The influence of Edward`s character towards Bella`s personality development as seen in Stephenie Meyer`s Twilight - USD Repository
THE INFLUENCE OF EDWARD’S CHARACTER TOWARDS
BELLA’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT AS SEEN IN
STEPHENIE MEYER’S TWILIGHT
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
AYU ASTRYANI
Student Number: 054214036
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
THE INFLUENCE OF EDWARD’S CHARACTER TOWARDS BELLA’S
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT AS SEEN IN STEPHENIE MEYER’S
TWILIGHT
By
AYU ASTRYANI
Student Number: 054214036 Approved by
Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum. Date: August 28, 2012 Advisor J. Harris Hermansyah S.S., M.Hum. Date: August 28, 2012 Co-Advisor
A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
THE INFLUENCE OF EDWARD’S CHARACTER TOWARDS BELLA’S
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT AS SEEN IN STEPHENIE MEYER’S
TWILIGHT
By
AYU ASTRYANI
Student Number: 054214036 Defended before the Board of Examiners
On August 31, 2012 And Declared Acceptable
BOARD OF EXAMINERS
Name SignatureChair Person : Dr. F.X. Siswadi, M.A. _________ Secretary : Dra. A.B. Sri Mulyani, M.A., Ph.D. _________ Member : Elisa Dwi Wardani S.S, M.Hum. _________ Member : Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum. _________ Member : J. Harris Hermansyah S.S., M.Hum. _________
Yogyakarta, August 31, 2012 Faculty of Letters
Sanata Dharma University Dean
PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN KARYA TULIS SKRIPSI
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya menyatakan bahwa skripsi dengan judul:
THE INFLUENCE OF EDWARD’S CHARACTER TOWARDS BELLA’S
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT AS SEEN
IN STEPHENIE MEYER’S TWILIGHT
Yang diuji pada tanggal 31 Agustus 2012 adalah hasil karya saya.Dengan ini saya menyatakan dengan sesungguhnya, bahwa dalam skripsi ini tidak terdapat keseluruhan atau sebagian tulisan orang lain yang saya ambil dengan cara menyalin, atau meniru dalam bentuk rangkaian kalimat atau simbol yang menunjukkan gagasan atau pendapat atau pemikiran dari penulis lain, yang saya aku seolah-olah sebagai tulisan saya sendiri, dan atau tidak terdapat bagian atau keseluruhan tulisan yang saya salin, tiru, atau yang saya ambil dari tulisan orang lain tanpa memberikan pengakuan pada penulis aslinya.
Apabila saya melakukan hal tersebut di atas, baik sengaja maupun tidak, dengan ini saya menyatakan menarik skripsi yang saya ajukan sebagai hasil tulisan saya sendiri ini. Bila kemudian terbukti bahwa saya ternyata melakukan tindakan menyalin atau meniru tulisan orang lain seolah-olah hasil pemikiran saya sendiri, berarti gelar dan ijasah yang telah diberikan oleh Universitas Sanata Dharma batal saya terima.
Yogyakarta, Yang membuat pernyataan
AYU ASTRYANI
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama : Ayu Astryani NIM : 054214036 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE INFLUENCE OF EDWARD’S CHARACTER TOWARDS
BELLA’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT AS SEEN
IN STEPHENIE MEYER’S TWILIGHT
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 31 Agustus 2012 Yang menyatakan,
“Optimism is the faith that leads
to achievement. Nothing can be
done without hope and
confidence.”
(Hellen Keller)
This thesis is dedicated to:
My Savior Lord Jesus Christ
My Beloved Grandma
My Beloved Parents
My Beloved Brothers and Sister
And
Those who give a very special
meaning in my life with gratitude...
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank my Lord Jesus Christ who always gives me strength, courage, and blessings to finish my thesis. I thank Him for answering my prayers and for His everlasting and endless love. Without Him, I am hopeless and cannot do anything.
I realize that without my lecturers, I cannot finish this thesis. Therefore, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum. who has given me so many helps and courage to finish my thesis. I really thank for his kindness and patience in the consultations of my thesis. My deep gratitude is also intended to J. Harris Hermansyah S.S., M.Hum. as my reader who has given me correction and improvement in completing my thesis. My endless thanks go to some lecturers that I cannot mention one by one for the seven years of my study. May God always bless them and give them happiness along with their family.
