Filsafat FKM 2 Sejarah Filsafat

SEJARAH FILSAFAT

  

Trias Mahmudiono, S.KM, MPH

Departemen Gizi Kesehatan

FKM UNAIR

  Sejarah Ilmu Pengetahuan

Sejarah Ilmu Pengetahuan

• Pembagian periodisasi filsafat
• Pemikiran filsafat banyak Barat → zaman (Kuno, Abad dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan Pertengahan, Modern, Kini)
• Pd dasarnya filsafat (Barat, In>Pembagian periodisasi filsafat Cina) muncul → sifat yg religius Cina → zaman (Kuno,
• Di Yunani (mitos), India (Weda, Pembaruan, Neo-Konfusionisme, Hindu), Cina (confusius) Modern)
• Barat: mitos → diganti r>Pembagian periodisasi filsafat
• India: tidak pernah lepas India → periode (Weda, induknya → Agama Hindu Wiracarita, Sutra-Sutra, Skolas
• Periode Filsafat Yunani → sangat penting → menjadi acuan

  

Historisitas

• Sejarah filsafat barat dibagi menjadi tiga, yaitu zaman Yunani Kuno dengan ciri pemikirannya bersifat kosmosentris
• Zaman Pertengahan dengan ciri pemikirannya yang bercorak teosentris
• Zaman Modern dengan ciri pemikirannya yang bercorak antroposentris

• • Zaman Kontemporer dengan ciri pemikiran logosentris.

YUNANI - KUNO

ABAD MODERN

  6SM M

  IS M E K R

  IV IS M E

  IT

  IS M E N E O P O S

  I S T R U K T U R A L

  F E N O M E N O L O G

  IV IS M E

  IT

  IS M E P O S

  ID E A L

  IS M E

  IS

  IT

  IR

  IT O S FILSAFAT

  IS M E E M P

  IO N A L

  A U F K L A R U N G R A S

  IS S A N C E

  R E N A

  20M 14-15M

  19M ABAD KONTEMPORER

  18M

  IA E

  IL L A T H E O L O G

  A N C

  14M THEOLOGI

  3SM - 6M L O G O S ABAD TENGAH

FAKTOR HEURISTIK

  YUNANI KUNO MITOS ..... - 6SM LOGOS

  3SM - 6M

FILSAFAT FILSAFAT

  

Phylo = menyenangi

Sophia = bijaksana MITOLOGI

  Dongeng, Takhayul Pertanyaan timbul (ingin tahu)

  DE-MITOLOGI Dipikirkan (secara kritis)

  LOGOS Apakah ARCHE dari segala sesuatu yang ada ? Thales (624 - 548 SM) AIR

  Anaximander (610 - 518 SM) APEIRON

  Anaximanes (590 - 518 SM) UDARA

  Phytagoras (580 - 500 SM) BILANGAN

  Demokritos (460 - 370 SM) ATOM

  

SOCRATES (469 - 399SM)

PLATO (427 - 347 SM)

ARISTOTELES (384 - 322 SM)

  Dialektika Rasionalisme Metafisika Logika

  Biologi Empirisme

• Abad 0 – 6 M
• Abad 6 SM – 0 M
• – Periode Kelahiran Nabi Isa – Pertentangan Gereja – Filsafat mengalami kemunduran
• – Raja membatasi kebebasan berfikir<
• – Periode Filsafat Yunani – Ahli filsafatnya Thales – Menggunakan pola deduktif
• – Kemunculan ilmu sangat berkembang

ABAD PERTENGAHAN

  ANCILLA THEOLOGIAE DOGMA DOGMA DOGMA DOGMA DOGMA

  DOGMA DOGMA ABAD KEGELAPAN BAGI ILMU PENGETAHUAN

PERMULAAN ABAD MODERN

  LEONARDO DA VINCI COPERNICUS KEPLER RENAISSANCE GALILEO GALILEI 14 - 15 MASEHI

  FRANCIS BACON AUFKLARUNG

  VOLTAIRE JJ. ROUSSEAU (PENCERAHAN)

  MONTESQUIEU

IMMANUEL KANT

18 MASEHI

  AGAMA DAN FILSAFAT MULAI DI PISAHKAN AGAMA DI DASARI KEYAKINAN (KEIMANAN) FILSAFAT DI DASARI OLEH OLAH PIKIR (SEKULARISASI)

  RASIONALISME EMPIRISME KRITISISME

  IDEALISME POSITIVISME

TUMBUH ILMU-ILMU CABANG (“MENINGGALKAN FILSAFAT”)

