THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS (A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS AT WORD LEVEL).

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Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS

(A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS AT WORD LEVEL)

A RESEARCH PAPER

Submitted to the Department of English Education of FPBS of UPI in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

By:

Annisa Dyah Pratiwi NIM 1002591

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION 2014

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Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF

TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S

LASKAR PELANGI

_{INTO ITS ENGLISH}

VERSION

RAINBOW TROOPS

(A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS AT WORD

LEVEL)

Oleh

Annisa Dyah Pratiwi

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

Oktober 2014

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.

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Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

ANNISA DYAH PRATIWI

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS

(A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS AT WORD LEVEL)

Approved by:

Supervisor

Dr. Hobir Abdullah, M.Pd. NIP. 195202091977021001

Head of English Education Department

Prof. Dr. H. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed. NIP. 196211011987121001

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Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

ABSTRACT

This study was aimed of identifying the problems encountered in the

translation of Andrea Hirata’s LaskarPelangi into Its English Version Rainbow Troops, and strategies applied in the translation of Andrea Hirata’s LaskarPelangi into its English Version Rainbow Troops. The theory of the problems and the strategies of translation in this study was based on the classification of Baker (1992). This study arrives at some findings in line with the proposed research questions. Based on the research, it was identified that there are five at-word-level translation problems in the translation of Laskar Pelangi into The Rainbow Troops. The problems, based on Baker’s classification, were: 1) Culture-specific concept (23 cases, 61%), 2) The target language lacks of a specific term (10 cases, 26%), 3) The source-language concept which was not lexicalized in the target-language (2 cases, 5%), 4) Difference in expressive meaning (2 cases, 5%), and 5) The use of loan words in the source-text (1 case, 3%). In translating those words, the translator applied six strategies based on Baker’s categorization, namely 1) Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation (12 cases, 32%), 2) Translation by a paraphrase using unrelated word (8 cases, 21%), 3) Translation by a more general word (8 cases, 21%), 4) Translation by omission (5 cases, 10,5%), 5) Translation by cultural substitution (5 cases, 10,5%) and 6) Translation by more neutral or less expressive word (2 cases, 5%). This study also offers some suggestions to improve the quality of the novel in the future translation project.

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Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi masalah yang muncul dalam penerjemahan LaskarPelangi karangan Andrea Hirata pada versi Bahasa Inggrisnya Rainbow Troops, dan strategi yang diaplikasikan dalam menerjemahkan LaskarPelangi pada Rainbow Troops. Teori dari masalah dan strategi penerjemahan dalam penelitian ini berdasarkan klasifikasi Baker (1992). Penelitian ini tiba pada beberapa penemuan yang berhubungan dengan pertanyaan penelitian yang diajukan. Berdasarkan penelitian, teridentifikasi lima at-word-level masalah penerjemahan dalam penerjemahan Laskar Pelangi pada The Rainbow Troops. Masalah tersebut be rdasarkan klasifikasi Baker: 1) Culture-specific concept (23 kasus, 61%), 2) The target language lacks of a Culture-specific term (10 kasus, 26%), 3) The source-language concept which was not lexicalized in the target-language (2 kasus, 5%), 4) Difference in expressive meaning (2 kasus, 5%), dan 5) The use of loan words in the source-text (1 kasus, 3%). Dalam menerjemahkan kata-kata tersebut, penerjemah mengaplikasikan enam strategi penerjemahan berdasarkan kategori Baker, yaitu 1) Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation (12 kasus, 32%), 2) Translation by a paraphrase using unrelated word (8 kasus, 21%), 3) Translation by a more general word (8 kasus, 21%), 4) Translation by omission (5 kasus, 10,5%), 5) Translation by cultural substitution (5 kasus, 10,5%) dan 6) Translation by more neutral or less expressive word (2 kasus, 5%). Penelitian ini juga menawarkan beberapa saran yang dapat meningkatkan kualitas penerjemahan novel di kedepan hari

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Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH

VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page of Approval ...