I also would like to say thank to my grandma, Liem Swie Nio; my beloved parents, Lauwis Kuncoro and Ang Ie Nio; my siblings (Bagus, Ryant, and Nita) who always give me so much love, courage, and spirit for these seven years. Thanks for their prayer and their endless love. Without them, I would be very hopeless.
Finally, I will also give my special gratitude to my very best friends: Anne, Dinda, Nina, Fen-fen, Stephanie, Sabrina, Ribka, Indah, Julie, Pamela, and Cindy for their love, laughter, helpfulness, moral support, ups and downs, and the everlasting friendship. They all have been colouring my life.
May God bless them all!
Ayu Astryani
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE .................................................................................. ................... i
APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................ ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE....................................................................................... iii
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN.............................................................. iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PUBLIKASI ............................................................ v
MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................... vi
DEDICATION PAGE ........................................................................................ vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...............................................................................viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................... x
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... xii
ABSTRAK............................................................................................................xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study .......................................................................... 1 B. Problem Formulation................................................................................. 5 C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................................. 5 D. Definition of Terms .................................................................................. 6CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ..................................................... 8
A. Review of Related Studies ........................................................................ 8 B. Review of Related Theories .................................................. ................... 111. Theory of Character ............................................................................. 11
2. Theory of Characterization .................................................................. 13
3. Theory of Personality Development .................................................... 16
C. Theoretical Framework ............................................................................. 18
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ............................................... .................. 20
A. Object of the Study ................................................................................... 20 B. Approach of the Study .............................................................................. 21 C. Method of the Study ............................................................. .................... 23CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ............................................................................... 25
A. Bella’s Characteristics............................................................................... 251. Bella’s Characteristic before She Meets Edward ................................. 26
2. Bella’s Characteristic after She Meets Edward .................................... 32
B. Edward’s Influence Towards
C. Bella’s Personality Development .............................................................. 38
BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................. ................. 51
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... 53
Appendix 1: Summary of the Story ........................................ ............................. 53 Appendix 2: Biography of the Author .................................... ............................. 55
ABSTRACT
AYU ASTRYANI. The Influence of Edward’s Character Towards Bella’s
Personality Development As Seen in Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2012.
This study discusses a novel entitled Twilight. The objective of writing this thesis is derived from the writer’s curiosity to find out how the character of Edward can influence Bella’s personality development. In this novel, Bella is characterized as a flat and gloomy girl, but after she meets Edward, her life is suddenly changed.
The aim of this study is to answer the following two problems. First, to analyze the character of Bella that is described in Meyer’s Twilight. Second, to analyze how the character of Edward influences Bella’s personality development.
This study employs library research as the method for gathering data. To analyze the problems, the psychological approach is conducted here. This study uses two kinds of data. The primary data is the novel itself, while the secondary data are compiled from some literary criticism and the internet.
Based on the analysis, the character of Bella is described as a young girl who does not enjoy her life. Her life seems so pathetic, flat, and gloomy. But it is suddenly changed when she moves to Forks and meet Edward. Here, the character Edward has influenced Bella’s personality development.
It can be concluded that the character of Bella is changed after meeting Edward as her lover. The existence of Edward has a big influence towards Bella’s personality development.
ABSTRAK
AYU ASTRYANI. The Influence of Edward’s Character Towards Bella’s
Personality Development As Seen in Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight. Yogyakarta:
Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2012.Studi ini membahas sebuah novel berjudul Twilight. Tujuan penulisan skripsi ini berawal dari keingintahuan penulis untuk mengetahui bagaimana karakter dari Edward dapat mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadian Bella. Di dalam novel ini, Bella dicirikan sebagai perempuan yang datar dan suram, tetapi setelah bertemu Edward, hidupnya tiba-tiba berubah.
Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk menjawab dua rumusan masalah sebagai berikut. Pertama, untuk menganalisa karakter dari Bella yang digambarkan dalam Twilight karangan Meyer. Yang kedua, untuk menganalisa bagaimana karakter dari Edward mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadian Bella.
Metode studi pustaka digunakan dalam hal ini sebagai cara untuk mengumpulkan data. Untuk menganilisis masalah, digunakanlah pendekatan psikologis. Studi ini menggunakan dua jenis data. Data primer diperoleh dari novel itu sendiri, sedangkan data sekunder dikompilasikan dari kritik-kritik sastra dan internet.
