Figurative Senses in `The Giver` and Their Translation Procedures in `Sang Pemberi`.

FIGURATIVE SENSES IN THE GIVER AND THEIR

TRANSLATION PROCEDURES IN

SANG PEMBERI

DESAK PUTU ARI NOVIADEWI 1201305004

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to The Almighty God, Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa, for His blessing and for giving me strengths that the writing of this study, which is one of requirements to obtain bachelor degree (S1), has finally been completed. I take this opportunity to thank all the people who have helped me through the course of my work.

My gratitude extends to my first supervisor, Dr. Frans I Made Brata, M.Hum.; and my second supervisor, I Gst. Ngurah Parthama, S.S., M.Hum., for their patience, guidance, cooperation, criticisms, and advices during the process of completing this study. I would also like to thank all of the lecturers in English Department, Faculty of Arts, Udayana University, for their guidance and knowledge during my academic years.

I would also dedicate my appreciation and gratitude to the Dean of Faculty of Arts Udayana University, The Head of English Department, and my academic supervisor, who have given guidance and assistance during my study.

Finally, my deepest and sincere thanks would be dedicated to my parents, I Dewa Putu Tirta Atmaja and Ni Kadek Kartika Ariani, and all of my younger sisters for their endless love, support and courage. Their love and motivation are the reason for me to complete this study. I would also like to say thank you for all my classmates, Sasing A-Class 2012, all members of CEO and Moksa, and many more Sasing 12 that I cannot mention one by one, for your support, help and care. Also special thanks would be dedicated for my lover and best friend, Mr. Right and Putri, who always love and encourage me. Without them, I would not be able to encourage myself in completing this study.

This writing is expected to be able to give contribution for English Department, Faculty of Arts, Udayana University, especially to those who have the same interest about translation. Furthermore, I realize that this writing is far

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from perfect. Therefore, any criticism and inputs from the readers are highly appreciated for its improvement.

Denpasar, April 2016

iv ABSTRACT

A word may contain more than one sense, a primary sense, secondary sense and figurative sense. Figurative sense has associative meaning to its primary sense, the first meaning suggested by a word when it is said in isolation. In addition, it can be found in figure of speech; and is often applied in fiction writing, such as novel. As to meet the demand of readers, the translation versions of the writing in various languages are requested. Therefore, the translation procedures are required, especially in translating the figurative sense.

This study entitled “Figurative Senses and Their Translation Procedures in

The Giver and in Sang Pemberi”. It is aimed to classify and describe the types of figurative sense occurred in the novel and to explain how it is translated in the Indonesian translation novel. The data are collected from the novel The Giver as source language and its Indonesian translation Sang Pemberi as target language. Research method which is applied in this study is library research. It was done by reading and note taking. The data are qualitatively analyzed and descriptively described based on the theory of figurative sense in figure of speech by Mildred L. Larson in her book entitled Meaning-Based Translation (1998) and the theory of translation procedure by Vinay and Darbelnet in A Methodology for Translation (1995).

The result is all the seven figurative senses found in the novel, namely: metonymy, synecdoche, idioms, euphemism, hyperbole, metaphor and simile. In translating the novel, the translation methods applied were both direct and oblique translation. The methods are calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, and equivalence. The other two procedures, namely borrowing, of direct translation, and adaptation, of oblique translation, were absent in the translation of figurative sense.

Keywords: figurative sense, translation procedure, direct translation, oblique translation

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL SHEET ... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ii

ABSTRACT ... iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v

LIST OF ABBREVIATION ... vii

LIST OF FIGURE ... viii

LIST OF TABLE ... ix

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Problems of the Study ... 3

1.3 Objectives of the Study ... 3

1.3.1 General Objectives ... 3

1.3.2 Specific Objectives ... 3

1.4 Scope of Discussion ... 4

1.5 Research Method ... 4

1.5.1 Data Source ... 4

1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data ... 5

1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data ... 6

1.5.4 Method and Technique of Presenting Analysis ... 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE, CONCEPTS AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 8

2.1 Literature Review ... 8

2.2 Concepts ... 12

2.2.1 Translation ... 12

2.2.2 Figurative Senses ... 14

2.2.3 Equivalence ... 15

2.3 Theoretical Framework ... 16

2.3.1 Figurative Senses in Figures of Speech ... 17

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2.3.2.1 Direct Translation ... 23

2.3.2.2 Oblique Translation ... 25

CHAPTER III ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE SENSES AND THEIR TRANSLATION PROCEDURES IN THE GIVER AND IN SANG PEMBERI ... 28

3.1 Figurative Senses Occurring in The Giver ... 29

3.1.1 Metonymy ... 29

3.1.2 Synecdoche ... 31

3.1.3 Idioms ... 32

3.1.4 Euphemism ... 34

3.1.5 Hyperbole ... 36

3.1.6 Metaphor ... 40

3.1.7 Simile ... 41

3.2 Translation Procedures of Figurative Senses ... 41

3.2.1 Direct Translation ... 42

3.2.1.1 Borrowing ... 42

3.2.1.2 Calque ... 42

3.2.1.3 Literal Translation ... 44

3.2.2 Oblique Translation ... 51

3.2.2.1 Transposition ... 51

3.2.2.2 Modulation ... 53

3.2.2.3 Equivalence ... 55

3.2.2.4 Adaptation ... 60

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION ... 62 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION

SL = Source Language

viii

LIST OF FIGURE

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LIST OF TABLE

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

To change the form of one language into another language is sometimes

difficult for some translators. It is because translation involves more than

changing the form of the source language (SL) into the target language (TL), even

though it is basically the change of form (Larson, 1998:3). Moreover, language is

a part of culture which is different one to another. It is like serving the same dish

in different plate, a translator tries to transfer the same meaning but in different

style based on the target language it is translated.

