan kotoran
(p. 42)
sapi di perusahaan susu milik Mr.
Jarman (p. 45)
The shearers loaded their swags
into the contractor’s old fork truck
and disappeared down the truck to
their next shed (p. 106)
9
-hood masa
Maybe a leaving-behind
childhood (p. 126)
Para pencukur memasukkan hasil
jerih payah mereka ke truk Ford
tua milik kontraktor dan pergi
menyusuri jalan menuju bangsal
berikutnya (p. 117)
of Mungkin ini saat ketika dia harus
meninggalkan
masa
kanakkanaknya
(p. 140)
Perhaps remembering her own
girlhood, and angered that all the
other young ladies uinvited had
ordered their growns from Sydney
(p. 157)
10
-ed dengan, yang
Boleh jadi karena teringat masa
remajanya sendiri dan kesal
karena
semua
gadis
yang
diundang kepesta itu telah
memesan gaun pesta dari Sydney
(p. 177)
Terrified, Meggie watched Bob‘s Dengan ngeri Meggie menatap
steady hands (p. 37)
tangan Bob yang mantap (p. 39)
Starled, she took her unwilling Dengan
terkejut
Meggie
miuth away from his to look at menjauhkan bibirnya dari bibir
what lay under her hand (p. 289)
Luke untuk melihat apa gerangan
yang berada dibawah tangannya
(p. 332)
The gnarled finger plucked
another sheet from a pigeonhole,
dipped the pen in the Standish
again, and rewrote the words as
surely as the first time (p. 155)
Jari yang bergonggol-bonggol itu
menarik sehelai kertas baru,
mencelupkan pena kedalam botol
tinta, dan menulis kembali katakata tadi tanpa ragu (p. 174)
She scanned a yellowed sheet of Fee melihat sekilas sehelai Koran
the Sydney Morning Herald (p. Sydney Morning Herald yang
194)
menguning (p. 221)
126
Telangkai Bahasa dan Sastra, Tahun Ke-8, No 1, April 2014
11
-ness sifat, sikap
So So grateful for his calmness and
sympathy (p. 116)
You‘ve
always
sweetness (p. 328)
retained
Bersyukur karena sikap tenang dan
simapati Pastor Ralph (p. 128)
your Kau
selalu
mempertahankan
manismu (p. 379)
berhasil
sikap
A blind streak of stubbornness in him Sifat keras kepala buta dalam
wouldn‘t let him back down (p. 279)
dirinya tak sudi mundur setapak
pun (p. 321)
We took pushing neatness and tidiness Sudah begitu keras upaya kami
into your head too (p. 489)
menjejalkan
sifat
rapi
kekepalamu (p. 565)
Confixes: Morphemic Shifts from morpheme into word:
1
Confixes
In-…….-able into tak
Source Text (ST)
Target Text (TT)
If she put her fingers in her Kalau ia memasukkan jari
mouth
the
taste
was kemulut, rasa pahitnya tak
indescribable (p. 47)
terkatakan (p. 50)
That had faded too, was Di batu nisanya pun sudah
practically indecipherable (p. memudar dan nyaris tak terbaca
436)
(p. 505)
2
In-….ible into tak
There was always a suffocated
sense of waiting, an intangible
shuddering and thumping that
actually transmitted itself
through the feet (p. 16)
Sepanjang
waktu,
terasa
penantian yang menyesakkan,
getaran dan gejolak tak teraba
yang merambat melalui kaki (p.
17)
Most of them were insensible Mereka sudah terkapar
(p. 364)
sadarkan diri (p. 423)
3
Un-….-able into tak
4
Un-….-ed into tak, tanpa
All through the unspeakable
eight months voyage to New
South Wales he proved a
stubborn, difficult prisoner,
further endearing himself to
his ship‘s officers by refusing
to die (p. 31)
tak
Sepanjang
perjalan
tak
terkatakan selama delapan
bulan menuju South Wales itu,
tampak jelas bahwa ia napi
yang keras kepala dan sulit
diatur (p.33)
And an answer came directed Balasanpun tiba dengan tulisan
in a writing unexpected (p. tak dikenal (p. 159)
142)
Ia akan mendengarkan dan
And he would listen totally
sama sekali tak terpengaruh
unmoved save for a sick
kecuali merasa jijik
contempt (p. 148)
(p. 166)
127
Juliana
But it was dying and coming
back to life again, to have
survived the atmospheric
tantrum unscathed
Namun rasanya seolah-olah
mereka mati dan bangkit
kembali setelah melewati murka
alam tanpa terluka sedikitpun
(p. 149)
He‘s lying in an unmarked Dia sedang berbarin di kuburan
grave somewhere!
tanpa nisanentah dimana (p.
637)
5
Dis-…..-ed into tidak
He still disliked his sister as
much as he had back in his
early childhood in Ireland (p.
118)
Ia masih saja tidak menyukai
kakaknya sama seperti dimasa
kecilnya dulu ketika mereka
masih tinggal di Irlandia (p.
130)
She also was disowned and Ia juga dibuang keluarganya
disadmitted again (p. 265)
dan tidak diakui lagi (p. 304)
6
un-…-ing into tanpa
British justice of the time was Peradilan Inggris pada masa itu
grim and unflinching (p. 30)
cukup tegas dan tanpa komfromi
(p. 33)
Unfailing support that I so Dukungan tanpa henti yang
dispose of my assets (p. 172)
diberikannya sehingga saya
menyerahkan asset-aset saya
kepadanya (p. 195)
7
re-…-ed into kembali
He pointed his riffle at the sky,
fired a shot, reloaded, fireed s
second shot, reloaded, let off
the third (p. 229)
Stuart
mengarahkan
senapannya
kelangit,
melepaskan
tembakan,
mengisinya
kembali,
melepaskan tembakan kedua,
mengisi
kembali,
dan
melepaskan tembakan ketiga (p.
261)
Morphemic Shifts from Morpheme into Phrase
Morphemic shifts from morpheme into phrase are shifts from morpheme level in Source
Text (ST) into phrase level in Target Text (TT). Morphemic shifts from morpheme to
phrase occur in morphemes un- (4), in- (1), less (5), -est (1), -er (1), -ful (1), in-…-able
(2), in-…-ible (2), un-…-ing (2), un-…..-able (3), un-….ed (5), and dis-…-ed (1) with
the total of 28 shifts (15 %)
128
Telangkai Bahasa dan Sastra, Tahun Ke-8, No 1, April 2014
Prefixes: Morphemic shifts from word into phrase:
No
Prefixes
Source Text (ST)
Target Text (TT)
1
Un- into yang tidak
It was a hidden, unspoken
thing
between
them
something to buffer their
loneliness (p. 128)
Ini adalah sesuatu yang
tersembunyi diantara mereka
yang tidak diucapkan, sesuatu
untuk menahan rasa kesepian
mereka (p. 142)
Often killing an unwary Tak jarang bahkan membunuh
dog (p. 205)
anjing yang tidak waspada (p.