Statement ...i

Preface ...ii

Acknowledgement ...iii

Abstract ...iv

Table of Contents ...v

List of Tables...viii

List of Figure...viii

List of Charts...viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1Background ...1

1.2Research Questions ...3

1.3Aims of Study ...3

1.4Research Methods ...3

1.4.1 Data Collection ...4

1.4.2 Data Analysis ...4

1.5Organization ...4

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION 2.1 Introduction ...6

2.2 Definition of Translation ...6

2.3 Significance of Translation ...7

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Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH

VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

2.5 Types of Meaning ...11

2.6 Translation Methods ...12

2.7 Translation Problems ...15

2.8 Translation Strategies ...18

2.9 Translation of Novel ...21

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Formulation of Problems ...23

3.2 Research Method ...23

3.3 Data Collection ...25

3.4 Data Analysis ...26

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 The Translation Problems Encountered in Translating Andrea Hirata’s Laskar Pelangi into Rainbow Troops...27

4.1.1 Culture-Specific Concept ...28

4.1.2 The Target Language Lacks a Specific Term (Hyponym) ...29

4.1.3 The Source-Language Concept is Not Lexicalized in The Target Language ...29

4.1.4 Difference in Expressive Meaning ...30

4.1.5 The Use of Loan Words in the Source Text ...30

4.2 The Translation Strategies Applied in Translating Andrea Hirata’s Laskar Pelangi into Rainbow Troops...31

4.2.1 Handling the Problems of Culture-Specific Concept ...31

4.2.1.1 Translation Using A Loan Word or Loan Word Plus Explanation ...31

4.2.1.2 Translation by A Paraphrase Using Unrelated Words ...36

4.2.1.3 Translation by Cultural Substitution ...39

4.2.1.4 Translation by A More General Word (Superordinate) ...41

4.2.1.5 Translation by Omission ...43 4.2.2 Solving the Problems of Lacking Specific Terms in the

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Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH

VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

Target-Language ...44

4.2.2.1 Translation by A More General Word (Superordinate) ...44

4.2.2.2 Translation by More Neutral or Less Expressive Word ...46

4.2.2.3 Translation by Cultural Substitution ...47

4.2.2.4 Translation Using A Loan Word or Loan Word Plus Explanation ...48

4.2.2.5 Translation by A Paraphrase Using Unrelated Words ...48

4.2.2.6 Translation by Omission ...49

4.2.3 Handling the Problems of Unlexicalized Source- Language Concept ...50

4.2.3.1 Translation by A More General Word ...50

4.2.3.2 Translation by A Paraphrase Using Unrelated Words ...52

4.2.4 Handling the Problems of the Differences in Expressive Meaning ...52

4.2.4.1 Translation by A More General Word (Superordinate) ...52

4.2.4.2 Translation by More Neutral or Less Expressive Word ...53

4.2.4.3 Translation by A Paraphrase Using Unrelated Words ...54

4.2.5 Handling the Problems of the Use of Loan Word in the Source-Text ...54

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ...58

5.2 Implication...59

5.2 Suggestions ...60

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Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH

VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

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Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH

VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the nature of the research. In detail, this chapter consists of background of the research, research questions, aims of study, research methods, and organization of the paper.

1.1Background

The higher traffic of interaction among nations, which is affected by the rapid development of technology, has increase the exchange of information, including literary works. Through the process of translation, a literary work and an author are well-known in other countries, or even becoming the favorite ones.

People read translated literary works for various reasons, in which the most common one is for pleasure. The readers want to enjoy the imaginary trip to the other world civilizations and meet the people. In line with that hope, in reading translated literary works, the readers wish to get a good quality of translation.

Unluckily, such hope does not always come true. Many literary works are poorly translated. They contain various problems of accuracy, clarity, and naturalness. Those problems are one of the main concerns of translation study. Translation problem is the initial point where the scholars stand to formulate the translation theories. As Newmark (1988:21) says, “The heart of translation theoryis translation problems”.