Translation is considered interesting and essential. It is essential as means of

sharing information and knowledge through the countries in various forms of

languages; and it is interesting because both the translator and the receptor

coincidently learn a new culture through terms found in any kinds of translated

literary work. Nowadays, especially in Indonesia, there are many translated

novels. The Indonesian translators have succeeded in changing the form of one

language (SL), especially those written in English, into Indonesian (TL) so that

the readers in the receptor language can enjoy the same literature as readers in the

source language. Having broader knowledge, especially cultural terms of both

source language and target language, and a lot of experience in translation field

will be beneficial for translators despite depending on dictionary only. They

obviously have an important role in transferring the meaning that is wanted to

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Figurative senses are mostly found in literary work such as fiction prose,

especially in novel. The biggest challenge is to find the equivalent meaning of the

SL to make it acceptable for the TL readers when it is translated. Figurative sense,

which is the main focus in this study, cannot usually be translated literally (Larson

1998:121). Translating a text which contains figurative senses might be

complicated as the translators need to find the closest equivalent meaning in the

TL. Thus, the translated text will sound acceptable and does not sound strange.

For example:

SL TL

Jonas saw his parents watching him from the place where their own bicycles were waiting.

(Lowry, 1993:66)

Jonas melihat orangtuanya mengawasi dari tempat sepeda mereka diparkir. (Tarman, 2014:85)

The expression their own bicycles were waiting contains a figurative

sense. In this metonymy figure of speech, it is said that the bicycles are waiting.

This is an example of metonymy based on logical contiguity. The translation

might need to say their own bicycles are parked as the statement may completely

be misunderstood if it is translated literally. In the TL, the translation is sepeda

mereka diparkir. Therefore, the expression from the SL is translated into a

nonfigurative form in the TL, and it is acceptable.

The Giver is selected to be analyzed for its figurative senses and their

translation procedures in Sang Pemberi. The English version novel was written in

1993; meanwhile the Indonesian translation has just been published in 2014. The

novel tells about a perfect world. There are sensitive issues presented in the novel,

such as suicide and onset of sexuality in adolescence. Lowry, the author of The

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critically acclaimed in that context, winning the Newbery Medal in the following

year. It is chosen to be analyzed in terms of figurative senses and the way they are

presented in the TL through translation procedures due to some specific terms

used in the novel. That is why figurative senses and translation procedure are

considered interesting as the topic of this study.

1.2 Problems of the Study

There are two problems regarding translation to discuss. They are:

1. What figurative senses are occurred in novel The Giver?

2. What translation procedures are applied in the translation of figurative

senses in Sang Pemberi?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

This research was conducted in order to achieve certain objectives. The

objectives expected to obtain are divided into two as follow.

1.3.1 General Objectives

This study is conducted basically to fulfill the academic requirement and

to obtain more knowledge about the topic being discussed.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of this study are:

1. To identify and classify the figurative senses occurring in The Giver as

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2. To analyze the translation procedures which are applied in the

translation of figurative senses in Sang Pemberi as the TL.

1.4 Scope of Discussion

This study is focused on words or phrases containing figurative senses in

The Giver as SL novel. The figurative senses are in form of metonymy,

synecdoche, idioms, euphemism, hyperbole, metaphor or simile. In addition, the

points of this study are to analyze the figurative senses occurring in figures of

speech and the translation procedures which are applied in their translation into

Sang Pemberi.

1.5 Research Method

Research method explains about the procedure in doing the research.

Concerning to the topic of this study, the aspects involved are: data source,

method and technique of collecting data, method and technique of analyzing data,

and method and technique of presenting data.

1.5.1 Data Source

The data were taken from two novels. The Giver, written in English by

Lowry in 1993, was selected as the SL; while its translation in Bahasa Indonesia

by Tarman (published in 2014) was selected as the TL. The novel by Lowry is

available on e-book, containing 182 pages; and the translated novel was printed by

Gramedia Pustaka Utama containing 232 pages. Both novels have International

Standard Book Number (ISBN) which fulfills the qualifications to do a scientific

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The novels, both the original and the translated ones, were chosen as data

source because they are interesting and contain the data needed in this study. As

translation needs to find the closest equivalent meaning, this novel contains some

figurative senses in figures of speech. The inclusion of topics such as death and

bidding sexuality has in the past led The Giver to be banned in many school

libraries. However, the defenders have argued that it is important to engage such

topics among young adults. In the following year after its publishing, The Giver

won Newbery Medal as a science fiction novel aimed at young adults. The

Indonesian version novel has just published in 2014 to welcome the film based on

its original novel written in English.