205)
2
In- into sikap tak
The
perfidies
and Penghiantan dan sikap tak
ingratitude of women (p. tahu terima kasih kaum wanita
367)
(p. 425)
Suffixes: Morphemic shifts from word into phrase:
No
Suffixes
1
-less into tak mampu
-less into yang tak
Source Text (ST)
Target Text (TT)
She was speechless first Meggie nayaris tak mampu
from terror (p. 262)
bicara (p. 300)
Powerless to call a halt (p. Tak mampu berhenti, dan
273)
nyaris gila (p. 313)
The Persian carpets and Permadani
Persia
serta
the spindly priceless perabotan langsing yang tak
furniture (p. 95)
ternilai
(p. 104)
Her eyes going from her Pandanganya
berpindahbrother to her father in pindah dari kakak ke ayahnya
helpless (p. 119)
dengan kesedihan yang tak
terkatakan (p. 132)
Gear was a useless Sikap sok aksi
affection (p. 373)
berguna (p. 432)
2
-er into yang lebih
3
-est into yang paling
yang
tak
Notice anything farther Bisa melihat apapun yang
away than their feet beer lebih jauh daripada gelas bir
glasses (p. 364)
mereka (p.423)
Frank was not on a block;
he was working on a
massive eucalyptus log
and undercutting it to get
it small enough to place in
129
Frank tidak sedang bekerja
ditanggul. Ia sibuk membelah
sebatnag kayu eucalyptus utuh
dan
memotong
bagian
pangkalnya supaya dapat
Juliana
the slowest, widest stump ditempatkan ditunggul yang
(p. 58)
paling pendek dan lebar (p.
62)
4
-ful into yang penuh
It couldn‘t fail to be Perpaduan ini pasti akan
powerful human soup (p. mengahsilkan sup manusiawi
375)
yang penuh daya (p. 434)
Confixes: Morphemic shifts from word into phrase
No
Confixes
1
in-…-able into tak dapat
Source Text (ST)
Target Text (TT)
Perhaps it was inevitable (p. Boleh jadi ini memang tak
128)
dapat dihindari (p. 142)
To die so is indescribable (p. Mati dengan cara seperti ini
219)
benar-benar
tak
dapat
terlukiskan (p. 250)
2
in-…-ible into yang tak
It was took dark to see her,
and the invisible substance of
her sympathy undid him (p.
63)
Suasana terlampau gelap
untuk bisa melihat gadis cilik
itu, dan rasa simpatinya yang
tak tampak meluruhkan hati
Frank (p. 68)
His God and his church Tuhan dan gerejannya halwhich
to
him
were hal yang tidak dapat dibagiindivisible (p. 313)
baginya (p. 361)
3
un-…-ing into tak pernah
As for Meggie, she was
incapable
of
equating
Teresa‘s beaming, portly
little mother with her own
slender unsmiling mother (p.
47)
Mengenai Meggie sendiri ia
tidak bisa menyamakan ibu
Teresa yang gemuk pendek
dan berseri-seri itu dengan
ibunya sendiri yang langsing
dan tak pernah tersenyum
(p. 51)
Your taste is impeccable and Seleramu benar-benar tanpa
unerring (p. 433)
ada cela dan tak pernah
salah (p. 503)
4
un-…-able into yang tak
It‘s a part of God‘s great Ini adalah bagian dari
unfathomable plan; think of rencana agung Tuhan yang
it like that (p. 120)
tak terselami (p. 133)
Luke not a bad man or even Luke bukan orang jahat atau
an unlikable one (p. 329)
bahkan orang yang tak
menyenangkan (p. 380)
What an unforgivable idiot Kau juga idiot yang tak
you are into the bargain! (p. ketolongan (p. 425)
366)
130
Telangkai Bahasa dan Sastra, Tahun Ke-8, No 1, April 2014
5
un-…-ed into yang tak
The overwhelming impression Kesan yang terasa adalah
was one of uncontrolled (p. pertumbuhan
tanaman
284)
yang tak terkendali (p. 326)
An insane and unfounded Tuduhan gila yang tak
accusation (p. 419)
berdasar itu (p. 485)
6
dis-…-ed into yang tidak
Stilled,
absolute
silence,
breaking like waves on
distented
eardrums;
unbearable silence (p. 394)
Keheningan
yang
mencekam, bergelombang
menghantam
gendang
telinga yang gembung,
benar-benar
kesunyian
yang tak tertahankan (p.
456)
Visitors
or
discontented
stockmen
or
maids
or
rousebouts ver occasionally a
governess (p. 97)
Para pengunjung atau
pengurus ternak pelayan
atau pekerja baru yang
tidak puas (p. 106)
Others (No Shifts from Morpheme into Word and Phrase)
There are no shifts from morphemes to other levels (word and phrase).
Morphemes into Morphemes
No shifts from morphemes to other levels
No
Morphemes (ST)
Morphemes (TT)
1
The three had survived by killing and Ketigannya berhasil tetap hidup karena membunuh
eating their weaker companions (p. 32) dan memakan teman-teman mereka ynag lebih
ramah (p. 34)
2
Sister Agatha deemed beaten enpugh Suster Agatha sudah sering dipukul untuk bisa
to behave inspite of a young and soft berperilaku baik meskipun mendaat pengajar yang
supervisor (p. 38)
muda dan berhati lembut (p. 41)
3
What I think of her allowing lousy Apa pendapatku tentang dia membiarkan anakalong with Meggie (p. 50)
anka berkutu masuk sekolahnya (p. 54)
4
Her widowhood was thirty three years Ia sudah menjanda selama 33 tahun (p. 78)
old (p. 73)
5
His patience and kindness had brought Kesabaran dan keramahannya membuanya disukai
him liking from all and sincere from semua orang dan bahkan dikasihi8 sepenuh hati
some (p. 73)
oleh beberapa (p. 79)
131
Juliana
The Frequency of Morphemic Shifts from Morpheme into Word and from
Morpheme into Phrase
No
Morphemes (SL)
Word (TL)
Phrase (TL)
1
dis-
5
-
2
un-
9
4
3
in-.
1
1
4
im-
4
-
5
re-
6
-
6
-ly
6
-
7
-ing
14
-
8
-less
12
5
9
-er
14
1
10
-est
5
1
11
-s
13
-
12
-ful
11
1
13
-s’
5
-
14
-hood
4
-
15
-ed
8
-
16
-ness
8
-
17
in-...-able
2
2
18
in-…-ible
3
2
19
un-…-able
3
3
20
un-…-ed
12
5
21
dis-…-ed
4
1
22
un-…-ing
2
2
23
re-…-ed
5
-
156 shifts
28 shifts
Total
184 Shifts
132
Telangkai Bahasa dan Sastra, Tahun Ke-8, No 1, April 2014
The frequency of all morphemic shifts occurs in the translation of The Thorn Birds:
a. The percentage of morphemic shifts from morpheme into word is:
N = 156 x 100% = 85 %
184
b. The percentage of morphemic shifts from morpheme into phrase is:
N = 28 x 100% = 15 %
184
CONCLUSIONS
After analyzing the data from the novel of Colleen Mc Cullough The Thorn Birds and its
translation Burung-Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny Murtihardjana, it can be concluded
that:
Firstly, the best translation is the translation that uses the natural language forms
of the receptor language, communicates as much as possible to the receptor language
speakers and has the same meaning that is understood with the speakers of the source
language. Besides, it also must maintain the dynamics of the original source language
text. Maintaining the ―dynamics‖ of the original source text means that translation is
presented in such a way that it will hopefully, evoke the same response as the source text
attempted to evoke.
Secondly, to find the same equivalent and the exact structure (form) between the
two different of language systems is the difficult thing in translation. Therefore, a
translator should be able to do adjustments either in meaning or structure to keep the
meaning constant so that the messages can be conveyed naturally and communicatively.
One of the possible ways is by making shifts. As Catford (1965:80) says ―Shift is needed
to produce natural translation and establish translation equivalence between SL and TL‖.
