An Analysis of Casual Conversations among Female Students in Faculty of Language and Arts batch 2012
An Analysis of Casual Conversations among Female Students in Faculty of
Language and Arts batch 2012
By :
Caroline Liesa Rahardjo
Student Number : 12.80.0019
FACULY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS
SOEGIJAPRANATA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY
2018
LAMPIRAN: KEPUTUSAN REKTOR UNIVERSITAS KATHOLIK
SOEGIJAPRANATA
Nomor : 0047 / SK. Rek / X / 2013
Tanggal: 07 Oktober 2013
Tentang: PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN SKRIPSI/TUGAS AKHIR DAN THESIS
PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN SKRIPSI/ TUGAS AKHIR/ THESIS *)
Dengan ini saya menyatakan bahwa dalam skripsi yang berjudul “An Analysis of Casual
Conversations among Female Students in Faculty of Language and Arts batch 2012” ini tidak
terdapat karya yang pernah diajukan untuk memperoleh gelar kerjasanaan di suatu Perguruan
Tinggi, dan sepanjang pengetahuan saya juga tidak terdapat karya atau pendapat yang pernah
ditulis atau diterbitkan oleh orang lain, kecuali yang secara tertulis diacu dalam naskah ini dan
disebutkan dalam daftar pustaka.
Apabila di kemudian hari ternyata terbukti bahwa skripsi ini sebagian atau seluruhnya
merupakan hasil plagiasi, maka saya rela untuk dibatalkan, dengan segala akibat hukumnya
sesuai peraturan yang berlaku pada Universitas Katholik Soegijapranata dan/atau peraturan
perundang-undangan yang berlaku.
Semarang, 19 Maret 2018
Caroline Liesa Rahardjo
12.80.0019
*): hilangkan yang tidak sesuai
An Analysis of Casual Conversations among Female Students in Faculty of
Language and Arts batch 2012
By :
Caroline Liesa Rahardjo
Student Number : 12.80.0019
FACULY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS
SOEGIJAPRANATA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY
2018
An Analysis of Casual Conversations among Female Students in Faculty of
Language and Arts batch 2012
A Thesis Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana
Sastra Degree in the English Department
By :
Caroline Liesa Rahardjo
Student Number : 12.80.0019
FACULY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS
SOEGIJAPRANATA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY
2018
i
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all, I would like to praise my Jesus Christ who always strengthens me every
day. Thanks for blessing and reminding me to always be grateful for what You gave me. His
Holy Mother, Mother Mary, has given me patience, so that I can finish this thesis well.
I would like to give my big thanks and love to my beloved family, Papa Budi, Mama
Susi, Dionisus, and Johnson who always pray for me and support me in every aspect that I do,
including finishing my thesis.
Furthermore, I would like to express my gratitude to my major sponsor, Mr. Antonius
Suratno and my co-major, Mrs. Emilia Ninik who have sincerely and patiently guided me, who
were willing to take the time out of their busy schedules to check and correct my thesis so I
could finish it. I’d like to thank my lecturers in Faculty of Language and Arts, Mrs. Ike as the
Dean of Faculty of Language and Arts, Mrs. Cecilia as my guardian lecturer since 2012. I
wanted to say thank you for your love, patience, and information during my study in FLA.
Moreover, for all of the lecturers in Faculty of Language and Arts in Soegijapranata University,
thank you for becoming my second family who has taught and given me valuable knowledge
during my study. Also, I gave thanks to Bu Retno and Mas Agus who had helped me to
complete all the administration things.
Next, I would like to say thank you to my love boyfriend Koko Edwin, thanks for
always company and support me until now and still counting. For my beastie Wilona kaulika,
Ferlina Budi Santoso, Dian Herdiana, Junia Laksmana, Sydney Kim Avrianda, thanks for your
sharing and to be my truly beasties that made my college years so awesome. I will not forget
these hilarious memories .
Last, I would like to thank to people that I could not mention one by one; those who had
helped me and contributed in this thesis, thank you for your supports, cares, loves, and prayers.
Caroline Liesa Rahardjo
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF TITLE ................................................................................................................................... i
PAGE OF APPROVAL. ........................................................................................................................ ii
BOARD OF EXAMINERS .................................................................................................................. iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................................... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................... v
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... vii
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................................................ viii
CHAPTER I ........................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1
Background of The Study ........................................................................................................ 1
1.2
Field of The Study.................................................................................................................... 2
1.3
Scope of The Study .................................................................................................................. 2
1.4
Problem Formulation ............................................................................................................... 2
1.5
Objectives Of The Study .......................................................................................................... 2
1.6
Significance of The Study ........................................................................................................ 3
1.7
Definition of Terms .................................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 5
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................................................................................... 5
2.2.
