Uji Sitotoksik Ekstrak Etanol dan Fraksi n-Heksana serta Etil Asetat Teripang Jenis Holothuria atra Jaeger Metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT)
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Anderson, J.E., Goetz, C.M., McLaughlin, J.L., dan Suffness, M. (1991). A Blind
Comparison of Simple Bench Top-Bioassay and Human Tumor Cell
Cytotoxicities as Antitumor Prescrenss. Phytochem Analysis. 1(2): 107111.
Aminim, D.L., Ekatarina, S.M., Evgeny, A.P., Alexandra, S.S., Sergey, A.A., dan
Kalinin, I. (2015). Review Anticancer Activity of Sea Cucumber
Triterpene Glycoside. Marine Drugs. 13(1): 1202-1223.
Asuero, A.G., Sagayo, A., and Gonza’lez, A.G. (2006). The Correlation
Coefficient: An Overview. Critical Review in Analytical Chemistry. 36(1):
41-59.
Bahrami, Y., dan Christopher, M.M.F. (2015). Structure Elucidation of New
Acetylated Saponins, Lessoniosides A, B, C, D, and E, and NonAcetylated Saponins, Lessoniosides F and G, from the Viscera of the Sea
Cucumber Holothuria lessoni. Marine Drugs. 13(1): 597-617.
Basset, J., Denney, R.C., Jeffrey, G.H., dan Mendham, J. (1994). Buku Vogel:
Kimia Analisis Kuantitatif Anorganik. Edisi Keempat. Jakarta: EGC.
Halaman 165.
Bordbar, S., Farooq, A., dan Nazamid, S. (2011). High-Value Components and
Bioactives from Sea Cucumber for Functional Foods- A Review. Marine
Drugs. 9(1): 1761-1805.
Carballo, J.L., Zaira, L.H., Pilar, P., dan María, D.G. (2002). Methodolgy Article
A Comparison Between Two Brine Shrimp Assays to Detect in Vitro
Cytotoxicity in Marine Natural Products. BMC Biotechnology. 2(17): 1-5.
Caulier, G., Séverine, V.D., Pascal, G., Igor, E., dan Patrick, F. (2011). Review of
Saponin Diversity in Sea Cucumber Belonging to the Family
Holothuriidae. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin. 31(1): 48-54.
Caulier, G., Patrick, F., Pricilla R., Pascal, G., Maric, D., dan Igor, E. (2013).
Preservation of the Bioactive Saponins of Holothuria scabra Through the
Processing of Trepang. Cah Bio Marine. 54(1): 685-690.
Conand, C., dan Byrne, M. (1993). A Review of Recent Developments in The
World Sea Cucumber Fisheries. Marine Fisheries Review. 55(4):1-13.
Depkes RI. (1979). Farmakope Indonesia. Edisi Ketiga. Jakarta: Direktorat
Jenderal Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Departemen Kesehatan RI.
Halaman 772.
Depkes RI. (1995). Materia Medika Indonesia. Jilid Keempat. Jakarta:
Departemen Kesehatan RI. Halaman 297-307, 333-339.
44
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Depkes RI. (2000). Parameter Standar Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat. Jakarta:
Direktorat Jenderal Pengawas Obat dan Makanan. Halaman 10-11.
Dhinakaran, D.I., dan Lipton, A.P. (2014). Pharmacological Potentials of Sea
Cucumber Holothuria atra Extract from the Indian Ocean. Asian Journal
of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 4(35): 36-43.
Dhinakaran, D.I., dan Lipton, A.P. (2014). Studies on the Bioactivity of
Holothuria atra Extract Collocted From the South East Coast of India.
International Journal of Biology and Biological Sciences. 3(1): 6-11.
Dyck, V.S., Guillaume, C., Maϊté, T., Pascal, G., Isabelle, F., Maxence, W., dan
Patrick, F. (2011). The Triterpene Glycoside of Holothuria forskali:
Usefulness and Efficiency As A Chemical Defense Mechanism Against
Predatory Fish. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 1(214): 1347-1356.