Berdasarkan analisis, karakter dari Bella digambarkan sebagai perempuan muda yang tidak menikmati hidupnya. Hidupnya tampak menyedihkan, datar, dan suram. Tapi semuanya berubah ketika dia pindah ke Forks dan bertemu Edward. Disini, karakter dari Edward telah mempengaruhi perkembangan kepribadian Bella.
Ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa karakter dari Bella berubah setelah dia bertemu dengan Edward sebagai kekasihnya. Keberadaan Edward memiliki pengaruh besar terhadap perkembangan kepribadian Bella.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Reading a literary work will bring people to an aesthetic experience. Besides giving an aesthetic experience, a good literary work will also give the
readers knowledge or new ideas. Here, the writer wants to discuss especially novel. Novel is a part of literature that always develops every single time. Novel can not be separated from our life, because literature has a strong relationship with our society. Both of literature and society are related each other. Novel, as a part of literature, has a big influence toward the society. Sometimes a novel is written based on the real situation that happens in a time and sometimes a novel is written based on the imagination of the writer of the novel.
Through a novel people can get many things that are useful for life. It is because a novel reveals more about life than the reality that people see in their life. Through the people in the novel called characters, the readers may learn how to solve the problems that happen in society such as love, marriage, relationship with other people, education, and so on. Sometimes the characters in the novel may be similar to the actual human beings because they are like the people in daily life (De Laar, 1963: 166).
Stanton in his book An Introduction to Fiction described that the term “character” is commonly used in two ways: it designates the individuals who appear in the story, as in “How many characters are there?” and it refers to the mixture of interests, desires, emotions, and moral principles that makes up of these individuals, as in “How would you describe his character?” Most stories contain a
central character , who is relevant to every event in the story; usually the events
cause some change either in him or in our attitude toward him. (Stanton, 1965: 17) Besides, setting is also one of the intrinsic elements of making up a novel.
De Laar says that whenever a novelist makes the story happens somewhere, he must set the environment because it is as important as the characters themselves and the characters are determined and shaped by the environment (1963: 172- 173). The setting of the novel is very important in affecting actions and characters as Murphy says that “setting of the novel has a great effect upon the personalities, actions, and way of thinking of the characters” (1972: 141). Thus, the setting can influence the character’s personality. Rohrberger and Woods stated that the setting never exists by itself and it helps to explain both of the characters and situations and it influences the atmosphere (1971: 22).
In this thesis, the writer wants to discuss about novel titled Twilight.
Twilight is written by Stephenie Meyer in 2005. Twilight is known as a very
famous and best-seller novel. So far, Meyer is famous for her Twilight Saga:
Twilight, New Moon, Eclipse, and Breaking Dawn, and also her latest novel titled
Times : Editor’s Choice, Publishers Weekly “Best Children’s Books of 2005”,
Publishers Weekly “Best Book of the Year”, American Library Association “Top
Ten Best Book for Young Adults” and “Top Ten Books for Reluctant Readers”,
School Library Journal “Best Books of 2005”, and Amazon.com “Best Book of
the Decade….So Far”.In Twilight, Meyer describes the life of Bella which is very flat and has nothing special. Her parents were divorced and she only gets the affection from her mother because she rarely meets her father. It made Bella became a quiet and introverted girl. Bella and her father, Charlie, stay in the different city. Bella stays in Phoenix and Charlie stays in Forks. In her seventeen age, Bella moves from sunny
Bella who is a very quiet and mysterious attracts much attention at her new school and is quickly befriended by several students. In Forks, she meets a mysterious guy named Edward Cullen, who is actually a vampire. She feels the strange aura inside Edward and it makes her curious about him. In short, Bella and Edward are getting closer everyday and finally they are in love. As time goes by and after Bella knows Edward more, she becomes a different girl. She becomes a more cheerful girl and she can feel the happiness if Edward is on her side. Her world suddenly changes after she met Edward. The novel told the readers about Bella’s characteristic and how Edward’s character has changed Bella’s personality. Here, the writer wants to reveal about the influence of
After reading the novel, the writer is interested in both the main character and the narrator of the story, Isabella “Bella” Swan. It is interesting because there is a development in Bella’s personality. Therefore, the writer wants to know deeper about Bella, what kind of person she is. The character of Bella, as Meyer created in the novel, is a person who is very introverted and quiet at first (it is because the effect of her parents’ divorce) then changes into a very cheerful girl after she falls in love with Edward.
