PIHI Perspektif Dalam HI. pptx
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
FOR UNDERSTANDING
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
MK Pengantar Hubungan Internasional,
Semester Genap 2014-2015
Program Sarjana Reguler
Departemen Hubungan Internasional
FISIP Universitas Indonesia
Major Questions in IR
REALISM
1. States are the principal or most
important actors
2. The state is viewed as a unitary actor
3. The state is essentially a rational actor
4. National security is usually tops the list
of priority; thus military and related
political issues dominate world politics;
and power is a key concept
LIBERALISM
• It acknowledges the variety of actors in
international politics, including non-state
actors: transnational actors (MNCs, NGOs,
IGOs) and sub-state actors (local government,
businesses, individuals)
• There are multiple issues that are of interests
to the actors, including economic, ideological,
religious and cultural issues
• The use of military power is harmful for the
multiple interests of states and other actors
IDEALISM
1. Morals and values, not state interests, should
and do shape individual and state behavior
2. Humans are basically good, and it is social
institutions that drive them to immoral acts,
thus perfecting social institutions is the key to
promoting cooperation and peace in the
global society
3. States joint IGOs to promote a value and
avoids something morally questionable
PLURALISM
1. Non-state actors are important entities in
international relations that cannot be ignored
2. The state is not a unitary actor. It is because
state is composed of individual bureaucrats,
interest groups, and individuals that attempt to
formulate or influence foreign policy
3. Foreign policy DMP is the result of clashes,
bargaining and compromise among different
actors
4. The agenda of international politics is extensive
GLOBALISM
1. Global context within which states and other
entities interact is the starting point of analysis
for international relations
2. It is imperative to view international relations
from a historical perspective -> world
capitalist system perspective)
3. Typically concerned with the development and
maintenance of dependency relations among
Northern (industrialized) States and the (poor,
industrially backward) Third World
CONSTRUCTIVISM
1. It supports the idea that the physical world is
much less important than the social world
and that important parts of the physical world
are actually constructed by, the social world.
2. It is more interested in understanding shared
subjective meanings than the objectives
3. Identities and interests of states are not
independent of, and are constructed by their
interactions.
FEMINISM
1. Arguing that international relations theorizing
is largely based on masculine assumptions
and reasoning (construction) of global politics
2. Propose liberal approach, but reject the
liberal philosophy of individual interests, as
opposed to community interests.
3. Women are inherently different from men in
ways that make their contributions to world
politics differ greatly
References
• Paul R. Viotti & Mark V. Kauppi (1993).
International Relations Theory: Realism, Pluralism,
Globalism. New York: Macmillan Publishing
• Juyliet Kaarbo & James Lee Ray (2011),
Global Politics, 10th Edition. Boston: Wadsworth
• Martin Griffiths and Terry O’ Callagan. (2002).
International Relations: The Key Concepts.
London: Routledge.
FOR UNDERSTANDING
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
MK Pengantar Hubungan Internasional,
Semester Genap 2014-2015
Program Sarjana Reguler
Departemen Hubungan Internasional
FISIP Universitas Indonesia
Major Questions in IR
REALISM
1. States are the principal or most
important actors
2. The state is viewed as a unitary actor
3. The state is essentially a rational actor
4. National security is usually tops the list
of priority; thus military and related
political issues dominate world politics;
and power is a key concept
LIBERALISM
• It acknowledges the variety of actors in
international politics, including non-state
actors: transnational actors (MNCs, NGOs,
IGOs) and sub-state actors (local government,
businesses, individuals)
• There are multiple issues that are of interests
to the actors, including economic, ideological,
religious and cultural issues
• The use of military power is harmful for the
multiple interests of states and other actors
IDEALISM
1. Morals and values, not state interests, should
and do shape individual and state behavior
2. Humans are basically good, and it is social
institutions that drive them to immoral acts,
thus perfecting social institutions is the key to
promoting cooperation and peace in the
global society
3. States joint IGOs to promote a value and
avoids something morally questionable
PLURALISM
1. Non-state actors are important entities in
international relations that cannot be ignored
2. The state is not a unitary actor. It is because
state is composed of individual bureaucrats,
interest groups, and individuals that attempt to
formulate or influence foreign policy
3. Foreign policy DMP is the result of clashes,
bargaining and compromise among different
actors
4. The agenda of international politics is extensive
GLOBALISM
1. Global context within which states and other
entities interact is the starting point of analysis
for international relations
2. It is imperative to view international relations
from a historical perspective -> world
capitalist system perspective)
3. Typically concerned with the development and
maintenance of dependency relations among
Northern (industrialized) States and the (poor,
industrially backward) Third World
CONSTRUCTIVISM
1. It supports the idea that the physical world is
much less important than the social world
and that important parts of the physical world
are actually constructed by, the social world.
2. It is more interested in understanding shared
subjective meanings than the objectives
3. Identities and interests of states are not
independent of, and are constructed by their
interactions.
FEMINISM
1. Arguing that international relations theorizing
is largely based on masculine assumptions
and reasoning (construction) of global politics
2. Propose liberal approach, but reject the
liberal philosophy of individual interests, as
opposed to community interests.
3. Women are inherently different from men in
ways that make their contributions to world
politics differ greatly
References
• Paul R. Viotti & Mark V. Kauppi (1993).
International Relations Theory: Realism, Pluralism,
Globalism. New York: Macmillan Publishing
• Juyliet Kaarbo & James Lee Ray (2011),
Global Politics, 10th Edition. Boston: Wadsworth
• Martin Griffiths and Terry O’ Callagan. (2002).
International Relations: The Key Concepts.
London: Routledge.