CONVERSATION ANALYSIS ............................................................................................ 6
2.2.1.
Turn- taking ..................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.2.
Turn-constrictuctional (TCU) ........................................................................................... 7
2.2.3.
Turn-Allocation ................................................................................................................ 7
2.3.
Turn-Taking ........................................................................................................................... 7
2.4.
Overlap ................................................................................................................................... 8
v
2.4.1.
Terminal Overlap ............................................................................................................. 9
2.4.2.
Continues Overlap .......................................................................................................... 10
2.4.3.
Conditional access to the turn......................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 13
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 13
3.1.
Method of Data Collection ..................................................................................................... 13
3.2.
Participant .............................................................................................................................. 14
3.3.
Instrument .............................................................................................................................. 14
3.4.
Procedure ............................................................................................................................... 14
3.5.
Data Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER 4 .......................................................................................................................................... 18
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION................................................................................. 18
4.1.
Overlap ................................................................................................................................. 19
4.1.1.
Terminal overlap ........................................................................................................... 19
4.1.2.
Continuers ...................................................................................................................... 20
4.1.3.
Conditional Access to the Turn ..................................................................................... 24
CHAPTER 5 ......................................................................................................................................... 30
CONCLUSION & SUGGESTION ..................................................................................................... 30
5.1.
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 30
5.2. Suggestion................................................................................................................................... 31
References ............................................................................................................................................ 32
Appendix .............................................................................................................................................. 33
vi
ABSTRACT
Normal conversations do not usually flow like dialogue in a scripted performance where
each person gets to complete his/her line before the next person takes his/her turn. Speakers
naturally overlap each other. Even though interruptions are a natural phenomenon of
speech, they can create a power struggle. The situation when interruptions happen is called
overlapping. In this study, the author examined overlaps to determine when overlaps occur,
and what kind of overlaps often used by the participants. The study involved female
students of 2012 batch in the Faculty of Language and Arts as participants. There were 12
conversations taken by the author as materials for this study. In every conversation there
were 3 to 7 students participating in the conversation. There are 3 types of overlaps used as
the basis of this research: Terminal Overlap, Continuers, and Conditional Access to the
Turn. The author, then, categorized the overlaps found into one of the three types above.
After that, the author found how often the participants apply overlapping for each type. The
results of the study show that the participants often used Terminal Overlap in their existed
conversation. The Terminal Overlap more often happened in a conversation when a number
of participants wanted to express what they wanted to express. The Terminal Overlap
happened over and over again during the conversation.
Key words: terminal overlap, continuers, conditional access to the turn, conversation,
overlap
vii
ABSTRAK
Percakapan yang normal tidak akan berjalan seperti dialog yang telah terencana. Dalam
percakapan yang terencana, setiap orang dapat menyelesaikan kalimatnya sebelum orang
lain berbicara. Secara alamiah, orang cenderung berbicara tumpang tindih. Meskipun
interupsi adalah fenomena alamiah dari suatu pembicaraan, interupsi dapat menciptakan
perebutan kekuatan. Situasi ketika interupsi terjadi disebut overlap. Dalam studi ini,
peneliti mempelajari kapan overlap terjadi, dan overlap apa yang sering digunakan oleh
partisipan. Studi ini melibatkan mahasiswi angkatan 2012 di Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni.
Ada 12 percakapan yang digunakan oleh peneliti sebagai materi penelitian. Dalam setiap
percakapan, ada 3 sampai 7 mahasiswi. Ada 3 tipe overlap yang digunakan sebagai dasar
penelitian ini: Terminal Overlap, Continuers, and Conditional Access to the Turn. Peneliti
kemudian mengelompokan overlap yang ditemukan di data ke dalam satu dari tiga tipe
overlap. Setelah itu, peneliti mencari tahu seberapa sering masing-masing tipe overlap itu
dilakukan oleh partisipan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa partisipan sering
menggunakan Terminal Overlap dalam percakapan mereka. Terminal Overlap sering
digunakan dalam suatu percakapan ketikan beberapa partisipan ingin mengungkapkan hal
yang mereka ingin ungkapkan. Terminal Overlap terjadi berulang kali selama percakapan.