To reveal the topic of this thesis, the writer needs to explore the two main characters, Edward and Bella, and also the setting of the novel. As the writer has said before, the topic of this thesis is related to Edward’s character and Bella’s personality, and also related to the setting of the novel. As the writer has said above, the setting also has a big influence toward the characters in the novel. It reveals how Edward’s character influences Bella’s personality development and how the setting has influenced Bella. The writer has to figure out the detail character of Edward and the detail personality of Bella, and also the important role of the setting toward the characters. Because Bella’s personality before and after she knows Edward is very different, it is also influenced by the setting of the novel. Here, Edward’s character and the setting of the literary work have changed Bella so much.
This literary work is worth studying beacuse the novel has the different main story and problems compared to other literary works. The writer finds an relationship between the two main characters, and it makes the writer want to dig deeper about the whole story. The story is also simple, so that it can be easily understood by the readers. What makes this literary work become very interesting is the unsual love story between the two main characters. It is the story between human and vampire who fall for each other. And of course, the personality development of Bella makes the writer want to reveal more about it.
B. Problem Formulation
To analyze about the topic, the writer has to answer these two problems:
1. How is the character of Bella described in Meyer’s Twilight?
2. How does the character of Edward influence Bella’s personality developmentin Meyer’s Twilight?
C. Objectives of the study
To understand more about the literary work, the writer has to describe the two main characters in the novel, Edward and Bella. The description of their character has an important role in the analysis of this thesis because the description of their character will help the writer to dig deeper about the topic.
The writer also has to find out the characteristics of Bella before and after she meets Edward. The description of the different characteristics of Bella will help the writer to find out the answers of the problems formulation.
Then, to answer the final problem, the writer needs to answer the question about how Edward’s character influences Bella’s personality development. Here, the writer will show how Bella’s personality develops because of the existence of Edward and her moving to the new place.
D. Definition of Terms In this study, some of definitions will be used to clarify some terms. Influence
Hornby in Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary of the English
Language defines the term “influence” as follows, “power to affect
somebody’s character, beliefs or actions through example, fear, admiration, etc” (1987: 437).
The term “influence” also means “the effect of one thing (or person) on another; a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc.”
Character
Abrams in his book A Glossary of Literary Terms stated that character is the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say – the dialogue – and by what they do – the action (1981: 20).
Personality
Personality is somebody’s set of characteristics, the totality of somebody’s attitudes, interests, behavioral patterns, emotional responses, social roles, and other individual traits that endure over long period of time (Webster, 2005: 1083)
Development
Based on Lemme’s theory, the term “development” is systematic changes in behavior over time that results from interaction between the individual and the internal and the external environment (1995: 8).
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies Twilight is the debut, young-adult vampire-romance novel by author Stephenie Meyer. Twilight was initially rejected by 14 agents, but became an
instant bestseller when published originally in hardback in 2005. Debuting at number five on the within a month of its release and later peaking at number one position. That same year, Twilight was named one of s Best Children's Books of 2005. The novel was also the biggest selling book of 2008 and, to date, has sold seventeen million copies worldwide, spent over ninety-one weeks on the New York Times Best Seller list, and been translated into thirty-seven different languages.
Twilight attracts many people’s attention; it is because of its incredible
and extra-ordinary plot. Karen Rosenthal, Children's Department Manager for R.J. Julia Booksellers (printed in Publisher's Weekly's "Galley Talk") says "I'm not usually a vampire book reader, but I haven't read a book in a long time that had as much sexual tension and creepy terror throughout as Twilight by Stephenie Meyer. The main character is extremely compelling. The protagonist is so consumed with her crush on him that she blocks everything else, and the fact that he's a vampire adds a whole other level. It really is the perfect crossover book. It will appeal to kids, who read fantasy and darker books, but also kids who like more realistic fiction like Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants, and all those kids who read Gossip Girl... It's a riveting action book but thoughtful as well. Sometimes teen books can be plot-driven and the quality of the writing goes out the window, but this one has both." )
Here, Rosenthal shows her interest on Twilight, she thinks that it is an extra-ordinary story which mixes the two different character, human and vampire. She thinks that the plot is so interesting because it contains a lot of tension and creepy terror. She is interesting in the way Bella is so consumed with her crush on Edward that she blocks everything else. Rosenthal also thinks that this book is worthy to be read, not only by adult but also children.