In translating literary works, various problems can easily encountered since such texts contain more cultural, lexical, grammatical, and other issues. Hu (2000) argues that translating fiction is a complex process related to some factors, such as wheter the translation should be source-language-oriented or target-language-oriented, or wheter a text should be adapted for certain pragmatic purposes.

Venuti (cited in Delzenderooy, 2008) states that there are two kinds of approach to literary translation, namely domestication and foreignization. Domestication means to translate in a transparent, fluent, "invisible" style in order to minimize the foreignness of the target-text, while foreignization on the other hand, "entails choosing a foreign text and

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Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH

VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

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developing a translation method along lines which are excluded by dominant cultural values in the target language".

Baker through In Other Words (1992) proposes a good practical theory of translation problems. She categorizes the problems into six, which are the problems atword level, above word level, grammatical, thematic and information structures, cohesion, and pragmatic. Further, Baker (1992) also proposes the general strategies commonly used by the professional translators in solving those problems.

In Indonesia, many literary books had been translated into Indonesian from other languages, especially from English. Today, it is not only English literary books which are translated into Indonesian, but also vice versa. The works of Pramoedya Ananta Toer were considered as the literary works which are widely translated from Indonesian into foreign languages.

Apart from Pramoedya’s, nowadays, the works of Andrea Hirata are getting popular

in the world because they are translated into various languages. For example, today, his most famous book Laskar Pelangi is published at least in 20 countries in the world (wikipedia.com).

Through internet-based searching, the researcher found a study which is relevan to the present study. The study entitled The Translation Strategy of Cultural Words in Laskar Pelangi (2012) which was conducted by Rizky Gunawan. He found that seven procedures are used to render the selected Indonesian cultural words into English include pure borrowing, naturalized borrowing, notes, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, and reduction. In this research, the researcher used the theory of translation strategy proposed by Newmark (1988).

Based on the background above, the researcher is interested to conduct a research on translation problems faced by the English translator in translating Laskar Pelangi into the English version Rainbow Troops, and on the translation strategies applied to solve the problems.This research is entitled “The Problems and Strategies of Translation of Andrea Hirata’s Laskar Pelangi into Its English Version Rainbow Troops”.

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Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH

VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

The present study will be different from the previous research in which it uses Baker’s theory of translation problem at word level which covers eleven items and Baker’s theory of translation strategy at word level which covers eight items.

1.2Research Questions

Based on the background, this research is conducted to answer two research questions as follows:

1. What problems are encountered in the translation of Andrea Hirata’s Laskar Pelangi

into Its English Version Rainbow Troops?

2. What strategies are applied in the translation of Andrea Hirata’s Laskar Pelangi into Its English Version Rainbow Troops?

1.3Aims of Study

In line with the research questions, the study was conducted with the following aims:

1. to identify the problems encountered in the translation of Andrea Hirata’s Laskar Pelangi into Its English Version Rainbow Troops.

2. to identify the strategies applied in the translation of Andrea Hirata’s Laskar Pelangi into Its English Version Rainbow Troops.

1.4Research Methods

This research is constructed with a descriptive qualitative research design. Frankle and Wallen (1993:389) suggest that descriptive qualitative is a method of research to investigate the quality of relationship, activities, situations, or materials, then to synthesize the information obtained from various sources (e.g. observations, interviews, and document analysis) into coherent description of what the researcher has discovered.

1.4.1 Data Collection

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Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH

VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

1. Identifying and classifying translation problems encountered. 2. Identifying and classifying translation strategies applied. 1.4.2 Data Analysis

The data are analyzed in two steps as follows:

1. Elaborating each identified translation problem and relating it to the theory of translation problem proposed by Baker.

2. Elaborating each identified translation strategy and relating it to the theory of translation strategy proposed by Baker.