BIOLOGI

  ASTRONOMI MATEMATIKA FISIKA KIMIA SOSIOLOGI

SKEMA HUBUNGAN FILSAFAT DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN

  

perkembangan

• Abad 6 M ditandai dengan runtuhnya mitologi dan dongeng-dongeng.
• Abad 6-16 M ditandai dengan kuatnya doktrin teologis atau anciella theologia. Filsafat digunakan untuk memperkuat keyakinan agama.
• Abad 16 zaman modern yang ditandai dengan renaissans merebaknya ilmu pengetahuan.
• Abad 20 atau zaman pasca renaissans ditandai

  dengan menguatnya pemikiran pasca modernis

  Mythology

   Aim of early Greek philosophers is to find

  natural rather than supernatural explanations

  for natural practices

  Natural Philosophers  Nature of the physical world  Science

 Thales – 625BC – 545BC – Greek colony in Asia

Minor – first know philosopher – everything from water – single basic substance  Anaximander – 610-546 BC – all created things

are limited – that which comes before and after

must be “boundless” - basic stuff could not be as ordinary as water

 Anaximenes – 570-526 BC – source of all things

  Democritus  460-370 BC

 “everything was built up of tiny invisible blocks” (p.

  43)  Each block was eternal and immutable  firm and solid  not all the same – different shapes and sizes  unlimited number  Called atoms, “un-cuttable” (p. 43)

  How accurate is Democritus theory to what we know today?

   Atoms theory still exists  P. 84 – the lego horse – Plato’s idea of the model plan – “World of ideas”

  Athens – circa 450 BC

   “Cultural center of the Greek world.” (p. 61)  Focus changed from natural philosophy to

  “the individual and the individual’s place in society.” (p. 62)  Democracy evolved  Art of rhetoric – “saying things in a convincing manner.” (p. 62)

  Prominent Philosophers

• Sophist – “a wise and informed person” (p. 62) – “ man and his place in society” (p. 62)”

  • “No absolute norms for what was right or wrong.” (p.

  63)

• • Protogoras (485-410 BC) “Man is the measure of all

  things” (p. 62)

  Socrates

   470-399 BC  there are norms  wrote nothing down  greatest influence on western thinking  taught in the city squares  known to us through Plato’s writings  we must use our reason to grasp

  “philosophical truths” p. 65  feigned ignorance – “Socratic irony”

  Socrates

died because of his convictions

  Plato

   428-347 BC  Pupil of Socrates  theory of ideas  Myth of the cave – denies the reality of the natural world

   We must become enlightened

  Myth of the Cave

   From The Republic  What we take in with our senses is not real, but rather a poor copy of it – we see only shadows – imprisoned by our senses – the shadows are less real than the actual

   Should take in the world intellectually  Ignorance is likened to imprisonment

  

Plato and

Aristotle

  Aristotle

   384-322 BC  student of Plato  Elemental theory – fire, water, wind, earth  Rejected Plato's “world of ideas”  Senses are important  Women as inferior

  Medieval/Baroque 

  Machiavelli – 1469-1527 – control populace – politics, government - two books, The Prince is still used today in politics (Stalin really liked The Prince)

  

  Spinoza – 1632-1677 - in God (one substance) tolerance and free thought – “Rationalist Mystic”

  

  Hobbes – 1588-1679 – materialist – natural world – political thinking - The Leviathan – “The value or worth of a man is, as of all things, his price.”

THOMAS HOBBES

  

1588-1679

• “Alam semesta, segala yang ada, bersifat

  korporeal, atau badani, yang memiliki dimensi

  besaran panjang, lebar, dan kedalaman”
• Yang ada hanyalah materi,
• Setiap benda bergerak, termasuk manusia, adalah mesin

• • Proses mental merupakan gerakan materi yang

  ada dalam kepala manusia.
• Hobbes terpesona oleh gerak, khususnya setelah mengunjungi Galileo.

  

  Locke – 1632-1704 – father of empiricism and liberalism, education. “All mankind is good and ought not to harm one another.” “No man’s knowledge here can go beyond his experiences.”

  

  Hume – 1711-1776 – nothing is certain (complexity), empiricist, take actions because of morals

  

  Leibniz – 1646 – 1716 – rationalist – borrowed reality – “There is a reason why every fact is as it is and not otherwise.” – calculus (Leibniz or Newton)

  Existentialism/Modernism 

  Kierkegaard – 1813-1855 – father of existentialism - individual finds own identity a problem – mystery of own existence

  

deBeauvoir - 1908-1986 – French existentialist –

Sartre - feminism

   Sartre – 1905-1980 – fate doesn't exist – man is what he conceives himself to be “Hell is other people.”

   Descartes – 1596-1650 – father of modern philosophy – method of doubt - “Cogito ergo sum - I think therefore I am

  .” 

  

Camus– 1913-1960 – French writer – absurd that

humans demand significance in an indifferent universe - “Man is the only creature who refuses to

  Senses or Reason 

  Empiricists – believe that we learn through our senses; we learn based on observation, experience ; we are born with a clean slate (tabula rasa)

  

  Rationalists – believe one has to have an understanding of one’s self to learn “Know thyself”; senses offer a limited world; rely on “truths,” logic and intuition

  

  Kant synthesized the two – need reason and the senses to learn