Kata kunci: terminal overlap, continuers, conditional access to the turn, percakapan, overlap
viii
Language and Arts batch 2012
By :
Caroline Liesa Rahardjo
Student Number : 12.80.0019
FACULY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS
SOEGIJAPRANATA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY
2018
LAMPIRAN: KEPUTUSAN REKTOR UNIVERSITAS KATHOLIK
SOEGIJAPRANATA
Nomor : 0047 / SK. Rek / X / 2013
Tanggal: 07 Oktober 2013
Tentang: PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN SKRIPSI/TUGAS AKHIR DAN THESIS
PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN SKRIPSI/ TUGAS AKHIR/ THESIS *)
Dengan ini saya menyatakan bahwa dalam skripsi yang berjudul “An Analysis of Casual
Conversations among Female Students in Faculty of Language and Arts batch 2012” ini tidak
terdapat karya yang pernah diajukan untuk memperoleh gelar kerjasanaan di suatu Perguruan
Tinggi, dan sepanjang pengetahuan saya juga tidak terdapat karya atau pendapat yang pernah
ditulis atau diterbitkan oleh orang lain, kecuali yang secara tertulis diacu dalam naskah ini dan
disebutkan dalam daftar pustaka.
Apabila di kemudian hari ternyata terbukti bahwa skripsi ini sebagian atau seluruhnya
merupakan hasil plagiasi, maka saya rela untuk dibatalkan, dengan segala akibat hukumnya
sesuai peraturan yang berlaku pada Universitas Katholik Soegijapranata dan/atau peraturan
perundang-undangan yang berlaku.
Semarang, 19 Maret 2018
Caroline Liesa Rahardjo
12.80.0019
*): hilangkan yang tidak sesuai
An Analysis of Casual Conversations among Female Students in Faculty of
Language and Arts batch 2012
By :
Caroline Liesa Rahardjo
Student Number : 12.80.0019
FACULY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS
SOEGIJAPRANATA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY
2018
An Analysis of Casual Conversations among Female Students in Faculty of
Language and Arts batch 2012
A Thesis Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana
Sastra Degree in the English Department
By :
Caroline Liesa Rahardjo
Student Number : 12.80.0019
FACULY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS
SOEGIJAPRANATA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY
2018
i
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all, I would like to praise my Jesus Christ who always strengthens me every
day. Thanks for blessing and reminding me to always be grateful for what You gave me. His
Holy Mother, Mother Mary, has given me patience, so that I can finish this thesis well.
I would like to give my big thanks and love to my beloved family, Papa Budi, Mama
Susi, Dionisus, and Johnson who always pray for me and support me in every aspect that I do,
including finishing my thesis.
Furthermore, I would like to express my gratitude to my major sponsor, Mr. Antonius
Suratno and my co-major, Mrs. Emilia Ninik who have sincerely and patiently guided me, who
were willing to take the time out of their busy schedules to check and correct my thesis so I
could finish it. I’d like to thank my lecturers in Faculty of Language and Arts, Mrs. Ike as the
Dean of Faculty of Language and Arts, Mrs. Cecilia as my guardian lecturer since 2012. I
wanted to say thank you for your love, patience, and information during my study in FLA.
Moreover, for all of the lecturers in Faculty of Language and Arts in Soegijapranata University,
thank you for becoming my second family who has taught and given me valuable knowledge
during my study. Also, I gave thanks to Bu Retno and Mas Agus who had helped me to
complete all the administration things.
Next, I would like to say thank you to my love boyfriend Koko Edwin, thanks for
always company and support me until now and still counting. For my beastie Wilona kaulika,
Ferlina Budi Santoso, Dian Herdiana, Junia Laksmana, Sydney Kim Avrianda, thanks for your
sharing and to be my truly beasties that made my college years so awesome. I will not forget
these hilarious memories .
Last, I would like to thank to people that I could not mention one by one; those who had
helped me and contributed in this thesis, thank you for your supports, cares, loves, and prayers.
Caroline Liesa Rahardjo
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF TITLE ................................................................................................................................... i
PAGE OF APPROVAL. ........................................................................................................................ ii
BOARD OF EXAMINERS .................................................................................................................. iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................................... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................... v
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... vii
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................................................ viii
CHAPTER I ........................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1
Background of The Study ........................................................................................................ 1
1.2
Field of The Study.................................................................................................................... 2
1.3
Scope of The Study .................................................................................................................. 2
1.4
Problem Formulation ............................................................................................................... 2
1.5
Objectives Of The Study .......................................................................................................... 2
1.6
Significance of The Study ........................................................................................................ 3
1.7
Definition of Terms .................................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 5
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................................................................................... 5
2.2.