1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data

In composing this study, library research method was applied as the method

of collecting data since the data source is novel. It was done by several

techniques, namely: reading, note-taking, and classifying. First, reading the

English version novel as the SL to get a better understanding of the story. It is

very important in order to observe the data closely. The next step was taking note

of any words or phrases containing figurative senses. It is necessary to look

closely to any words or phrase containing figurative senses in the sentences.

Subsequently, their translations in the TL novel were noted to find out the

translation procedure. Ultimately, the data were classified to be analyzed using the

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1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data

The next step is analyzing the data which were collected. In this study,

qualitative method was applied to give an actual explanation descriptively. The

analysis was done by several steps. First, identifying and classifying words and

phrases where the figurative senses occurred. The collected data was classified by

applying the theory from Larson in Meaning-Based Translation (1998) about

figurative senses in figures of speech, such as: metonymy, synecdoche, idiom,

hyperbole, euphemism, metaphor and simile. Furthermore, the translation

procedures in the translation of figurative senses were analyzed by applying the

theory from Vinay and Darbelnet in A Methodology for Translation (1995). The

translation procedures are divided into direct translation, which covers three

translation methods; and oblique translation, which covers four translation

methods.

1.5.4 Method and Technique of Presenting Analysis

This study used descriptive method in presenting the analysis. First, in order

to answer the first problem, the data were classified into types of figures of speech

containing figurative senses, that is: metonymy, synecdoche, idioms, euphemism,

hyperbole, metaphor and simile. The analyses of the figurative senses were

explained descriptively. Second, in order to answer the second problem, the

translations of the figurative senses were classified into their translation

procedures, that is: direct translation and oblique translation. The translation

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frequency of occurrence of figurative sense and the translation methods, a simple

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE, CONCEPTS AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter deals with the literature review, concept, and theoretical

framework which are relevant to the present topic.

1.1 Literature Review

Earlier researches under the same topic were reviewed to give comparisons

between this study and the former studies. There were three theses and an article

in international journal which were reviewed to support this study.

First, a thesis entitled “Figurative Languages and Their Translation in Hemingway‟s Novel Entitled The Old Man and the Sea” was done by Arya (2011). The study formulated two problems, such as to classify types of figurative

languages and to describe the strategies in translating figurative language.

Qualitative method was used in presenting the result of the study. The data were

collected by doing library research. It was done by reading both novels, the

English version as the SL text and the Indonesian version as the TL text;

consequently underlining the figurative languages occurred. The theoretical

framework of this study based on the theory proposed by Larson in

Meaning-Based Translation (1998) about types of figurative languages and strategies in

translating figurative languages. As the result, there were 21 examples of

figurative languages were found covering six of seven figurative languages. There

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equivalent, and 7 sentences were translated into figurative equivalent. Simile and

hyperbole dominated the finding in this research.

In contrast to this study, the previous study has some similarities as well as

differences. Both studies used the same theory as proposed by Larson about

figurative languages. Furthermore, both studies used the same method in

collecting and analyzing data, namely library research and qualitative method.

Despite the similarities, this study uses different theory from the previous study in

terms of analyzing the translation strategies. This study analyzes the translation

procedures based on the theory proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet, while the

previous study used the theory proposed by Larson in analyzing the translation

strategies.

The second study which was reviewed concerned about types of idioms,

types of adjustment, and the strategies in translating the idioms. It was done by

Pramesti (2012) entitled “Idioms in The House on Hope Street and Their Translation Adjustment in Serpih – Serpih Harapan”. The studyused two novels as data source, a novel entitled The House on Hope Street as the SL and a novel

entitled Serpih – Serpih Harapan as the TL. The research was done under library research method and the data was analyzed descriptively by qualitative method. In

collecting the data, the technique used in collecting the data were by reading the

whole novel, note taking, and comparing the SL and TL novel. For the first

problem about types of idioms, the theory used was the one proposed by Seidll

and McMordie in their book “English Idiom and How to Use Them” (1980) about types of idioms. Consequently, the second problem about types of idiom

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the strategies in translating English idioms were analyzed using the theory of

translation strategies proposed by Moena Baker in her book “In Other Words” (1992). The result showed that there were eight of ten types of idioms identified.

Almost all types of idioms were translated into non-idioms in the TL. In

translating the English idioms, most of the idioms employed the paraphrase

strategy due to the factor of differences in stylistic preferences of the SL text and

TL text.

In comparison to this study, there are some similarities between this study

and the previous study in terms of method and technique of collecting and

analyzing data. However, some differences are found between this study and the

study mentioned above. The previous study concerned more specific about idioms

and translation strategies, while this study analyzed the figurative senses and the

translation procedures in translating figurative senses. Furthermore, this study

uses the theory about translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet,

while the previous study used the theory of translation strategies proposed by

Moena Baker.