1.5Organization

This paper is organized by following the guideline written in the book of Pedoman Penyusunan Skripsi by Tim Jurusan Bahasa Inggris UPI (2010). This paper consists of five chapters, each of which has its own role in delivering contains in detail. Chapter I is Introduction, which aims to introduce the paper in brief, and which is divided into background, statement of problems, aims of study, research methods, and organization.

Chapter II is entitled Theoretical Foundation, which is responsible to elaborate the theories and the previous studies related to the research as an effort of giving reasonable arguments.The theories cover definition of translation, significance of translation, language function, text categories and text types, types of meaning, translation methods, translation problems, translation strategies, and translation of novel.

Chapter III is Research Methods. This part is an elaboration of technical issues in the research, which describes research design, assumptions in the research, clarification of key terms, steps of finding data, and steps of analyzing data.

Chapter IV is Findings and Discussions presenting the collected data, the analysis process of the data, and the interpretation and discussion of the findings.The data identified

are categorized under the Baker’s classification of translation problems at word level. This

chapter is divided into two main parts. The first part is the translation problems encountered in translating Andrea Hirata’s Laskar Pelangi into Rainbow Troops, and the second part is

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Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH

VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

the translation strategies applied in translating Andrea Hirata’s Laskar Pelangi into Rainbow Troops.

The last part, Chapter V is Conclusion and Suggestion. The first part is the report on the results of the study to give statements as the answers to the research problems. The second part is on the important points related to the research which can be offered to support other similar research in the future and any parties who have interests in the research findings.

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Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH

VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents information related to some technical issues of the research and the methodology of the research in details to find out the research questions. This chapter consists of three parts, those are “Research Method”, “Data Collection”, and “Data Analysis”. 3.1Formulation of Problems

This research is conducted to answer two research questions as follows:

1. What problems are encountered in the translation of Andrea Hirata’s Laskar Pelangi into Its English Version Rainbow Troops?

2. What strategies are applied in the translation of Andrea Hirata’s Laskar Pelangi into

Its English Version Rainbow Troops?

3.2Research Method

This study is qualitative research with a descriptive method. According to Denzin & Lincoln (2000:4-5):

Qualitative research is a situated activity that locates the observer in the world. It consists of a set of interpretive, material practices that make the world visible. These practices transform the world. They turn the world into a series of representations, including field notes, interviews, conversations, photographs, recordings, and memos to the self. … This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of or to interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them.

While Burns and Grove (2003:201) states that descriptive method "is designed to provide a picture of a situation as it naturally happens". Based on two arguments above, it can

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Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH

VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

be concluded that qualitative research with descriptive method is the research where the researcher make a report based on his or her interpretation about the object by following the rules.

In this study, the object is the same novel in two languages (Indonesian and English), each entitled Laskar Pelangi and Rainbow Troops by Andrea Hirata, translated by Angie Kilbane.The study assesses the translator problems in translating Laskar Pelangi into Rainbow Troops, and analyzes the strategies applied by translator in solving the problems. Both the problems and strategies analyzed was narrowed down to at word level only.

The theory of “translation problems” and “translation strategies” as the main theories in this research are adopted from Mona Baker’s ideas, taken from her book “In Other Words”. Since the present study aims in making report on the interpretation of translation problems and strategies found in the translation of Laskar Pelangi into The Rainbow Troops, it can be assumed that the study is suitable to be conducted by following the principle of descriptive-qualitative method.

Not only the descriptive-qualitative method, this research also adopts the principles of quantitative research by presenting the data of findings in the form of numbers. According to Brink & Wood (1998:305), there is a single reality that can be defined by careful measurement. It is usually concise. It describes, examines relationships, and determines causality among variables, where possible.

1. Statistical analysis is conducted to reduce and organize data, determine significant relationships

2. and identify differences and/or similarities within and between different categories of data.

3. The sample should be representative of a large population. 4. Reliability and validity of the instruments are crucial.