CONVERSATION ANALYSIS ............................................................................................ 6
2.2.1.
Turn- taking ..................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.2.
Turn-constrictuctional (TCU) ........................................................................................... 7
2.2.3.
Turn-Allocation ................................................................................................................ 7
2.3.
Turn-Taking ........................................................................................................................... 7
2.4.
Overlap ................................................................................................................................... 8
v
2.4.1.
Terminal Overlap ............................................................................................................. 9
2.4.2.
Continues Overlap .......................................................................................................... 10
2.4.3.
Conditional access to the turn......................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 13
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 13
3.1.
Method of Data Collection ..................................................................................................... 13
3.2.
Participant .............................................................................................................................. 14
3.3.
Instrument .............................................................................................................................. 14
3.4.
Procedure ............................................................................................................................... 14
3.5.
Data Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER 4 .......................................................................................................................................... 18
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION................................................................................. 18
4.1.
Overlap ................................................................................................................................. 19
4.1.1.
Terminal overlap ........................................................................................................... 19
4.1.2.
Continuers ...................................................................................................................... 20
4.1.3.
Conditional Access to the Turn ..................................................................................... 24
CHAPTER 5 ......................................................................................................................................... 30
CONCLUSION & SUGGESTION ..................................................................................................... 30
5.1.
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 30
5.2. Suggestion................................................................................................................................... 31
References ............................................................................................................................................ 32
Appendix .............................................................................................................................................. 33
vi
ABSTRACT
Normal conversations do not usually flow like dialogue in a scripted performance where
each person gets to complete his/her line before the next person takes his/her turn. Speakers
naturally overlap each other. Even though interruptions are a natural phenomenon of
speech, they can create a power struggle. The situation when interruptions happen is called
overlapping. In this study, the author examined overlaps to determine when overlaps occur,
and what kind of overlaps often used by the participants. The study involved female
students of 2012 batch in the Faculty of Language and Arts as participants. There were 12
conversations taken by the author as materials for this study. In every conversation there
were 3 to 7 students participating in the conversation. There are 3 types of overlaps used as
the basis of this research: Terminal Overlap, Continuers, and Conditional Access to the
Turn. The author, then, categorized the overlaps found into one of the three types above.
After that, the author found how often the participants apply overlapping for each type. The
results of the study show that the participants often used Terminal Overlap in their existed
conversation. The Terminal Overlap more often happened in a conversation when a number
of participants wanted to express what they wanted to express. The Terminal Overlap
happened over and over again during the conversation.
Key words: terminal overlap, continuers, conditional access to the turn, conversation,
overlap
vii
ABSTRAK
Percakapan yang normal tidak akan berjalan seperti dialog yang telah terencana. Dalam
percakapan yang terencana, setiap orang dapat menyelesaikan kalimatnya sebelum orang
lain berbicara. Secara alamiah, orang cenderung berbicara tumpang tindih. Meskipun
interupsi adalah fenomena alamiah dari suatu pembicaraan, interupsi dapat menciptakan
perebutan kekuatan. Situasi ketika interupsi terjadi disebut overlap. Dalam studi ini,
peneliti mempelajari kapan overlap terjadi, dan overlap apa yang sering digunakan oleh
partisipan. Studi ini melibatkan mahasiswi angkatan 2012 di Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni.
Ada 12 percakapan yang digunakan oleh peneliti sebagai materi penelitian. Dalam setiap
percakapan, ada 3 sampai 7 mahasiswi. Ada 3 tipe overlap yang digunakan sebagai dasar
penelitian ini: Terminal Overlap, Continuers, and Conditional Access to the Turn. Peneliti
kemudian mengelompokan overlap yang ditemukan di data ke dalam satu dari tiga tipe
overlap. Setelah itu, peneliti mencari tahu seberapa sering masing-masing tipe overlap itu
dilakukan oleh partisipan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa partisipan sering
menggunakan Terminal Overlap dalam percakapan mereka. Terminal Overlap sering
digunakan dalam suatu percakapan ketikan beberapa partisipan ingin mengungkapkan hal
yang mereka ingin ungkapkan. Terminal Overlap terjadi berulang kali selama percakapan.
Kata kunci: terminal overlap, continuers, conditional access to the turn, percakapan, overlap
viii