Similar study concerning idiomatic expressions and translation procedures

was done by Astriani (2012). The study entitled “Idiomatic Expressions and Their Translation Procedure”. There are two problems formulated in this study: to classify and describe the types of idiomatic expressions and to explain the

translation procedure. The method used in collecting the data was documentation

method, while the analysis was done by qualitative method. Consequently, the

process of collecting data was done by note-taking technique. In analyzing the

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types of idioms proposed by Seidll and Mc Mordie in their book “English Idiom and How to Use Them” (1980); and theory of translation procedures as proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet in a book entitled “A Methodology for Translation” (1995). The result showed that all the seven idiomatic expressions found and two

main translation procedures were applied in translating the idiomatic expressions

from SL text into TL text.

Compared to this study, some similarities and differences are found in the

previous study. The similarities are found in terms of the method used in

analyzing the data, namely qualitative method; and the theory used in analyzing

the data, namely the translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet. The

differences, however, can be found in the problems of the study and the other

theory used in analyzing the data. The previous study used the theory proposed by

Seidll and Mc Mordie about types of idioms, and the theoretical framework was

supported by the theory of translation shift proposed by Catford; while this study

used the theory proposed by Larson in analyzing the figurative senses.

Furthermore, this study also reviewed an international journal concerning

the same topic about translation. This journal was downloaded from

www.ccsenet.org/journal.html. The journal is done by Lili Ni in 2009 entitled “For „Translation and Theories‟”. The study presented a theory of translation proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) in their book A Methodology for

Translation. The researcher of this journal analyzed some translation procedures

in some Chinese words using the theory as mentioned above. The result showed:

as she compared some words from the SL (English) to the TL (Chinese), the

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that „the smallest segment of the utterance whose signs are linked in such a way that they should not be translated individually‟ (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995:21). In comparison, the above study applied the same theory as this study, a theory

proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet. However, the difference between this study and

the journal is the data source in this journal was the original words from Chinese.

Another distinct problem is about the translation shift occurred in the translation

of words, phrases and sentences from English into Chinese.

Considering all of the reviews which are related to this study, it is necessary

to combine the ideas and to adopt it in order to give inspiration and information

regarding the theories and the problems in this study. The studies which were

carried out previously inspired the present study, which is to identify and classify

the figurative senses occurred in the selected literary work and to explain the

translation procedures applied in the translation of the figurative senses from the

SL to TL.

1.2 Concepts

It is very essential to propose one or more concepts in a study. There are

some concepts presented in order to give a better understanding on this study.

Therefore, the concepts which are related to this study will be the concept of

translation, figurative senses, and translation equivalence.

1.2.1 Translation

Translation is about transferring the meaning of the source language into the

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constant because translation only deals with the changing of form. The process of

translation proposed by Larson (1998:4) can be illustrated in the figure as follow.

Source Language Receptor Language

Discover the meaning Re-express the meaning

Figure 1. The Process of Translation (Larson, 1998:4)

Basically, translation is only about the changing of form, not the meaning. It

can be illustrated like drinking the same milk from the different container, one is

from the glass, and the other one is from the bottle. The point is that you drink

„milk‟. In this case, the milk itself is what filled the glass and the bottle, as well as

translation. The milk represents the meaning or the real message from the writer

which is wanted to share or convey to the readers; whereas the containers are the

receptor languages that in not the same language as the original work is written,

be it from English into French, English into Indonesian, English into Lithuanian,

etc.

The purpose of translation is mainly to find the equivalence, the closest

meaning or the most natural equivalence from the SL into the TL where the

priority is put in the meaning. As Nida and Taber (1974:12) defined that

translation is reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of MEANING

Text to be

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the source language, firstly in term of meaning and then followed by term of style.

The result might not be exactly the same but at least find its equivalence in the

receptor language. It is better to find the natural meaning in the TL to make the

product of translation does not sound like one.

When it has to deal with culture, translation may also be complicated. As

language is part of culture itself, translation from one language into another

requires knowledge of the two cultures as well as the two language structures. The

translators have to pay attention to the different culture background between the

source language and the receptor language culture. Culture is very sensitive yet

difficult to find its equivalent in the TL. It is essential for the translators to be very

careful in translating literature, especially the text that is rich of cultural terms.

1.2.2 Figurative Senses

A single word may have more than one sense other than its primary

meaning (Larson, 1998:121). These meanings are known as secondary meanings

or secondary senses. The primary sense (or primary meaning) is the meaning of a

word when it stands alone (Larson, 1998:109). In other words, it is the first

meaning comes to the speakers‟ mind when the word is said. However, a word

suggests a different meaning when used in context with other words. It is called

secondary sense. For instance, the word catch means to stop and hold something

moving, especially in the hands (Hornby, 2010:63); while in the context of plane

or train as in he tried to catch the train, the word catch has nothing to do with

stopping something moving, especially in the hands. In that context, catch means

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but also figurative senses. Different from secondary senses, figurative senses are

based on associative relations with the primary sense (Beekman and Callow,

1974:94). Figurative senses can be found in figures of speech based on associative

relations with the primary senses, such as: metonymy, synecdoche, idioms,

euphemism, hyperbole and metaphor and simile.