Thirdly, there are two morphemic shifts in translatrion of The Thorn Bird. They are
the morphemic shifts from morpheme into word such as dis-, un-, in-, im, re-, -ly, ing-,
less-, -er, -est, -s, -ful, -„s, -hood, -ed, -ness, in-…-able, in-…-ible, un-…-able, un-….-ly,
un-…-ed, dis-…-ed, un-….-ing, re-…-ed.and the morphemic shifts from morpheme into
phrase such as dis-, un-, mis-, in, -less, -est, -er, -ful, in-….-able, in-…-ible, un-…-able,
un-….-ly, un-…-ed, , dis-…-ed, un-..-ing. The Morphemic shifts from morpheme into
word occur in dis (5), un (9), in (1), im (4), re (6) , -ly (6), ing- (14), less- (12), -er (14), est (5), -s (13), -ful (11), ‗s (5), -hood (4), -ed (8), -ness (8), in-….-able (2), in-…-ible
(3), un-…-able (3), un-…-ed (12), dis-…-ed (4), un-….-ing (2), re-…-ed (5) with the
total of 156 shifts (85 %). While The Morphemic shifts from morpheme into phrase
occur in un- (4), in- (1), less (5), -est (1), -er (1), -ful (1), in-…-able (2), in-…-ible (2),
un-…-ing (2), un-…..-able (3), un-….ed (5), dis-…-ed (1) with the total of 28 shifts (15
%). In short, it can be seen that the morphemic shifts from morpheme into word is in the
total of 156 shifts (85 %). Then the morphemic shifts from morpheme into phrase are in
the total of 28 shifts (15 %).
133
Juliana
REFERENCES
Arifin, Zaenal and Junaiyah. 2007. Morfologi; Bentuk, Makna, dan Fungsi. Jakarta: PT
Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia
Bassnett, McGuire, Susan. 1991. Training the Translator. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Jhon
Benjamins Publishing Company
Baker, Mona. 1992. In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation, London: Routledge
Brislin, W. R. 1976. Translation: Application and Research. London. Rouledge
Bungin, Burhan. 2005. Metodologi Penelitian Kuantitatif: Komunikasi, Ekonomi, dan
Kebijakan Publik serta Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial lainnya. Jakarta: Prenada Media
Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London and New York:
Routledge
Fromkin, Victoria and Robert Rodman. 1983. An Introduction to Language. New York:
Harcout Brace College Publishers
Hatim, Basil. 2001. Teaching and Researching Translation. Beijing: Foreign Language
and Research Press
House, Julian. 1977. A Model for Translation Quality Assesment.Tubingen: TBL Veriag
Gunter Narr
Katamba, Francis.1988.Morphology: Modern Linguistic. Great Britain: Creative Print
and Design
Kridalaksana, Harimurti. 1986. Kelas Kata dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: PT
Gramedia
Larson, Mildred L. 1984. Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross Language
Equivalence. United States of America: University Press of America
Machali, Rochaya. 2000. Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah. Jakarta: P.T Grasindo
Munday, Jeremy. 2004. Introducing Translation Studies; Theories and Applications
London and New York: Routledge
Nababan, Rudolf. 1997. Aspek Teori Penerjemahan dan Pengalihan Bahasa Surakarta:
Direktorat Jendral Pendidikan Tinggi Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
Nawawi, Hardi. 1991. Metode Penelitian Bidang Sosial. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada
University Press
Newmark, Peter. 1990. A Text Book of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall
Nida, Eugene A. 1967. Morphology: The Descriptive Analysis of Words; Second Edition.
134
Copyright ©2014, Program Studi Linguistik FIB USU, ISSN 1978-8266
Tahun ke-8, No 1
MORPHEMIC SHIFTS IN BILINGUAL TRANSLATION OF COLLEEN MC
CULLOUGH’S THE THORN BIRDS AND LANNY MURTIHARDJANA’S
BURUNG-BURUNG SEMAK BERDURI
Juliana
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ana_dahlan@yahoo.com
Abstract
This study aims to (1) find out the morphemic shifts found in Collen Mc Cullough„s
novel The Thorn Birds and its translation Burung-Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny
Murthihardjana (2) analyze the morphemic shifts in the English – Bahasa Indonesia
translation of the novel and (3) investigate the most dominant morphemic shifts used
in the novel. This study uses a descriptive qualitative with data collection on written
documents from Colleen Mc Cullough‟s novel The Thorn Birds and its translation
Burung-Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny Murtihardjana. The data will be taken by
using purposive sampling. The results of this study are there are two morphemic
shifts in translation of The Thorn Bird. They are the morphemic shifts from
morpheme into word and the morphemic shifts from morpheme into phrase. The
Morphemic shifts from morpheme into word are dis (5), un (9), in (1), im (4), re (6) ,
-ly (6), ing- (14), less- (12), -er (14), -est (5), -s (13), -ful (11), „s (5), -hood (4), ed (8), -ness (8), in-….-able (2), in-…-ible (3), un-…-able (3), un-…-ed (12), dis-…ed (4), un-….-ing (2), re-…-ed (5) with the total of 156 shifts (85 %). While the
Morphemic shifts from morpheme into phrase are un- (4), in- (1), less (5), -est (1), er (1), -ful (1), in-…-able (2), in-…-ible (2), un-…-ing (2), un-…..-able (3), un….ed (5), dis-…-ed (1) with the total of 28 shifts (15 %). In short, it can be seen that
the morphemic shifts from morpheme into word is in the total of 156 shifts (85 %).
Then the morphemic shifts from morpheme into phrase are in the total of 28 shifts
(15 %).
Keywords: Translation, Morphemic Shifts
INTRODUCTION
Translation is basically a change of form (Larson, 1984:3). The form refers to the actual
words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc which are spoken and written. It
consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into target language and
reproducing a source language message into target language. The process of translation is
done by studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and
cultural context of source language text, analyzing it and then reconstructing the meaning
using the lexicon and grammatical structure of target language context in order to produce
a good translation (Larson, 1984:1). A translation is considered good when it arouses in
the same effect, as did the original (Zilahy in House, 1977:8). Of course, it is not easy for
a translator to do this, because every language has its own rule that may not affect for
another language. For example, English and Bahasa Indonesia have the different rules in
linguistics units; one of them is in forming words especially the use of
morphemes.
117
Juliana
Morpheme is the smallest meaningful element into which words can be analyzed
(Sibarani, 2001:22). For example, the word prejudge can be divided into minimal
elements where each has meaning such as pre- and judge. Bahasa Indonesia has also
morphemes. Morfem adalah satuan bahasa terkecil yang mengandung makna. For
example, the word diperjualbelikan can be divided into the smallest meaningful unit is
jual, beli, and di- +….-kan.
There are no two identical languages, either in meaning or in structure (Nida in
Venuti, 2000:126). This fact causes some difficulties for a translator to find the
equivalence in TL. The equivalence is taken to be the basis on which source language
(SL) textual material is replaced by target language (TL) textual material (Catford in
Hatim, 2000:14). Therefore, to produce a good translation, a translator should be able to
do adjustments either in meaning or in structure to keep the meaning constant so that the
messages can be conveyed naturally and communicatively. One of the possible ways is
by making shifts. As Catford (1965:80) says, ―Shift is needed to produce natural
translation and establish translation equivalence between SL and TL which usually occurs
in the unit of grammar, class, structure, and system‖.