Another comment is stated by Becky Anderson, of Anderson's Bookshops: "What a totally amazing debut! Twilight is that rare story that combines suspense, desire, love and friendship with an awesome twist on the vampire genre! Both young adults and adults will be "sucked" into Edward's and Bella's world and beg for more, especially after they turn the last page. I can't wait for the next book!" )
Anderson finds out that Twilight is totally an amazing debut. She thinks that Twilight combines everything, every emotion, that makes it becomes an incredible story. Anderson stated that Bella and Edward have their own world that can pull in everyone who reads this book. Briefly, the two main characters have a strong influence toward the readers, they can make the readers fall into the deep plot.
Comment also comes from Publisher's Weekly's: "The main draw here is Bella's infatuation with outsider Edward, the sense of danger inherent in their love, and Edward's inner struggle—a perfect metaphor for the sexual tension that accompanies adolescence. These will be familiar to nearly every teen, and will keep readers madly flipping the pages of Meyer's tantalizing debut." The comment above shows us that Twilight is really Meyer’s amazing debut. The sense of danger inherent in their love and Edward’s inner struggle become the most interesting part of this novel. This novel has made the readers go mad for the story.
From the reviews that have been said above, the writer concludes that
Twilight is an amazing novel that breaks the new record in modern literature. It
brings such a new and modern atmosphere in literary world. Twilight has affected readers from all over the world with its extra-ordinary story. It is very rare that there is a literary work which discusses about the love story between a vampire and human being. It makes the writer feels so interesting to dig more about the story, especially about what actually happens between the two main characters.
From the writer’s point of view, there is a significant change in Bella’s personality after she met Edward. This makes the writer wants to analyze more about it. The writer thinks that Twilight is a great novel that is very worth to be read. This study is different from others because it contains a topic about personality development of a major character that is influenced by another main character. The interesting thing is that the two main characters is “different” and the way of the author represented their love story makes it more interesting.
B. Review of Related Theories
In this part, the writer will discuss about the theories that are used to analyze deeper about this literary work. The writer uses theory of character, theory of characterization, and theory of personality development.
1. Theory of Character
According to Robert Stanton in his book An Introduction to Fiction, the term “character” is commonly used in two ways: it designates the individuals who appear in the story, as in “How many characters are there?” and it refers to the mixture of interests, desires, emotions, and moral principles that makes up each of these individuals, as in “How would you describe his character?” Most stories contain a central character, who is relevant to every event in the story; usually the events cause some change either in him or in our attitude toward him (1965: 17).
Furthermore, according to Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Wood in their book, Reading and Writing about Literature, “a character is a person who acts out in particular time and place in a pattern of events”. Moreover, character must be credible; that is, readers must accept them as believable people (1971: 20).
The characters in the story are the persons who are endowed with moral and dispositional qualities as what is being expressed in what they say and what they do (Abrams, 1981: 20).
While E.M. Forster in Aspect of the Novel divides the characters into flat and round characters (1974: 46). A flat character is built around “a single idea or quality” and is presented without much individualizing detail, and so can be fairly and adequately described in a single phrase or sentence. It is called flat because we see only one side of the character. A flat character is easily recognized and is represented only or mainly in one aspect.
A round character is always capable in surprising the readers in a convincing way. It is obviously more lifelike than the flat character, because in real life people are not simply embodiments of single behavior. The temperament and motivation of round characters are more complex that they cannot be described in a single sentence. It is as complex as the portrayal of people changed all the time. Usually round character is the major figure in the story. The readers are able to mention the personality of the character in many words.
Moreover, De Laar said that a novelist often builds his characters out of elements he has taken from various persons and it is his problem to make these characters real, i.e. in some way like actual human beings. Yet, however much characters in a novel may be like actual human beings, they are not actual human beings. They only exist in the novel in which they have a function (1963: 166).
Holman and Harmon (1986: 81) define character as a term applied to a literary form that embrace the idea of human’s moral foundation, the occurrence of moral uprightness, and the simpler concept of the creature’s presentation in art the seem to be human of another. Character is also a brief descriptive drawing of an important person, described not as an individualized personality but as an example of some qualities, such as garrulous man or a happy milkmaid.
2. Theory of Characterization
Characters have particular personalities and physical attributes that distinguish them from other characters. The process by which an author creates the character is called characterization (Rohrberger and Woods, 1971: 20). Characterization refers to “the representation of persons in narrative or dramative works” (Baldick, 1991: 34). Kenney defines the characterization as “the method by which characters will be presented to the readers” (1988: 34).