1.2.3 Translation Equivalence

A key concept in translation is equivalence and this helps establish our

approach to translation. Equivalence centers on the process interacting between

the original source text and translated text. Translation equivalence is the process

in order to transfer the same meaning by using the natural form from source

language into the target language. Translation equivalence occurs when an SL and

a TL text or item are relatable to (at least some of) the same features of substance

(Catford, 1965:50). However, we have to relate it to some situation or contexts

where the equivalence should be established. In other words, we have to pay

attention to the situation or context to which both SL text and TL text are

relatable.

Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest

natural equivalence of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly

in terms of style (Nida and Taber, 1974:12). The equivalence here refers to the

source language messages and must be natural and fit the receptor language and

culture as a whole. It means that the equivalence should not „foreign‟ either in form or in message. It has to sound natural as if it was originally written in the

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Going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language

by way of semantic structure is how the translation is done. When transferring the

meaning from SL into TL, the translation should be equivalent for both languages.

There is only change of form, not the meaning. However, the difficulty comes in

finding the equivalent words because a language has a different culture to another

and it also makes the terms used in both languages different.

In relation to the definition of translation, Nida (in Venuti, 2000:129) adds

that there are fundamentally two types of equivalence: formal equivalence and

dynamic equivalence. A formal equivalence is basically source-oriented, that is, it

is designed to reveal as much as possible of the form and content of the origin

message. Formal equivalence translation usually attempts not to make adjustment

in idioms but rather to reproduce such expressions more or less literally. Dynamic

equivalence is intended to the total naturalness of expression in TL. This kind of

translation is not so concerned with matching the TL message with the SL

message. The main aim is to relate the target readers to the modes of behavior

relevant within the context of their own. It means that the translators try to make

the SL message as natural as possible in TL expression.

1.3 Theoretical Framework

It is important to give a frame in a study in order to give a distinct boundary

in the process of analyzing data. There are two theories that cover this study to

analyze the two problems presented. The theory about figurative senses is used to

analyze problem number one, meanwhile for the problem number two is analyzed

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1.3.1 Figurative Senses in Figures of Speech

Figurative senses cannot usually be translated with a literal form of the word

(Larson, 1998:121). It has been mentioned earlier that figurative senses are based

on associative relations with the primary sense. It is suggested to translate the

secondary sense with different word in the receptor language since there is usually

no match of secondary senses between languages. Larson divides the figures of

speech containing figurative senses as: metonymy, synecdoche, idioms,

euphemism, hyperbole and metaphor and simile.

1. Metonymy

Metonymy is the use of words in a figurative sense involving association

(Larson, 1998:121). An expression which has collocation with other word, but

they are not synonymous, is used in a figurative way. It can be divided into three:

a. Metonymy Based on A Spatial Relationship

Example:

The kettle is boiling.

The response from the floor was positive. (Larson, 1998:121).

The example does not imply that the kettle that is boiling. Kettle is kitchen

equipment and it cannot boil. It is the water inside the kettle that is boiling. The

word kettle is used to substitute water in a figurative way. Furthermore in the

second example, it does not mean that the floor gives positive response. It

represents the people who are in the audience. There is an associative relationship

which makes the figurative sense possible. The words kettle and floor have a

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b. Metonymy Based on A Temporal Relationship

Example:

Your hour has come. (Larson, 1998:122).

The sentence above can be said by a student to his/her friend with the

meaning “The time to take your exam has arrived.” Hour is associated with the time to take exam.

c. Metonymy Based on Logical Contiguity

Example:

I read Shakespeare. (Larson, 1998:122).

Shakespeare is used to mean the plays he wrote. It implies that people read

his work, not the person as it is very irrational to read a person. The expression in

sentence I listen to Mozart can be described as I listen to the music composed by

Mozart. One word has a figurative sense which occurs in collocation with the

certain word. This collocation cannot be regarded as synonymous.

2. Synecdoche

Figurative senses based on part-whole relationships (a part of something

which is being substituted for the whole part) are called synecdoche. Sometimes a

part of an object is used for the whole object (Larson, 1998:123).

Example:

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Roof in the sentence above does not mean right under the ceiling, but it is

substituted for the whole house. Roof is a part of the house. The use of

part-of-a-whole thing is commonly a synecdoche.

In addition, there are three general ways of translating metonymy and

synecdoche into the receptor language (Larson, 1998:124). First, the sense of the

word may be translated into a non-figurative expression. The kettle is boiling

would be translated the water is boiling; and the sentence he has a good head

would be translated he is very intelligent. Second possibility is to retain the word

in the original while adding the sense of the word. This should be used if there

seems to be a component of emotions or impact which might otherwise be lost, as

in poetry. For example, the world is mad might be translated by the people of the

world for world. The third possibility is to substitute a figurative expression of the

receptor language for the figurative expression of the source language and retain

the same meaning. For example, in Aguaruna, mouth has a figurative sense of

„speech‟ (Larson, 1998:124)

3. Idioms

Idioms are defined as the expressions of „at least two words which cannot be understood literally and which function as a unit semantically‟ (Beekman and

Callow, 1974:121). In other words, it means that this figurative sense will not

have the same message in the target language if it is translated word per word.

Example:

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The italic words are idiomatic expression in which means to look after and it

does not have anything to do with an eye. Its translation in Bahasa Indonesia will

be mengawasi when it is translated idiomatically, rather than menjaga satu mata

for its literal translation. Sometimes it is necessary to translate idioms

non-figuratively.