Shifts are firstly proposed by J.C Catford. A shift is a translation procedure
involving the change in the grammar from SL to TL (Newmark, 1988:85). Shifts can be
classified into level and category shifts. Level shift occurs when an SL item has a TL
translation equivalent at a different linguistic level from its own (grammatical, lexical,
etc). For example, the English word girl can be translated into a phrase anak perempuan
in Bahasa Indonesia. Category shift refers to a strict rank-for-rank correspondence
between SL and TL sentences, clauses, groups, words and morphemes is not observed. It
involves four categories of class, structure, system and unit. For example, the adjective in
medical student becomes an adverbial phrase in French equivalent student in medicine
(Catford in Hatim, 2000:15).
This study discusses about morphemic shifts. From the explanation of shifts
above, it can be concluded that morphemic shift belongs to level shift that involve the
change from SL to TL at a different linguistic level from its own (grammatical, lexical,
etc). In the translation, level shift can also be realized through category shift. As Hatim
(2000:16) says ―A translation through level shift could on a different occasion or by a
different translator, be achieved through category shift‖. For example, the morpheme unin the word unable is translated into a word tidak. It means that there is morphemic shift
from morpheme to word. And the morpheme -un in the word unspoken can be translated
into a phrase yang tidak diucapkan. This means that there is morphemic shift from
morpheme to phrase. This study uses novel as the data source, because novel is one of
literary works in which shifts are commonly used; one of them is morphemic shifts. The
problems of this study are to find out the morphemic shifts found in Collen Mc
Cullough‗s novel The Thorn Birds and its translation Burung-Burung Semak Berduri by
Lanny Murthihardjana; to analyze the morphemic shifts in the English – Bahasa
Indonesia translation of the novel; and to investigate the most dominant morphemic shifts
used in the novel.
118
Telangkai Bahasa dan Sastra, Tahun Ke-8, No 1, April 2014
Review of Related Literature
Translation Theories
The term translation itself has several meaning. It can refer to the general subject field,
the product (the text that has been translated) or the process (the act of producing the
translation, otherwise known as translating) (Munday, 2004:5). It means that translation
refers to the general subject, product and the process. Translation is to reproduce a source
language message in the receptor language in both receptor (of the original message) and
source (of the new message) (House, 1977:1). It means that translation is to reproduce a
source language message into receptor language (the original message of source
language). While Newmark stated that Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into
another language in the way that the author intended the text. It means that in translation
the meaning of a text should be same with what the author‘s intend
Translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language (RL) the closest
natural equivalent of the source language (SL) message, first in terms of meaning and
secondly in terms of style (Nida and Taber in Venuti, 1999:12). It means that in
reproducing the message in translation there should be natural equivalent in terms of
meaning and style between SL to RL. Translation is the result of a text-processing
activity, by means of which a source language text is transposed into a target language
text (Koller in Hatim, 2000:27). It means between the resultant text in L2 (the target
language text) and the source text in L1 (the source language text), there is a relationship
which can be designed as a translational or equivalence relation.
From the definitions above, it can be concluded that translation refers to the
general subject, product and the process of reproducing the source language information
or message into target language (the original information or message) which the
information or message should be equivalent with what the author‘s intend.
The Shifts in Translation
A translator will always attempt to reproduce the messages of SL into TL (the original
message of SL). In doing this, a translator not only studies and analyzes the form of SL,
but also reconstructs the meaning of SL using the form that appropriate in target language
in order to produce a good translation (Larson, 1984:1). A translation is considered good
when it arouses in the same effect as did the original (Zilahy in House, 1977:8). Of
course, it is not easy to do this, because every language has its own rule that may not
affect for another language. This fact causes some difficulties for a translator to find the
same equivalent and the exact structure (form) in TL. Therefore, in translation a translator
should be able to do adjustments either in meaning or structure to keep the meaning
constant so that the messages can be conveyed naturally and communicatively. One of the
possible ways is by making shifts. As Catford (1965:80) says ―Shift is needed to produce
natural translation and establish translation equivalence between SL and TL which
usually occurs in the unit of grammar, class, structure, and system‖.
Shifts are defined in terms of departures from formal correspondence in the
process of going from the SL to the TL (Catford, 1965:73). Shift can also be called as
transference that means a translation procedure involving the change in grammar from
SL to TL (Newmark, 1988:85). It means shift is a translation strategy that involves a
grammatical change from SL to TL. The phenomenon of shifts should be redefined
positively as the consequence of the translator's effort to establish translation equivalence
(TE) between two different language-systems: that of the SL and that of the TL.
119
Juliana
In this sense, shifts can be defined as problem-solving strategies adopted consciously to
minimize the inevitable loss of meaning when rendering a text from one language into
another.
Catford proposes two main types of shifts; they are level and category shifts
(Catford in Hatim, 2000:15). Firstly, level shift occurs when an SL item has a TL
translation equivalent at a different linguistic level from its own (grammatical, lexical,
etc). For example, source text word play achieved at the phonological level may be
translated by exploiting the possibilities of the lexical level in the target language. In
short, in level shifts the SL word at one linguistic level may be translated at a different
level in the TL, it might occur in grammatical, lexical, etc.
Secondly, Category Shift. Category shift is a generic term referring to shifts involving
any of the four categories of class, structure, system, and unit. For example, ST adjectival
phrase is translated into an advervial phrase in TT. In short, category shift may involve
class, structure, system and unit shifts. Class shift occurs when an SL item is translated by
means of a TL items belongs to a different grammatical class. For example, the adjective
in medical student is translated into an advervial phrase student in medicine in French. It
means that there is a change in grammatical class from adjective to advervial phrase.
While Structure shift involves a change in grammatical structure between ST and target
text TT. For example, Jhon loves Mary is translated into is love at Jhon on Mary in
Gaelic. It means that there is a change in a grammatical structure. Unit shift may occur
when a strict rank for rank correspondence between SL and TL sentences, clauses groups,
words, and morphemes is not observed. For example, the word girl is translated into a
phrase anak perempuan. While intra-system shift occurs within a system when
translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL systems when
approximately correspond formally. For example, a pair of trousers is translated into
sebuah celana.
METHODOLOGY
Data dan Data Source
The data source of this study is written text, which are taken from one of the International
best selling novels written by Colleen Mc Cullough, under the title The Thorn Birds in
1977. This novel consists of 7 chapters and 591 pages. While its translation BurungBurung Semak Berduri translated by Lanny Murtihardjana in 2007. It consists of 7
chapters and 685 pages. The data of this study is words that has morphemes and used in
Colleen Mc Cullough‘s novel The Thorn Birds and its translation Burung-Burung Semak
Berduri by Lanny Murtihardjana.
Data Collection Method
Dede Oetomo (in Suyanto, 1995:186) says ―There are three methods of collecting data
such as interview, observation, and analysis on written documents such as quotation,
notes, memorandum, publications, and official reports, diaries, and written answer to
questioner and survey‖.Since the data of this analysis are collected from Colleen Mc
Cullough‘s novel The Thorn Birds and also from the translation of this novel into Bahasa
120
Telangkai Bahasa dan Sastra, Tahun Ke-8, No 1, April 2014
Indonesia Burung-Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny Murtihardjana, so the method of
collecting the data is the written documents.
The data will be taken by using purposive sampling. It means that I take only the
samples of which are concerned with the purpose of this study. The novel consists of 7
chapters and 591 pages. The translated novel itself consists of 7 chapters and 685 pages.