Esmat, A.Y., Mahmoud, M.S., Amel, A.S., Khaled, S.H.E., dan Elham, A.B.
(2012).
Bioactive
Compounds,
Antioxidant
Potential,
and
Hepatoprotective Activity of Sea Cucumber (Holothuria atra) Against
Thioacetamide Intoxication in Rats. Elsevier Inc. 30: 1-10.
Farnsworth, N.R. (1966). Biological and Phytochemical Screening Of Plants.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 55(3): 257-260.
Ghufron, M., dan Kordi, H.K. (2010). Budi Daya Biota Akuatik untuk Pangan,
Kosmetik dan Obat-obatan. Yogyakarta: Lily Publisher. Halaman 2436,39.
Gunawan, D., dan Mulayani, S. (2004). Ilmu Obat Alam (Farmakognosi). Jilid
Pertama. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya. Halaman 87-92.
Janakiram, N.B., Altaf, M., dan Chinthalapally, Y.R. (2015). Sea Cucumber
Metabolites as Potent Anti-Cancer Agents. Marine Drugs. 13: 2909-2923.
Hamidi, M.R., Blagica, J., dan Tatjanan, K.P. (2014). Toxicological Evaluation of
the Plant Product Using Brine Shrimp (Artemia Salina L.) Model.
Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 60(1): 9-18.
Harborne, J.B. (1987). Metode Fitokimia Penuntun Cara Modern Menganalisa
Tumbuhan. Penerjemah: Kosasih Padmawinata dan Iwang Soediro.
Bandung: Penerbit ITB. Halaman 147, 259.
Harefa, F. (1997). Pembudidayaan Artemia untuk Pakan Udang dan Ikan. Jakarta:
Penebar Swadaya. Halaman 14-19, 22-25.
Hutauruk, M. (2016). Karakterisasi Simplisia dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan
Ekstrak Etanol serta n-Heksana dan Etil Asetat Teripang Holothuria atra
Jaeger. Skripsi. Program Studi Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi. Medan:
Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Hyman, L.H. (1955). The Invertebrates Echinodermata The Coelomate Bilateria
New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. Halaman 237, 239.
45
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Kustiariyah. (2007). Teripang Sebagai Sumber Pangan dan Bioaktif. Jurnal
Teknologi Hasil Perikanan. 10(1): 1-8.
Kurniansyah, W. (2015). Uji Toksisitas Ekstrak Tinta Cumi-cumi (Photololigo
duvaucelii) dengan Metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Skripsi.
Program Studi Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi. Medan: Universitas Sumatera
Utara.
Martoyo, J., Aji, N., dan Winando,T. (2006). Budidaya Teripang. Jakarta: Penebar
Swadaya. Halaman 20.
Meyer, B.N., Ferrigni, N.R., Putnam, J.E., Jacobsen, L.B., Nichols, D.E., dan
McLaughlin, J.L. (1982). Brine Shrimp: A Convienent General Bioassay
for Active Plant Constituents. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 45:3134.
Mudjiman, A. (1998). Makanan Ikan. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya. Halaman 72-75.
Müller, W.E.G., Heinz, C, Schröder, Matthias, W., Sanja, P., Renato, B., dan
Isabel, M.M. (2004). Traditional and Modern Biomedical Prospecting:
Part II-The Benefits Approaches for a Sustainnable Exploitation of
Biodiversity (Second Metabolites and Biomaterials from Sponges).
Evidance-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 1(2): 133-144.
Purnamasari, U.R. (2016). Karakterisaasi Simplisia dan Uji Aktivitas
Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Teripang (Holothuria atra Jaeger) Terhadap
Tikus Putih Jantan Diinduksi λ-Karagenan. Skripsi. Program Studi
Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Robinson, T. (1995). Kandungan Organik Tumbuhan Tinggi. Bandung: Penerbit
ITB. Halaman 157.