4. Euphemism

Euphemism almost sounds similar to metonymy; however, it is used to

avoid an offensive expression, or one that is socially unacceptable or is considered

unpleasant (Beekman and Callow, 1974:119). According to Larson, all languages

have euphemistic expressions which substitute for certain words, especially in the

area of sex, death and the supernatural. For instance, in Africa (Twi language), he

has gone to his village means he died. As well as in the United States, the old

people are now called senior citizen (Larson, 1998:126-127). Euphemism will

need to be translated by a comparable euphemism in the TL.

5. Hyperbole

According to Beekman and Callow (1974:118), a hyperbole is a metonymy

or synecdoche with more said than the writer intended the reader to understand.

The exaggeration is deliberately used for effect, and is not to be understood as if it

were a literal description. To illustrate, in English an expression I‟m frozen to death means that I‟m very cold. The word frozen is deliberately exaggerated. In this case, a person is feeling very cold as if he or she is frozen and about to die by

21

the cold. Such deliberate exaggeration in the SL could be considered untruth if

they are translated literally (Larson, 1998:127).

6. Metaphor

Metaphor is an analogy between two objects or ideas. The analogy is

conveyed by using metaphoric words. It also denotes rhetorical figures of speech

that achieve their effects via association, comparison or resemblance (Larson,

1998:274).

Example:

John is a tiger

It shows that there are two things being compared. The subject is called

„topic‟ and the object to compare with is called „image‟ (Larson, 1998:272). John is the topic of the sentence, while tiger is the image. The point of similarity may

be in some characteristic of the tiger, such as: strong, brave, cruel, etc. This

sentence means that John has one or more characteristics which are like what

possessed by the tiger.

7. Simile

Simile is a figures of speech that compares two things unlike by using the

conjunction such as like, as or than. In forms of comparison, simile allows two

ideas to remain distinct in spite of their similarities, whereas metaphor compares

two things without using any conjunction like simile does. To illustrate: John

sleeps like a log is an example of two things being compared, in this case John is

22

lying in one place and does not move. This would discover that the writer is trying

to say that john has a long and undisturbed sleep.

1.3.2 The Translation Procedures

Translating a text from SL to TL is not an easy task to do and the translator

has a great deal in finding the equivalent to the target language. In the translation

procedures proposed by Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet in their book A

Methodology for Translation (1995) there are two methods of translation: direct

translation as a source language orientation and oblique translation as a target

language orientation, covering all together seven translation procedures. The

direct translation is divided into three procedures, that is: borrowing, calque and

literal translation; while the oblique translation is divided into four procedures:

modulation, transposition, equivalence and adaptation (Vinay and Darbelnet,

1995:31).

According to Vinay and Darbelnet, if after trying the first three procedures,

translators found it unacceptable, they must turn to the methods of oblique

translation. Unacceptable in this case means that when translated literally:

i. gives another meaning, or

ii. has no meaning, or

iii. is structurally impossible, or

iv. does not have a corresponding expression within the metalinguistic

experience of the TL, or

23

1.3.2.1Direct Translation 1. Borrowing

Borrowing means a word taken directly from another language. In other

word, it is considered the simplest procedure of translation. For instance, in order

to introduce the flavor of the SL culture into a translation, foreign terms may be

used. Such Russian words as “roubles”, “datchas” and “aparatchik”, “dollars” and

“party” from American English, Mexican Spanish food names “tequila” and “tortillas” are the examples (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995:32). Another example is the English word computer is translated into komputer in Bahasa Indonesia. The

decision to borrow an SL word for introducing culture is a matter of style and

consequently of the message.

2. Calques

Calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an

expression from another language. Then, each of its elements is translated

literally. The result could be a lexical calque or a structural calque. Lexical calque

is a calque which respects the syntactic structure of the TL, while introducing a

new mode of expression. Structural calque introduces a new construction into the

language (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995:32)

Example:

SL TL

Not by the announcement or the necessary apology; those were standard procedures...

(Lowry, 1993:23)

Bukan karena pengumuman atau permintaan maaf yang diharuskan; itu prosedur standar...

24

The translation of standard procedure into prosedur standar can be

concluded as a lexical calque. Each of the elements is translated literally.

Furthermore, it respects the syntactic structure of the TL and the new mode of

expression is introduced in the TL. Another example of calque is seen in English

expression real estate becomes real estat in Bahasa Indonesia.

3. Literal translation

As mentioned above, literal translation is the transfer of SL into TL literally

or word-for-word translation, the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically

and idiomatically appropriate TL text. (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995:33)

Example:

SL TL

Occasionally, when supplies were delivered by cargo planes to the landing field across the river, the children rode their bicycles to the riverbank and watched, intrigued, the unloading and then the takeoff directed to the west, always away from the community.