The data to be analyzed will be taken purposively. It can be 10, 20, 30, from each of
morphemic shifts from morpheme to word and shifts from morpheme to phrase. Each
sample has already been on the homogeny data.
Data Analysis Method
In this thesis, I apply qualitative method to analyze data. Qualitative method is applied by
describing or explaining the data from Colleen Mc Cullough‘s novel The Thorn Birds
translated into Burung Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny Murtihardjana. Qualitative
method means an analysis which uses some instruments for collecting the data.
To find the most dominant of morphemic shifts is used in the novel, so I use Bungin‘s
formula. The following formula is:
N = X x 100%
Y
Where,
X
= the number of each morphemic shift found in the novel
Y
= the total number of all morphemic shifts
N
= Percentage of morphemic shift
The systematic procedures in conducting the analysis are as follow:
1. Reading the original novel (SL) and its translation (TL) repeatedly.
2. Identifying and selecting morphemes from the original novel (SL) and its
translation (TL).
3. Categorizing and underlining the morphemic shift from the original novel (SL)
and its translation (TL).
4. Analyzing the morphemic shifts by using J. C Catford‘s theory in Basil Hatim‘s
book
5. Calculating the morphemic shifts
6. Drawing the tables which show the most dominant of morphemic shifts used in
the novel.
7. Making some conclusions based on the result of analysis
FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
Morphemic Shifts from Morpheme into Word
Morphemic shifts from morpheme to word are shifts from morpheme level in Source Text
(ST) into word level in Target Text (TT). Morphemic shifts from morpheme to word
occur in morphemes dis (5), un (9), in (1), im (4), re (6) , -ly (6), ing- (14), less- (12), -er
(14), -est (5), -s (13), -ful (11), „s (5), -hood (4), -ed (8), -ness (8), in-….-able (2), in-…ible (3), un-…-able (3), un-…-ed (12), dis-…-ed (4), un-….-ing (2), and re-…-ed (5) with
the total of 156 Shifts (85 %)
121
Juliana
Prefixes: Morphemic shifts from morpheme into word
No
Prefixes
1
dis- into tidak
Source Text (ST)
Target Text (TT)
But it‘s no disgrace to have Tapi punya tangan kapalan
calluses on your hands (p. 27)
tidaklah memalukan (p. 28)
He knew her to give her any hint Karena mengenal gadis ini
of his embarrassment or dengan sangat baik, Pastor
discomfort (p. 151)
Ralph tidak mau menunjukkan
rasa jengah atau tak nyaman
sedikitpun (p. 169)
In spite of her dislike for beer Meskipun tidak menyukainya (p.
(p. 283)
326)
2
un- into tidak, tak
dan tanpa
Sister
Agatha
used
to Suster
Agatha
untuk
demonstrate the ugliness of menunjukkan hasil pekerjanya
untidy work (p. 45)
yang jelek dan tidak rapi (p.48)
Sister
Agatha
used
to Suster
Agatha
untuk
demonstrate the ugliness of menunjukkan hasil pekerjanya
untidy work (p. 45)
yang jelek dan tidak rapi (p.48)
But in its appurtenances it was
not unlike the house they had
left behind in New Zealand (p.
90)
Tapi
dalam
hal
perlengkapannya, rumah ini tak
beda jauh dengan rumah yang
mereka tinggalkan di New
Zealand (p. 98)
Unable to make it sound as light Tak mampu bersikap sesantai
as he had intended (p. 122)
yang dikehendakinya
(p. 135)
Unaware of the thoughts of his Tanpa menyadari pergolakan
companion harbored (p. 254)
dibenbak teman seperjalananya
(p. 291)
He could have passed among us Ia ternyata berhasil melalui
so many years and not made an masa sepanjang itu tanpa
unfriend (p. 519)
kehilangan persahabatan (p.
602)
3
In- into tidak
They
were
riveting, Mata yang menatap dengan
uncomfortable, inhuman eyes, tajam, meresahkan, dan tidak
rather blind-looking (p. 331)
manusiawi mirip mata buta (p.
382)
4
Im- into tidak
Knowing
it
was
quite
impossible,
she
permitted
herself the luxury of dreaming
about him (p. 154)
122
Karena tahu bahwa cintanya tak
mungkin jadi kenyataan, ia
memanjakan
diri
dengan
berkhayal tentang diri sang
pujaan hati (p. 173)
Telangkai Bahasa dan Sastra, Tahun Ke-8, No 1, April 2014
Re- kembali
5
The gnarled finger plucked
another
sheet
from
a
pigeonhole, dipped the pen in
the Standish again, and
rewrote the words as surely
as the first time (p. 155)
Jari yang bergonggolbonggol
itu
menarik
sehelai
kertas
baru,
mencelupkan
pena
kedalam botol tinta, dan
menulis kembali kata-kata
tadi tanpa ragu (p. 174)
I am reborn (p. 182)
Aku dilahirkan kembali (p.
207)
Suffixes: Morphemic shifts from morpheme into word
No
1
2
Suffixes
Target Text (TT)
Source Text (ST)
-ly into dengan dan The rains fell gently without Hujan jatuh dengan lembut
secara
bruising the tender sweetness of tanpa merusak aroma manis
all growing things, there was semua makhluk hidup (p.17)
snow, and the sun had just
enough strength to cherish,
never enough to sap (p.16)
Ing- sambil, yang,
sedang, sungguh
She became mentally deaf,
dumb and blind; that useless
appendage her right hand was no
more linked to her thought
processes than her toes (p. 46)
Ia seakan-akan jadi tuli, bisu
dan buta secara mental
kemampuan anggota badan
tak berguna alias tangan
kananya itu untuk mengikuti
perintah otaknya tak lebih
dari kemampuan jari-jari
kakinya (p. 49)
Stroking the bright pink folds of
the dress, grander than any she
had ever seen on a human
woman, she picked Agnes up
tenderly (p.13)
Sambil
membelai
gaun
merah jambu yang lebih
indah daripada gaun kaum
wanita
yang
pernah
dilihatnya, ia mengangkat
boneka itu dengan penuh
kasih saying (p.14)
Sank her fingers into
satisfying hair (p. 590)
that Membenamkan jari-jarinya
kedalam rambut yang lebat
itu (p. 684)
Paddy was waiting for him in Paddy sedang menantinya
the hall downstairs (p. 175)
diruang
depan
dilantai
bawah (p. 199)
123
Juliana
Frank‘s getting you some Frank sedang memesankan
sandwiches and I‘ll see the boys sandwich dan aku akan
are fed (p. 85)
mengajak anak-anak lelaki
makan (p. 92)
Interesting to take a face apart Sungguh menarik untuk
which was already so well menbelusuri setiap bagian
known (p. 518)
wajah yang serasa sudah
dikenalnya (p. 600)
3
-less into tak, tanpa
Many priest left their people
feeling guilthy, worthless, or
bestial (p. 150)
Begitu banyak pastor yang
membuat
umat
mereka
merasa
bersalah,
tak
berguna atau seperti hewan
(p. 168)
Ralph; An impotent, useless Ralph,
Laki-laki
palsu
sham! (p. 165)
impotent dan tak berguna (p.
187)
The two spinters maid and the Kedua pelayan yang tidak
widowed childless housekeeper menikah dan poengurus
rumah tangga yang sudah
(p. 127)
menjanda tanpa anak (p.