5. Comprehensive data collected by employing different methods and/or instruments should result

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Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH

VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

7. It provides an accurate account of characteristics of particular individuals, situations, or groups.

3.3Data Collection

1. The researcher read the whole part Laskar Pelangi and gives mark to the words which possibly becoming the translation problems. In marking the words, the researcher refers to the categories of translation problem proposed by Baker. The categories are: 1) Culture-specific concept, 2) The source-language concept is not lexicalized in the target language, 3) The source-language word is semantically complex, 4) The source and target language make different distinction in meaning, 5) The target language lacks a superordinate, 6) The target language lacks a specific term (hyponym), 7) Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective, 8) Differences in expressive meaning, 9) Differences in form, 10) Differences in frequency and purpose of using specific forms, and 11) The use of loan words in the source text.

2. After marking the problematical words in Laskar Pelangi, the researcher reads The Rainbow Troops. The researcher compares the problematical words in Laskar Pelangi to their translation in The Rainbow Troops. When any word positive contains translation problem, the researcher makes a new mark.

3. After having the full list of words, the researcher organizing them in the same table to make the process of analyzing easier. The organization of the data including the classification of translation problems and translation strategies.

3.4 Data Analysis

1. After categorizing the list of words containing problems and strategies, the next step is analyzing the data by elaborating each case of translation problem and translation strategy with Baker’s theory.

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Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH

VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

2. At the first, the researcher elaborating each of word which is categorized as translation problems. The elaboration gives reason why a word becomes a translation problem.

3. Second, the researcher elaborating the part of translation strategies. In the part, the researcher analyzes and evaluates each the translation and offering assumption whether a case of translation is appropriate or not.

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Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS

ENGLISH VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter presentsthe conclusions, the implications and the suggestions of the research. The conclusions part states in brief the answersto the research questions, while the suggestions part offers things which may be taken as benefits from the research by any party which may concern.

5.1 Conclusions

This study arrives at some findings in line with the proposed research questions. Based on the research, it was identified five at-word-level translation problems in the translation of Laskar Pelangi into The Rainbow Troops. The problems, based on Baker’s classification, are 1) Culture-specific concept (23 cases, 61%), 2) The target language lacks a specific term (10 cases, 26%), 3) The source-language concept is not lexicalized in the target-language (2 cases, 5%), 4) Difference in expressive meaning (2 cases, 5%), and 5) The use of loan words in the source-text (1 case, 3%).

As it is presented in data above, the problem of ‘culture-specific concept’ is the most numerous by 23 cases. The 23 words problem in the translation consists of religious terms (pahala,jilbab, salat,subuh, magrib,assalamu’alaikum, wudu, azan, sajadah, and tasbih)geographical terms (kedondong, ketapang,nipah, and sagu), and general social custom (misbar, belacu, warung, toapekong, keramba, kemenyan, table, kopiah and gurindam). The words become translation problems since they do not exist or unknown in the target-culture.The next most significant type of problems is ‘the target language lacks a specific term’ by 10 cases. Those words are: beliau, lidi, surau, kuini, amis, bedeng, subuh, memikul, hangus, and tengik. The concept of such specific words does not exist in the target-language because the target-language has only the general terms. While the rest of words

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2 Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS

ENGLISH VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

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which are categorized as translation problems are: nafkah and kualat (the source-language concept is not lexicalized in the target-source-language), kelemlaratan and beringas (difference in expressive meaning) and kamsia (the use of loan words in the source-text).