(Lowry, 1993:1)

Kadang-kadang, ketika persediaan dikirim dengan pesawat kargo ke landasan di seberang sungai, anak-anak mengayuh sepeda mereka ke

pinggir sungai dan menonton,

dengan penasaran, penurunan

barang-barang yang disusul

kepergian pesawat ke arah barat, selalu menjauh dari komunitas. (Ariyantri, 2014:12)

The sentence in bold of the SL text is translated literally, or word-per-word,

into the TL text. It is classified into literal translation because when it is

translated, it does not sound strange in the TL and is grammatically correct. The

children becomes anak-anak; rode becomes mengayuh; their bicycle becomes

25

example above, another example of literal example is I am a pilot and it is

translated into Saya adalah seorang pilot in Bahasa Indonesia.

1.3.2.2Oblique Translation 1. Transposition

Transposition is a method of translation that includes the change of word

class without changing the actual meaning of the message (Vinay and Darbelnet,

1995:36). It also involves grammatical change that occurs in the translation, such

as: position of adjective, changing the word class or part of speech.

Example:

SL TL

Jonas, nearing his home now, smiled at the recollection.

(Lowry, 1993:10)

Jonas, yang hampir sampai di rumah, tersenyum mengingatnya. (Tarman, 2014:15)

The expression in bold is an example of transposition. Smiled at is translated

into tersenyum, but the noun phrase the recollection is translated into

mengingatnya, which is a verb in the TL. The meaning is retained and sound

natural in the TL. Similar procedure is also seen in the translation of the

expression toilet is out of order into toilet rusak in Bahasa Indonesia.

2. Modulation

In modulation, there is a change in point of view when the SL is translated

into the TL. Modulation is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by

26

translation results in a grammatically correct utterance but it is considered

unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL. (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995:36)

Example:

SL TL

He had never seen aircraft so close, for it was against the rules for Pilots to fly over the community.

(Lowry, 1993:1)

Jonas tidak pernah melihat pesawat sedekat itu, karena Pilot tidak boleh menerbangkan pesawat mereka di atas komunitas.

(Tarman, 2014:11)

The sentences taken as example shows that there was a change of point of

view occurred. In the SL, the act of the pilot is said against the rule, whereas its

translation becomes the pilot are not allowed to fly over communities. This is done

because it sounds awkward when this sentence is translated grammatically into its

TL, in this case into Bahasa Indonesia. The change of point of view is done

without change of meaning. Transposition also occurs in the translation of

sentence such as It is safe into Itu tidak berbahaya in Bahasa Indonesia. Instead of

using literal translation into Itu aman, another option as transposition is also

considered true when the message is retained.

3. Equivalence

Equivalence in translation procedures used to describe the same situation by

using different style or structural methods. The striking cases of equivalences are

the onomatopoeia of animal sounds. The method of creating equivalences is also

frequently applied to idioms. (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995:38)

Example:

SL TL

27

the bed. "Owwww," he said, wincing at the shift, and even moving his mouth to speak made his face hurt.

(Lowry, 1993:86)

beringsut di tempat tidur. “Awww,” dia berseru, mengernyit oleh gerakan itu, dan sekadar menggerakkan mulut

untuk bicara sudah membuat

wajahnya nyeri. (Tarman, 2014:108)

From the example above, the expression ouch and owwww are interjections,

in which they are used when someone is in pain and says such expression

spontaneously. An idiom keep an eye could be translated into mengawasi in

Bahasa Indonesia; or don‟t cry over the spilled milk could be translated into its figurative in Bahasa Indonesia into nasi sudah jadi bubur.

4. Adaptation

Adaptation is the final procedure where the translators have to create a new

situation in the TL that can be considered as being equivalent. It is used in cases

where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message in unknown in TL

culture. Adaptation can, therefore, be described as a special kind of equivalence, a

situational equivalence (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995:39). For example, a cultural

term ngaben in Balinese could be described as cremation procession in English,

as it is done in several parts or processes, including cremation.

Several of these methods (borrowing, calque, literal translation,

transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation) can be used within the

same sentence, and that some translations come under a whole complex of

lying in one place and does not move. This would discover that the writer is trying to say that john has a long and undisturbed sleep.

1.3.2 The Translation Procedures

Translating a text from SL to TL is not an easy task to do and the translator has a great deal in finding the equivalent to the target language. In the translation procedures proposed by Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet in their book A Methodology for Translation (1995) there are two methods of translation: direct translation as a source language orientation and oblique translation as a target language orientation, covering all together seven translation procedures. The direct translation is divided into three procedures, that is: borrowing, calque and literal translation; while the oblique translation is divided into four procedures: modulation, transposition, equivalence and adaptation (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995:31).

According to Vinay and Darbelnet, if after trying the first three procedures, translators found it unacceptable, they must turn to the methods of oblique translation. Unacceptable in this case means that when translated literally:

i. gives another meaning, or ii. has no meaning, or

iii. is structurally impossible, or

iv. does not have a corresponding expression within the metalinguistic experience of the TL, or

1.3.2.1Direct Translation 1. Borrowing

Borrowing means a word taken directly from another language. In other word, it is considered the simplest procedure of translation. For instance, in order to introduce the flavor of the SL culture into a translation, foreign terms may be used. Such Russian words as “roubles”, “datchas” and “aparatchik”, “dollars” and “party” from American English, Mexican Spanish food names “tequila” and “tortillas” are the examples (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995:32). Another example is the English word computer is translated into komputer in Bahasa Indonesia. The decision to borrow an SL word for introducing culture is a matter of style and consequently of the message.