141)
Life went on in the rhythmic, Hidup
terus
berjaklan
endless cycle of the land (p. menurut lingkaran hidup
140)
daerah itu yang berirama
dan tanpa ujung (p. 156)
4
-er lebih, semakin,
begitu, tukang
The house lay on top of a small
hill about one hundred feet
higher than the barn and stables
(p. 16)
Rumah itu terletak di puncak
bukit kecil, kira-kira tiga
puluh meter lebih tinggi
daripada
gudang
dan
kanddang-kandangternak (p.
16)
The league faster than any other Lompatan-lompatan
yang
animal save the emu (p. 207)
anggun lebih cepat daripada
binatang lain (p. 235)
The bigger and tougher they
were, the more Frank wanted to
see them humbled in the dust (p.
56)
124
Semakin besar dan tangguh
lawan-lawanya,
semakin
besar hasrat Frank untuk
merobohkan mereka (p. 61)
Telangkai Bahasa dan Sastra, Tahun Ke-8, No 1, April 2014
The house lay on top of a small Rumah itu terletak di puncak bukit
hill about one hundred feet higher kecil, kira-kira tiga puluh meter
than the barn and stables (p. 16)
lebih tinggi daripada gudang dan
kanddang-kandangternak (p. 16)
The league faster than any other Lompatan-lompatan yang anggun
animal save the emu (p. 207)
lebih cepat daripada binatang lain
(p. 235)
The bigger and tougher they
were, the more Frank wanted to
see them humbled in the dust (p.
56)
Semakin besar dan tangguh
lawan-lawanya, semakin besar
hasrat Frank untuk merobohkan
mereka (p. 61)
Work became increasingly harder Lapangan pekerjaan semakin sulit
to get (p. 76)
dihadapkan (p. 83)
She could no longer manage any Karena telah begitu lama tidak
but the simplest pieces (p. 78)
terlatih, sehingga hanya mampu
mendentingkan
lagu-lagu
sederhana (p. 84)
5
-est paling
At school he had always been the Di sekolah ia selalu jadi anak
smallest boys in his class (p. 56)
dengan badan paling kecil (p. 60)
Buit it was at Meggie everyone Namun, pada Meggielah semua
stared the longest (p. 157)
orang menatap kagum paling lama
(p. 177)
6
-s into para, kedua,
semua
His fleet of eleven ships held over
one thousand convicts, plus
sailors, naval officers and a
contingent of Marines (p. 31)
Armadanya yang terdiri
sebelas kapal membawa lebih
seribu narapidana, belum
para kelasi, perwira AL, dan
kontingern Marinir (p. 33)
atas
dari
lagi
satu
The twins were beaming in Kedua bocah kembar itu pun
administration (p. 157)
tersenyum kagum (p. 177)
7
-ful into penuh,
yang, sangat
The rabbits are dead (p. 448)
Semua kelinci sudah mati (p. 520)
The boys gathered round (p. 77)
Semua
anak
mengerumuninya (p. 82)
lelaki
Stuart just looked on quietly, from Stuart Cuma memeandang dengan
out of his peaceful, sympathetic tenang dari dalam jiwanya penuh
little soul (p. 62)
kedamaian dari simpatik itu (p.
67)
Bringing her face up to within Menariknya lebih dekat sampai
inches
of
those
dreadful wajah kecil itu hanya terpisah
spectacles (p. 39)
beberapa senti dari kacamata
yang mengerikan itu (p. 42)
125
Juliana
One of the rare handful of men Salah satu dari sedikit pencukur
who managed to shear over three yang mampu mencukur lebih dari
hundred merino sheep a day (p. tiga ratus domba sehari (p. 306)
266)
The spiders were dreadful (p. 94) Laba-labanya sangat mengerikan
(p. 103)
Meggie merasa sangat nyaman (p.
434)
Meggie felt wonderful (p. 375)
8
-‗s into milik
His arms were filthy from Kedua
lengannya
berlepotan
mucking out Mr. Jarman’s dairy karena membersihkan kotoran
(p. 42)
sapi di perusahaan susu milik Mr.
Jarman (p. 45)
The shearers loaded their swags
into the contractor’s old fork truck
and disappeared down the truck to
their next shed (p. 106)
9
-hood masa
Maybe a leaving-behind
childhood (p. 126)
Para pencukur memasukkan hasil
jerih payah mereka ke truk Ford
tua milik kontraktor dan pergi
menyusuri jalan menuju bangsal
berikutnya (p. 117)
of Mungkin ini saat ketika dia harus
meninggalkan
masa
kanakkanaknya
(p. 140)
Perhaps remembering her own
girlhood, and angered that all the
other young ladies uinvited had
ordered their growns from Sydney
(p. 157)
10
-ed dengan, yang
Boleh jadi karena teringat masa
remajanya sendiri dan kesal
karena
semua
gadis
yang
diundang kepesta itu telah
memesan gaun pesta dari Sydney
(p. 177)
Terrified, Meggie watched Bob‘s Dengan ngeri Meggie menatap
steady hands (p. 37)
tangan Bob yang mantap (p. 39)
Starled, she took her unwilling Dengan
terkejut
Meggie
miuth away from his to look at menjauhkan bibirnya dari bibir
what lay under her hand (p. 289)
Luke untuk melihat apa gerangan
yang berada dibawah tangannya
(p. 332)
The gnarled finger plucked
another sheet from a pigeonhole,
dipped the pen in the Standish
again, and rewrote the words as
surely as the first time (p. 155)
Jari yang bergonggol-bonggol itu
menarik sehelai kertas baru,
mencelupkan pena kedalam botol
tinta, dan menulis kembali katakata tadi tanpa ragu (p. 174)
She scanned a yellowed sheet of Fee melihat sekilas sehelai Koran
the Sydney Morning Herald (p. Sydney Morning Herald yang
194)
menguning (p. 221)
126
Telangkai Bahasa dan Sastra, Tahun Ke-8, No 1, April 2014
11
-ness sifat, sikap
So So grateful for his calmness and
sympathy (p. 116)
You‘ve
always
sweetness (p. 328)
retained
Bersyukur karena sikap tenang dan
simapati Pastor Ralph (p. 128)
your Kau
selalu
mempertahankan
manismu (p. 379)
berhasil
sikap
A blind streak of stubbornness in him Sifat keras kepala buta dalam
wouldn‘t let him back down (p. 279)
dirinya tak sudi mundur setapak
pun (p. 321)
We took pushing neatness and tidiness Sudah begitu keras upaya kami
into your head too (p. 489)
menjejalkan
sifat
rapi
kekepalamu (p. 565)
Confixes: Morphemic Shifts from morpheme into word:
1
Confixes
In-…….-able into tak
Source Text (ST)
Target Text (TT)
If she put her fingers in her Kalau ia memasukkan jari
mouth
the
taste
was kemulut, rasa pahitnya tak
indescribable (p. 47)
terkatakan (p. 50)
That had faded too, was Di batu nisanya pun sudah
practically indecipherable (p. memudar dan nyaris tak terbaca
436)
(p. 505)
2
In-….ible into tak
There was always a suffocated
sense of waiting, an intangible
shuddering and thumping that
actually transmitted itself
through the feet (p. 16)
Sepanjang
waktu,
terasa
penantian yang menyesakkan,
getaran dan gejolak tak teraba
yang merambat melalui kaki (p.