Perrine suggests two ways in presenting the characters, namely direct and indirect presentations (1974:68). In a direct presentation, the author simply tells the readers about the characters in the story. He tells the characters in exposition or analysis, or has someone else in the story who tells us what they are like. In an indirect presentation, the author shows us the characters in action so that we can infer what they are like from what they think, they say or they do.
Furthermore, M.J. Murphy in Understanding Unseens provides nine ways on how the author presents the characters, as follows:
1. Personal Description What the author means by personal description is that the author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes in the story (1972: 161).
2. Character as seen by another Instead of describing character directly, the author can describe him through the eyes and opinions of another (1972: 162).
3. Speech The author gives an insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what the person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving the reader some clues to his character (1972: 164).
4. Past life A person’s past life can give the reader a clue to events that have helped author, through the person’s thoughts, through his conversation or through the medium of another person (1972: 166).
5. Conversation of others Through the conversation of other people and the things the say about someone, the author can also give us clues of person’s character. People do talk about other and the things they say usually can give us a clue to the character of the person spoken about (1972: 167).
6. Reaction The author can give the reader a clue to a person’s character by letting the reader know how that person reacts to various situation and events (1972:
168).
7. Direct comment The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly (1972: 170).
8. Thoughts The readers can know one’s character through the direct knowledge of what a person has in mind presented by the author (1972: 171).
9. Mannerism The author can describe a person’s mannerism, habit, or idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something about his character (1972: 173).
Abrams presents two methods of character portrayal. The methods are Telling and Showing methods (1981: 21). In the former method, the author himself can intervene authoritatively in order to describe and even to evaluate the motives and dispositional qualities of his character. In the latter method, the author merely presents his characters talking and acting and leaves the reader to infer what motives and dispositions lie behind what they say or do.
3. Theory of Personality Development
In Hurlock’s Personality Development, it is mentioned that personality development is a stage in growth of a constantly changing and evoking process within an individual. The process becomes more complex, in the patterning of one’s self concept, habits, attitudes, emotional states, sentiments, and motives. It determines the person’s uniqueness in speech, in reactions to people and things, in mannerism, in fantasy, and in other ways directed toward the specific goal to adjust to the environment (1974: 7). Hurlock also states that human life consists of two aspects, which are individual and social aspects. Individual aspects concern with physical changes and human’s personality development. Human’s personality development itself is influenced by two factors; human’s early experience within family and the important events happening outside the home (1974: 19-20).
There are eight factors that can determine someone’s personality patterns. sex determinant, educational determinant, and family determinant (1974: 137- 354). From those eight factors, the writer wants to discuss the three factors that related to the topic of this thesis, they are: a. Emotional Determinant
Emotions give color to the individual’s perception of himself and his environment and affect the behavior. Emotion can add pleasure to a person’s life and motivate action that improves the social and personal adjustments. On the other hand, emotion can make life painful and cause failure to adjustment.
Emotions have both direct and indirect effects. The direct effects come from physical and mental disturbances, while indirect effects come from the reaction of members of the social groups toward the person who experiences the emotion.
b. Social Determinant The social group expects its members to conform to its standards. The social group sets developmental tasks, or learning experiences which the person is expected to master at an age when most people of that age are capable of mastering them.
c. Family Determinant The direct effect is that the family influences the personality development by molding and by communication. Indirectly, the influence comes from identification, from unconscious imitation of attitude, behavior patterns, etc.
C. Theoretical Framework
The writer uses three theories in this study to help answering the problem formulation stated in the first chapter. The theories are theory of character, theory of characterization, and theory of personality development.
Firstly, the main character is an important feature in the novel so that it is necessary to analyze the characteristics of Bella and Edward as the main characters. To analyze Bella’s and Edward’s character, the writer mainly applies Stanton’s and Abram’s theory in presenting the two main characters. The theory may help the writer to understand more about what kind of character Bella and Edward are. The writer also uses other theories, such as Holman and Harmon’s and Forster’s theories to dig deeper about Bella and Edward’s character.
Secondly, to analyze more about Bella’s and Edward’s characteristics, the writer uses Murphy’s theory of characterization. By using theory of characterization, the writer hopes that the reader will understand about how the author presents the characters in a literary work. By using this theory, the writer can differentiate the characteristics of Bella before and after she meets Edward. And at the end of the analysis, the writer can answer the two problems that are formulated.