Rohman, A. (2007). Kimia Farmasi Analisis. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Halaman 46-47, 222.
Sastrohamidjojo, H. (1996). Sintesis Bahan Alam. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada
University Press. Halaman 202-211.
Sarker, A.A., Shakhawat, H.B., Farjana K., Mahmuda S.L., Maima, M., dan Faruq
Md. H. (2013). Assement of Cytotoxic Activity of Two Medicinal Plants
Using Brine Shrimp (Artemia Salina) as an Experimental Tool.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research. 4(3):
1125-1130.
Septiadi, T., Delianis, P., dan Ocky, K.R. (2013). Uji Fitokimia dan Aktivitas
Antijamur Ekstrak Teripang Keling (Holothuria atra) dari Pantai
Bandengan Jepara Terhadap Jamur Candida albicans. Journal of Marine
Research. 2(2): 76-84.
Suwignyo, S., Bambang, W., Yusli, W., dan Majariana, K. (2005). Avertebrata
Air. Jilid Kedua. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya. Halaman 131, 135-136.
46
Universitas Sumatera Utara
WHO. (1998). Quality Control Methods For Medicinal Plant Materials. Geneva:
WHO. Halaman 31-33.
Wibowo, S., Yunizal, Setiabudi, E., Erlina, M.D., dan Tazwir. (1997). Teknologi
Penanganan dan Pengolahan Teripang (Holothuridea). Jakarta: IPPL
Slipi. Halaman 24-27.
Wibowo, S., Sediadi, B., Dwi, T.H., dan Syamsidi. (2013). Artemia untuk Pakan
Ikan dan Udang. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya. Halaman 67.
Widodo, A. (2013). Budidaya Teripang Khasiat dan Cara Olah Untuk
Pengobatan. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Baru. Halaman 19.
Zhang, Y.S., Yi, H.y., dan Tang, H.F. (2006). Cytotoxic Sulfated Triterpene
Glycosides From The Sea Cucumber Pseudocolochirus violaceus.
Chemistry & Biodiversity. 3:807-817.
47
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Anderson, J.E., Goetz, C.M., McLaughlin, J.L., dan Suffness, M. (1991). A Blind
Comparison of Simple Bench Top-Bioassay and Human Tumor Cell
Cytotoxicities as Antitumor Prescrenss. Phytochem Analysis. 1(2): 107111.
Aminim, D.L., Ekatarina, S.M., Evgeny, A.P., Alexandra, S.S., Sergey, A.A., dan
Kalinin, I. (2015). Review Anticancer Activity of Sea Cucumber
Triterpene Glycoside. Marine Drugs. 13(1): 1202-1223.
Asuero, A.G., Sagayo, A., and Gonza’lez, A.G. (2006). The Correlation
Coefficient: An Overview. Critical Review in Analytical Chemistry. 36(1):
41-59.
Bahrami, Y., dan Christopher, M.M.F. (2015). Structure Elucidation of New
Acetylated Saponins, Lessoniosides A, B, C, D, and E, and NonAcetylated Saponins, Lessoniosides F and G, from the Viscera of the Sea
Cucumber Holothuria lessoni. Marine Drugs. 13(1): 597-617.
Basset, J., Denney, R.C., Jeffrey, G.H., dan Mendham, J. (1994). Buku Vogel:
Kimia Analisis Kuantitatif Anorganik. Edisi Keempat. Jakarta: EGC.
Halaman 165.
Bordbar, S., Farooq, A., dan Nazamid, S. (2011). High-Value Components and
Bioactives from Sea Cucumber for Functional Foods- A Review. Marine
Drugs. 9(1): 1761-1805.
Carballo, J.L., Zaira, L.H., Pilar, P., dan María, D.G. (2002). Methodolgy Article
A Comparison Between Two Brine Shrimp Assays to Detect in Vitro
Cytotoxicity in Marine Natural Products. BMC Biotechnology. 2(17): 1-5.