17)
Most of them were insensible Mereka sudah terkapar
(p. 364)
sadarkan diri (p. 423)
3
Un-….-able into tak
4
Un-….-ed into tak, tanpa
All through the unspeakable
eight months voyage to New
South Wales he proved a
stubborn, difficult prisoner,
further endearing himself to
his ship‘s officers by refusing
to die (p. 31)
tak
Sepanjang
perjalan
tak
terkatakan selama delapan
bulan menuju South Wales itu,
tampak jelas bahwa ia napi
yang keras kepala dan sulit
diatur (p.33)
And an answer came directed Balasanpun tiba dengan tulisan
in a writing unexpected (p. tak dikenal (p. 159)
142)
Ia akan mendengarkan dan
And he would listen totally
sama sekali tak terpengaruh
unmoved save for a sick
kecuali merasa jijik
contempt (p. 148)
(p. 166)
127
Juliana
But it was dying and coming
back to life again, to have
survived the atmospheric
tantrum unscathed
Namun rasanya seolah-olah
mereka mati dan bangkit
kembali setelah melewati murka
alam tanpa terluka sedikitpun
(p. 149)
He‘s lying in an unmarked Dia sedang berbarin di kuburan
grave somewhere!
tanpa nisanentah dimana (p.
637)
5
Dis-…..-ed into tidak
He still disliked his sister as
much as he had back in his
early childhood in Ireland (p.
118)
Ia masih saja tidak menyukai
kakaknya sama seperti dimasa
kecilnya dulu ketika mereka
masih tinggal di Irlandia (p.
130)
She also was disowned and Ia juga dibuang keluarganya
disadmitted again (p. 265)
dan tidak diakui lagi (p. 304)
6
un-…-ing into tanpa
British justice of the time was Peradilan Inggris pada masa itu
grim and unflinching (p. 30)
cukup tegas dan tanpa komfromi
(p. 33)
Unfailing support that I so Dukungan tanpa henti yang
dispose of my assets (p. 172)
diberikannya sehingga saya
menyerahkan asset-aset saya
kepadanya (p. 195)
7
re-…-ed into kembali
He pointed his riffle at the sky,
fired a shot, reloaded, fireed s
second shot, reloaded, let off
the third (p. 229)
Stuart
mengarahkan
senapannya
kelangit,
melepaskan
tembakan,
mengisinya
kembali,
melepaskan tembakan kedua,
mengisi
kembali,
dan
melepaskan tembakan ketiga (p.
261)
Morphemic Shifts from Morpheme into Phrase
Morphemic shifts from morpheme into phrase are shifts from morpheme level in Source
Text (ST) into phrase level in Target Text (TT). Morphemic shifts from morpheme to
phrase occur in morphemes un- (4), in- (1), less (5), -est (1), -er (1), -ful (1), in-…-able
(2), in-…-ible (2), un-…-ing (2), un-…..-able (3), un-….ed (5), and dis-…-ed (1) with
the total of 28 shifts (15 %)
128
Telangkai Bahasa dan Sastra, Tahun Ke-8, No 1, April 2014
Prefixes: Morphemic shifts from word into phrase:
No
Prefixes
Source Text (ST)
Target Text (TT)
1
Un- into yang tidak
It was a hidden, unspoken
thing
between
them
something to buffer their
loneliness (p. 128)
Ini adalah sesuatu yang
tersembunyi diantara mereka
yang tidak diucapkan, sesuatu
untuk menahan rasa kesepian
mereka (p. 142)
Often killing an unwary Tak jarang bahkan membunuh
dog (p. 205)
anjing yang tidak waspada (p.
205)
2
In- into sikap tak
The
perfidies
and Penghiantan dan sikap tak
ingratitude of women (p. tahu terima kasih kaum wanita
367)
(p. 425)
Suffixes: Morphemic shifts from word into phrase:
No
Suffixes
1
-less into tak mampu
-less into yang tak
Source Text (ST)
Target Text (TT)
She was speechless first Meggie nayaris tak mampu
from terror (p. 262)
bicara (p. 300)
Powerless to call a halt (p. Tak mampu berhenti, dan
273)
nyaris gila (p. 313)
The Persian carpets and Permadani
Persia
serta
the spindly priceless perabotan langsing yang tak
furniture (p. 95)
ternilai
(p. 104)
Her eyes going from her Pandanganya
berpindahbrother to her father in pindah dari kakak ke ayahnya
helpless (p. 119)
dengan kesedihan yang tak
terkatakan (p. 132)
Gear was a useless Sikap sok aksi
affection (p. 373)
berguna (p. 432)
2
-er into yang lebih
3
-est into yang paling
yang
tak
Notice anything farther Bisa melihat apapun yang
away than their feet beer lebih jauh daripada gelas bir
glasses (p. 364)
mereka (p.423)
Frank was not on a block;
he was working on a
massive eucalyptus log
and undercutting it to get
it small enough to place in
129
Frank tidak sedang bekerja
ditanggul. Ia sibuk membelah
sebatnag kayu eucalyptus utuh
dan
memotong
bagian
pangkalnya supaya dapat
Juliana
the slowest, widest stump ditempatkan ditunggul yang
(p. 58)
paling pendek dan lebar (p.
62)
4
-ful into yang penuh
It couldn‘t fail to be Perpaduan ini pasti akan
powerful human soup (p. mengahsilkan sup manusiawi
375)
yang penuh daya (p. 434)
Confixes: Morphemic shifts from word into phrase
No
Confixes
1
in-…-able into tak dapat
Source Text (ST)
Target Text (TT)
Perhaps it was inevitable (p. Boleh jadi ini memang tak
128)
dapat dihindari (p. 142)
To die so is indescribable (p. Mati dengan cara seperti ini
219)
benar-benar
tak
dapat
terlukiskan (p. 250)
2
in-…-ible into yang tak
It was took dark to see her,
and the invisible substance of
her sympathy undid him (p.
63)
Suasana terlampau gelap
untuk bisa melihat gadis cilik
itu, dan rasa simpatinya yang
tak tampak meluruhkan hati
Frank (p. 68)
His God and his church Tuhan dan gerejannya halwhich
to
him
were hal yang tidak dapat dibagiindivisible (p. 313)
baginya (p. 361)
3
un-…-ing into tak pernah
As for Meggie, she was
incapable
of
equating
Teresa‘s beaming, portly
little mother with her own
slender unsmiling mother (p.
47)
Mengenai Meggie sendiri ia
tidak bisa menyamakan ibu
Teresa yang gemuk pendek
dan berseri-seri itu dengan
ibunya sendiri yang langsing
dan tak pernah tersenyum
(p. 51)
Your taste is impeccable and Seleramu benar-benar tanpa
unerring (p. 433)
ada cela dan tak pernah
salah (p. 503)
4
un-…-able into yang tak
It‘s a part of God‘s great Ini adalah bagian dari
unfathomable plan; think of rencana agung Tuhan yang
it like that (p. 120)
tak terselami (p. 133)
Luke not a bad man or even Luke bukan orang jahat atau
an unlikable one (p. 329)
bahkan orang yang tak
menyenangkan (p. 380)
What an unforgivable idiot Kau juga idiot yang tak
you are into the bargain! (p. ketolongan (p. 425)
366)
130
Telangkai Bahasa dan Sastra, Tahun Ke-8, No 1, April 2014
5
un-…-ed into yang tak
The overwhelming impression Kesan yang terasa adalah
was one of uncontrolled (p. pertumbuhan
tanaman
284)
yang tak terkendali (p. 326)
An insane and unfounded Tuduhan gila yang tak
accusation (p. 419)
berdasar itu (p. 485)
6
dis-…-ed into yang tidak
Stilled,
absolute
silence,
breaking like waves on
distented
eardrums;
unbearable silence (p. 394)
Keheningan
yang
mencekam, bergelombang
menghantam
gendang
telinga yang gembung,
benar-benar
kesunyian
yang tak tertahankan (p.