2. Calques

Calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression from another language. Then, each of its elements is translated literally. The result could be a lexical calque or a structural calque. Lexical calque is a calque which respects the syntactic structure of the TL, while introducing a new mode of expression. Structural calque introduces a new construction into the language (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995:32)

Example:

SL TL

Not by the announcement or the necessary apology; those were standard procedures...

(Lowry, 1993:23)

Bukan karena pengumuman atau permintaan maaf yang diharuskan; itu prosedur standar...

The translation of standard procedure into prosedur standar can be concluded as a lexical calque. Each of the elements is translated literally. Furthermore, it respects the syntactic structure of the TL and the new mode of expression is introduced in the TL. Another example of calque is seen in English expression real estate becomes real estat in Bahasa Indonesia.

3. Literal translation

As mentioned above, literal translation is the transfer of SL into TL literally or word-for-word translation, the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text. (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995:33)

Example:

SL TL

Occasionally, when supplies were delivered by cargo planes to the landing field across the river, the children rode their bicycles to the riverbank and watched, intrigued, the unloading and then the takeoff directed to the west, always away from the community.

(Lowry, 1993:1)

Kadang-kadang, ketika persediaan dikirim dengan pesawat kargo ke landasan di seberang sungai, anak-anak mengayuh sepeda mereka ke

pinggir sungai dan menonton,

dengan penasaran, penurunan barang-barang yang disusul kepergian pesawat ke arah barat, selalu menjauh dari komunitas. (Ariyantri, 2014:12)

The sentence in bold of the SL text is translated literally, or word-per-word, into the TL text. It is classified into literal translation because when it is translated, it does not sound strange in the TL and is grammatically correct. The children becomes anak-anak; rode becomes mengayuh; their bicycle becomes

example above, another example of literal example is I am a pilot and it is translated into Saya adalah seorang pilot in Bahasa Indonesia.

1.3.2.2Oblique Translation 1. Transposition

Transposition is a method of translation that includes the change of word class without changing the actual meaning of the message (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995:36). It also involves grammatical change that occurs in the translation, such as: position of adjective, changing the word class or part of speech.

Example:

SL TL

Jonas, nearing his home now, smiled at the recollection.

(Lowry, 1993:10)

Jonas, yang hampir sampai di rumah, tersenyum mengingatnya. (Tarman, 2014:15)

The expression in bold is an example of transposition. Smiled at is translated into tersenyum, but the noun phrase the recollection is translated into mengingatnya, which is a verb in the TL. The meaning is retained and sound natural in the TL. Similar procedure is also seen in the translation of the expression toilet is out of order into toilet rusak in Bahasa Indonesia.

2. Modulation

In modulation, there is a change in point of view when the SL is translated into the TL. Modulation is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by expressing similar situation in different style. This change can be justified when

translation results in a grammatically correct utterance but it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL. (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995:36) Example:

SL TL

He had never seen aircraft so close, for it was against the rules for Pilots to fly over the community.

(Lowry, 1993:1)

Jonas tidak pernah melihat pesawat sedekat itu, karena Pilot tidak boleh menerbangkan pesawat mereka di atas komunitas.

(Tarman, 2014:11)

The sentences taken as example shows that there was a change of point of view occurred. In the SL, the act of the pilot is said against the rule, whereas its translation becomes the pilot are not allowed to fly over communities. This is done because it sounds awkward when this sentence is translated grammatically into its TL, in this case into Bahasa Indonesia. The change of point of view is done without change of meaning. Transposition also occurs in the translation of sentence such as It is safe into Itu tidak berbahaya in Bahasa Indonesia. Instead of using literal translation into Itu aman, another option as transposition is also considered true when the message is retained.

3. Equivalence

Equivalence in translation procedures used to describe the same situation by using different style or structural methods. The striking cases of equivalences are the onomatopoeia of animal sounds. The method of creating equivalences is also frequently applied to idioms. (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995:38)

the bed. "Owwww," he said, wincing at the shift, and even moving his mouth to speak made his face hurt.

(Lowry, 1993:86)

beringsut di tempat tidur. “Awww,” dia berseru, mengernyit oleh gerakan itu, dan sekadar menggerakkan mulut untuk bicara sudah membuat wajahnya nyeri.

(Tarman, 2014:108)

From the example above, the expression ouch and owwww are interjections, in which they are used when someone is in pain and says such expression spontaneously. An idiom keep an eye could be translated into mengawasi in Bahasa Indonesia; or don‟t cry over the spilled milk could be translated into its figurative in Bahasa Indonesia into nasi sudah jadi bubur.

4. Adaptation

Adaptation is the final procedure where the translators have to create a new situation in the TL that can be considered as being equivalent. It is used in cases where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message in unknown in TL culture. Adaptation can, therefore, be described as a special kind of equivalence, a situational equivalence (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995:39). For example, a cultural term ngaben in Balinese could be described as cremation procession in English, as it is done in several parts or processes, including cremation.

Several of these methods (borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation) can be used within the same sentence, and that some translations come under a whole complex of methods so that it is difficult to distinguish them (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995:40).