Caulier, G., Séverine, V.D., Pascal, G., Igor, E., dan Patrick, F. (2011). Review of
Saponin Diversity in Sea Cucumber Belonging to the Family
Holothuriidae. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin. 31(1): 48-54.
Caulier, G., Patrick, F., Pricilla R., Pascal, G., Maric, D., dan Igor, E. (2013).
Preservation of the Bioactive Saponins of Holothuria scabra Through the
Processing of Trepang. Cah Bio Marine. 54(1): 685-690.
Conand, C., dan Byrne, M. (1993). A Review of Recent Developments in The
World Sea Cucumber Fisheries. Marine Fisheries Review. 55(4):1-13.
Depkes RI. (1979). Farmakope Indonesia. Edisi Ketiga. Jakarta: Direktorat
Jenderal Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Departemen Kesehatan RI.
Halaman 772.
Depkes RI. (1995). Materia Medika Indonesia. Jilid Keempat. Jakarta:
Departemen Kesehatan RI. Halaman 297-307, 333-339.
44
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Depkes RI. (2000). Parameter Standar Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat. Jakarta:
Direktorat Jenderal Pengawas Obat dan Makanan. Halaman 10-11.
Dhinakaran, D.I., dan Lipton, A.P. (2014). Pharmacological Potentials of Sea
Cucumber Holothuria atra Extract from the Indian Ocean. Asian Journal
of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 4(35): 36-43.
Dhinakaran, D.I., dan Lipton, A.P. (2014). Studies on the Bioactivity of
Holothuria atra Extract Collocted From the South East Coast of India.
International Journal of Biology and Biological Sciences. 3(1): 6-11.
Dyck, V.S., Guillaume, C., Maϊté, T., Pascal, G., Isabelle, F., Maxence, W., dan
Patrick, F. (2011). The Triterpene Glycoside of Holothuria forskali:
Usefulness and Efficiency As A Chemical Defense Mechanism Against
Predatory Fish. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 1(214): 1347-1356.
Esmat, A.Y., Mahmoud, M.S., Amel, A.S., Khaled, S.H.E., dan Elham, A.B.
(2012).
Bioactive
Compounds,
Antioxidant
Potential,
and
Hepatoprotective Activity of Sea Cucumber (Holothuria atra) Against
Thioacetamide Intoxication in Rats. Elsevier Inc. 30: 1-10.
Farnsworth, N.R. (1966). Biological and Phytochemical Screening Of Plants.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 55(3): 257-260.
Ghufron, M., dan Kordi, H.K. (2010). Budi Daya Biota Akuatik untuk Pangan,
Kosmetik dan Obat-obatan. Yogyakarta: Lily Publisher. Halaman 2436,39.
Gunawan, D., dan Mulayani, S. (2004). Ilmu Obat Alam (Farmakognosi). Jilid
Pertama. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya. Halaman 87-92.
Janakiram, N.B., Altaf, M., dan Chinthalapally, Y.R. (2015). Sea Cucumber
Metabolites as Potent Anti-Cancer Agents. Marine Drugs. 13: 2909-2923.
Hamidi, M.R., Blagica, J., dan Tatjanan, K.P. (2014). Toxicological Evaluation of
the Plant Product Using Brine Shrimp (Artemia Salina L.) Model.
Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 60(1): 9-18.
Harborne, J.B. (1987). Metode Fitokimia Penuntun Cara Modern Menganalisa
Tumbuhan. Penerjemah: Kosasih Padmawinata dan Iwang Soediro.
Bandung: Penerbit ITB. Halaman 147, 259.
Harefa, F. (1997). Pembudidayaan Artemia untuk Pakan Udang dan Ikan. Jakarta:
Penebar Swadaya. Halaman 14-19, 22-25.
Hutauruk, M. (2016). Karakterisasi Simplisia dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan
Ekstrak Etanol serta n-Heksana dan Etil Asetat Teripang Holothuria atra
Jaeger. Skripsi. Program Studi Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi. Medan:
Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Hyman, L.H. (1955). The Invertebrates Echinodermata The Coelomate Bilateria
New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. Halaman 237, 239.