456)
Visitors
or
discontented
stockmen
or
maids
or
rousebouts ver occasionally a
governess (p. 97)
Para pengunjung atau
pengurus ternak pelayan
atau pekerja baru yang
tidak puas (p. 106)
Others (No Shifts from Morpheme into Word and Phrase)
There are no shifts from morphemes to other levels (word and phrase).
Morphemes into Morphemes
No shifts from morphemes to other levels
No
Morphemes (ST)
Morphemes (TT)
1
The three had survived by killing and Ketigannya berhasil tetap hidup karena membunuh
eating their weaker companions (p. 32) dan memakan teman-teman mereka ynag lebih
ramah (p. 34)
2
Sister Agatha deemed beaten enpugh Suster Agatha sudah sering dipukul untuk bisa
to behave inspite of a young and soft berperilaku baik meskipun mendaat pengajar yang
supervisor (p. 38)
muda dan berhati lembut (p. 41)
3
What I think of her allowing lousy Apa pendapatku tentang dia membiarkan anakalong with Meggie (p. 50)
anka berkutu masuk sekolahnya (p. 54)
4
Her widowhood was thirty three years Ia sudah menjanda selama 33 tahun (p. 78)
old (p. 73)
5
His patience and kindness had brought Kesabaran dan keramahannya membuanya disukai
him liking from all and sincere from semua orang dan bahkan dikasihi8 sepenuh hati
some (p. 73)
oleh beberapa (p. 79)
131
Juliana
The Frequency of Morphemic Shifts from Morpheme into Word and from
Morpheme into Phrase
No
Morphemes (SL)
Word (TL)
Phrase (TL)
1
dis-
5
-
2
un-
9
4
3
in-.
1
1
4
im-
4
-
5
re-
6
-
6
-ly
6
-
7
-ing
14
-
8
-less
12
5
9
-er
14
1
10
-est
5
1
11
-s
13
-
12
-ful
11
1
13
-s’
5
-
14
-hood
4
-
15
-ed
8
-
16
-ness
8
-
17
in-...-able
2
2
18
in-…-ible
3
2
19
un-…-able
3
3
20
un-…-ed
12
5
21
dis-…-ed
4
1
22
un-…-ing
2
2
23
re-…-ed
5
-
156 shifts
28 shifts
Total
184 Shifts
132
Telangkai Bahasa dan Sastra, Tahun Ke-8, No 1, April 2014
The frequency of all morphemic shifts occurs in the translation of The Thorn Birds:
a. The percentage of morphemic shifts from morpheme into word is:
N = 156 x 100% = 85 %
184
b. The percentage of morphemic shifts from morpheme into phrase is:
N = 28 x 100% = 15 %
184
CONCLUSIONS
After analyzing the data from the novel of Colleen Mc Cullough The Thorn Birds and its
translation Burung-Burung Semak Berduri by Lanny Murtihardjana, it can be concluded
that:
Firstly, the best translation is the translation that uses the natural language forms
of the receptor language, communicates as much as possible to the receptor language
speakers and has the same meaning that is understood with the speakers of the source
language. Besides, it also must maintain the dynamics of the original source language
text. Maintaining the ―dynamics‖ of the original source text means that translation is
presented in such a way that it will hopefully, evoke the same response as the source text
attempted to evoke.
Secondly, to find the same equivalent and the exact structure (form) between the
two different of language systems is the difficult thing in translation. Therefore, a
translator should be able to do adjustments either in meaning or structure to keep the
meaning constant so that the messages can be conveyed naturally and communicatively.
One of the possible ways is by making shifts. As Catford (1965:80) says ―Shift is needed
to produce natural translation and establish translation equivalence between SL and TL‖.
Thirdly, there are two morphemic shifts in translatrion of The Thorn Bird. They are
the morphemic shifts from morpheme into word such as dis-, un-, in-, im, re-, -ly, ing-,
less-, -er, -est, -s, -ful, -„s, -hood, -ed, -ness, in-…-able, in-…-ible, un-…-able, un-….-ly,
un-…-ed, dis-…-ed, un-….-ing, re-…-ed.and the morphemic shifts from morpheme into
phrase such as dis-, un-, mis-, in, -less, -est, -er, -ful, in-….-able, in-…-ible, un-…-able,
un-….-ly, un-…-ed, , dis-…-ed, un-..-ing. The Morphemic shifts from morpheme into
word occur in dis (5), un (9), in (1), im (4), re (6) , -ly (6), ing- (14), less- (12), -er (14), est (5), -s (13), -ful (11), ‗s (5), -hood (4), -ed (8), -ness (8), in-….-able (2), in-…-ible
(3), un-…-able (3), un-…-ed (12), dis-…-ed (4), un-….-ing (2), re-…-ed (5) with the
total of 156 shifts (85 %). While The Morphemic shifts from morpheme into phrase
occur in un- (4), in- (1), less (5), -est (1), -er (1), -ful (1), in-…-able (2), in-…-ible (2),
un-…-ing (2), un-…..-able (3), un-….ed (5), dis-…-ed (1) with the total of 28 shifts (15
%). In short, it can be seen that the morphemic shifts from morpheme into word is in the
total of 156 shifts (85 %). Then the morphemic shifts from morpheme into phrase are in
the total of 28 shifts (15 %).
133
Juliana
REFERENCES
Arifin, Zaenal and Junaiyah. 2007. Morfologi; Bentuk, Makna, dan Fungsi. Jakarta: PT
Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia
Bassnett, McGuire, Susan. 1991. Training the Translator. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Jhon
Benjamins Publishing Company
Baker, Mona. 1992. In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation, London: Routledge
Brislin, W. R. 1976. Translation: Application and Research. London. Rouledge
Bungin, Burhan. 2005. Metodologi Penelitian Kuantitatif: Komunikasi, Ekonomi, dan
Kebijakan Publik serta Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial lainnya. Jakarta: Prenada Media
Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London and New York:
Routledge
Fromkin, Victoria and Robert Rodman. 1983. An Introduction to Language. New York:
Harcout Brace College Publishers
Hatim, Basil. 2001. Teaching and Researching Translation. Beijing: Foreign Language
and Research Press
House, Julian. 1977. A Model for Translation Quality Assesment.Tubingen: TBL Veriag
Gunter Narr
Katamba, Francis.1988.Morphology: Modern Linguistic. Great Britain: Creative Print
and Design
Kridalaksana, Harimurti. 1986. Kelas Kata dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: PT
Gramedia
Larson, Mildred L. 1984. Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross Language
Equivalence. United States of America: University Press of America
Machali, Rochaya. 2000. Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah. Jakarta: P.T Grasindo
Munday, Jeremy. 2004. Introducing Translation Studies; Theories and Applications
London and New York: Routledge
Nababan, Rudolf. 1997. Aspek Teori Penerjemahan dan Pengalihan Bahasa Surakarta:
Direktorat Jendral Pendidikan Tinggi Departemen Pendidikan Nasional
Nawawi, Hardi. 1991. Metode Penelitian Bidang Sosial. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada
University Press
Newmark, Peter. 1990. A Text Book of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall
Nida, Eugene A. 1967. Morphology: The Descriptive Analysis of Words; Second Edition.
134