Thirdly, the use of personality development theory will help the writer a lot to reveal the development in Bella’s personality. The writer uses Hurlock’s theory because it contains what the writer needs to analyze Bella’s personality development. It is because in the middle until the end of the story, Bella’s personality changes.
Finally, at the end of the analysis, it can be concluded that Edward’s character can influence Bella’s personality development.
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study The object of the study is a modern novel entitled Twilight written by American novelist Stephenie Meyer. It was first published by Little, Brown and Company on October 5, 2005. Twilight consists of 498 pages that are divided
into 24 chapters. It is set in Phoenix and Forks and the setting of time is in the present time.
Twilight is Meyer’s first debut; Twilight was initially rejected by 14
agents, but became an instant bestseller when published originally in hardback in 2005. It is the first book of the and introduces seventeen-year-old It was filmed in 2008, starred by Kristen Stewart as Isabella “Bella” Swan and Robert Pattinson as Edward Cullen. It was a commercial success, grossing more than three hundred and eighty-two million dollars worldwide and an additional a hundred and fifty-seven million dollars from North American sales, as of July 2009.
Twilight is a romance novel which tells about the unusual love life
between a vampire named Edward and human being named Bella. Bella moves introvert and quiet (because of her parents’ divorce) attracts much attention in Forks, especially in her new school. There, she meets Edward who is very mysterious. It makes Bella curious about him and makes her wants to know more about him. As time goes by, they are falling in love and become lovers. Edward’s attention and affection make Bella feels comfort and always happy, it also changes Bella’s personality. She was very introvert and quiet at first, but when she falls in love with Edward, everything is changing. She becomes more cheerful and she is able to socialize with others, especially with her father whom she rarely talked to. Since she has known Edward, her life is totally changing. It can be said that Edward’s existence has a very important role in Bella’s personality development case.
B. Approach of the Study
In this thesis, the writer wants to discuss about the influence of Edward’s character towards Bella’s personality development. The writer wants to reveal more about the two main character and also the personality development of Bella that caused by another character.
In this novel, Bella experiences the major development of her character. It seems that her personality changes after she met and finally fell in love with Edward. Her personality development is also caused by her movement to the new place, Forks. In order to understand more about the cause, the psychological analyze this study because the development that occurs in Bella’s character is caused by influence of another character and her society. What the writer means is that the influence of another character and her society directly affect her personality.
Rohrbereger and Woods stated that psychology and literature are related. Both literature and psychology discuss about people and human lives, although they are different in some ways. Literature discusses man and his life that is expressed by the writer through the language in the works. Psychology is study of a man’s life together with his mind and behavior. This approach will bring both the writer and readers to the analysis of the work psychological point of view of human being (1971: 6-15).
Furthermore, psychological approach is an excellent tool for “reading beneath the lines”. Psychological theories are commonly used as an interpretive tool by modern critics and to show by examples how readers may apply this interpretation to enhance the understanding and appreciation of literature.
C. Method of the Study
In doing this thesis, library research has the main role to find the supporting theories and ideas. The writer referred to some books and articles that were related to the literary work and the topic of this thesis. Besides doing the library research, to get more accurate data to analyze the problems, sources were also taken from the internet, mostly about the comments of the literary work.
The writer divided the data sources into two parts, the primary data and the secondary data. The primary data were taken from the literary work itself, Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight. The second data were taken from some books and articles and also from the internet that can be used to support and analyze this study.
There were some steps done in doing this study in order to get the conclusion. The first step was reading the literary work, Stephenie Meyer’s
Twilight . Therefore, the writer could obtain a deep understanding about the story
and its detail. After reading the novel, the writer found an interesting thing in the main character, Isabella “Bella” Swan, and decided to analyze her character deeper.
Afterwards, for the secondary data, the writer also collected supporting theories, ideas, and comments that were gathered to be analyzed further with the topic of this study. The writer took the data from various sources, namely An
Approach to English Literature, An Introduction to Fiction, a handbook of
Learner’s Dictionary of the English Language, A Glossary of Literary Terms,
Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English language,
Development in Adulthood, Aspect of the Novel and Related Writings, A
Handbook to Literature, Reading and Writing about Literature, The Concise
Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, How to Read and Write about Fiction,
Better Reading II: Literature, New Worlds of Literature, Character and The
Novel, Society in the Novel, and Personality Development. All those books really
help the writer to analyze the problem of this study. The writer also uses the internet source to help doing this thesis.