45
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Kustiariyah. (2007). Teripang Sebagai Sumber Pangan dan Bioaktif. Jurnal
Teknologi Hasil Perikanan. 10(1): 1-8.
Kurniansyah, W. (2015). Uji Toksisitas Ekstrak Tinta Cumi-cumi (Photololigo
duvaucelii) dengan Metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Skripsi.
Program Studi Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi. Medan: Universitas Sumatera
Utara.
Martoyo, J., Aji, N., dan Winando,T. (2006). Budidaya Teripang. Jakarta: Penebar
Swadaya. Halaman 20.
Meyer, B.N., Ferrigni, N.R., Putnam, J.E., Jacobsen, L.B., Nichols, D.E., dan
McLaughlin, J.L. (1982). Brine Shrimp: A Convienent General Bioassay
for Active Plant Constituents. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 45:3134.
Mudjiman, A. (1998). Makanan Ikan. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya. Halaman 72-75.
Müller, W.E.G., Heinz, C, Schröder, Matthias, W., Sanja, P., Renato, B., dan
Isabel, M.M. (2004). Traditional and Modern Biomedical Prospecting:
Part II-The Benefits Approaches for a Sustainnable Exploitation of
Biodiversity (Second Metabolites and Biomaterials from Sponges).
Evidance-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 1(2): 133-144.
Purnamasari, U.R. (2016). Karakterisaasi Simplisia dan Uji Aktivitas
Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Teripang (Holothuria atra Jaeger) Terhadap
Tikus Putih Jantan Diinduksi λ-Karagenan. Skripsi. Program Studi
Farmasi Fakultas Farmasi. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Robinson, T. (1995). Kandungan Organik Tumbuhan Tinggi. Bandung: Penerbit
ITB. Halaman 157.
Rohman, A. (2007). Kimia Farmasi Analisis. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Halaman 46-47, 222.
Sastrohamidjojo, H. (1996). Sintesis Bahan Alam. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada
University Press. Halaman 202-211.
Sarker, A.A., Shakhawat, H.B., Farjana K., Mahmuda S.L., Maima, M., dan Faruq
Md. H. (2013). Assement of Cytotoxic Activity of Two Medicinal Plants
Using Brine Shrimp (Artemia Salina) as an Experimental Tool.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research. 4(3):
1125-1130.
Septiadi, T., Delianis, P., dan Ocky, K.R. (2013). Uji Fitokimia dan Aktivitas
Antijamur Ekstrak Teripang Keling (Holothuria atra) dari Pantai
Bandengan Jepara Terhadap Jamur Candida albicans. Journal of Marine
Research. 2(2): 76-84.
Suwignyo, S., Bambang, W., Yusli, W., dan Majariana, K. (2005). Avertebrata
Air. Jilid Kedua. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya. Halaman 131, 135-136.
46
Universitas Sumatera Utara
WHO. (1998). Quality Control Methods For Medicinal Plant Materials. Geneva:
WHO. Halaman 31-33.
Wibowo, S., Yunizal, Setiabudi, E., Erlina, M.D., dan Tazwir. (1997). Teknologi
Penanganan dan Pengolahan Teripang (Holothuridea). Jakarta: IPPL
Slipi. Halaman 24-27.
Wibowo, S., Sediadi, B., Dwi, T.H., dan Syamsidi. (2013). Artemia untuk Pakan
Ikan dan Udang. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya. Halaman 67.
Widodo, A. (2013). Budidaya Teripang Khasiat dan Cara Olah Untuk
Pengobatan. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Baru. Halaman 19.
Zhang, Y.S., Yi, H.y., dan Tang, H.F. (2006). Cytotoxic Sulfated Triterpene
Glycosides From The Sea Cucumber Pseudocolochirus violaceus.
Chemistry & Biodiversity. 3:807-817.
47
Universitas Sumatera Utara