In translating those words, the translator applies six strategies based on Baker’s categorization, namely 1) Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation (12 cases, 32%), 2) Translation by a paraphrase using unrelated word (8 cases, 21%), 3) Translation by a more general word (8 cases, 21%), 4) Translation by omission(4 cases, 10,5%), 5) Translation by cultural substitution(4 cases, 10,5%), and 6) Translation by more neutral or less expressive word(2 cases, 5%). As it is shown in data above, the strategy of ‘translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation’ is the most numerous by 12 cases. The 12 words are subuh, magrib, assalamualaikum, kopiah, tasbih, jilbab, kedondong, warung, tabla, gurindam, subuh, and, kamsia. The next most significant types of strategiesare‘translation by a paraphrase using unrelated word’ by8wordsand ‘translation by a more general word’ by 8 words. Those words for ‘translation by a paraphrase using unrelated word’ are: wudu, azan, sajadah, toapekong, and belacu. The words for ‘translation by a more general word’ are pahala, salat, nipah, beliau, lidi, surau, kuini, and nafkah. Then, there are ‘translation by omission’ by4 cases (hangus, tengik, keramba, and kemenyan) and ‘translation by cultural substitution’ by 4 cases (katapang, sagu, misbar, and bedeng). The last is‘translation by more neutral or less expressive word’ by2 cases. Those words are kemelaratan and amis.

5.2 Implication

5.2.1 Practical Implications

The present study reveals that some of strategies applied by the translator are not really suitable. Most of the inappropriate translations happened in the cases of cultural-words translation, those are salat, magrib, gurindam, kedondong,

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3 Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS

ENGLISH VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

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kopiah, nipah, while the rests are the cases of lack of specific term (lidi) and difference in expressive meaning (kemelaratan). In translating the words, the translator lacks in serving the most appropriate equivalents which possibly cause the readers find difficulties to construct their imaginations.

5.2.2 Suggestion for Teaching Translation at UPI

This research provides the problems and strategies of translation of Andrea Hirata’s Laskar Pelangi into its English version Rainbow Troops which are analyzed at word level. In line with this research, the researcher provides some suggestions for the teacher of EFL (English for Foreign Language). These suggestions are pointed to them whom it may concern; teachers, lecturers, practitioners (translators), and those who are interested in translation field. This research can be beneficial for teachers in giving the better translation of teaching material. Besides, for lecturers, the advantages can be taken for the betterment of translation course. Another benefit is for practitioners, where in order to produce better translation, they should pay attention more to the theories of translation. The last is for those who are interested in translation field, for example, students who take translation as their topic in research paper, this research can be beneficial to do a better translation research.

5.3 Suggestions

This study offers some suggestions, either for the improvement Laskar Pelangi translation or for the next similar studies. Based on the study, the researcher assumes that the most of strategies applied are suitable, while only little of them are not. The examples of inappropriate strategies are in the case of salat andkemelaratan.

In translating the word salat, the translator translates it as ‘prayer’ by applying the strategy of using a more general word. The use of word ‘prayer’ does not help the reader much to imagine the Moslem ritual of salat. As a suggestion,

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4 Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS

ENGLISH VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

the translation will be better to choose the strategy of ‘loan word plus explanation’.

In translating the word kemelaratan, the translator chooses the English word ‘poor’. As a fact, in Indonesian language, kemelaratan means extremely and miserably poor. Although English does not have the equivalent words, the translator does not give enough information to describe the concept. The researcher assumes, it will be better for the translation to apply the strategy of ‘paraphrasing using related or unrelated words’.

While for the parties who are interested in developing this study, the researcher suggests to analyze the problems and strategies in other organization levels as Baker proposed, such ‘above word level’ or ‘at grammatical level’.

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Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

REFERENCES

Ahmad, M. (2012). Students’ Strategies in Translating an English Text into Bahasa Indonesia: A Case Study at the English Education Department of FPBS UPI Bandung. Unpublished Thesis

Albir, L. M. and Hurtado, A. (2002). Translation Techniques Revisited: A Dynamic and Functionalis Approach. Translations Journal, volume 47 no. 4. Retrieved October 17 2014, from http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/008033ar

Alwi, Hasan. 2007. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka

Baker, M. (1992). In Other Words: a Course Book on Translation. London: Routledge

Brink, Pamela J & Wood. (1998). Langkah Dasar dalam Perencanaan Riset. Jakarta: EGC

Delzenderooy, S. (2008). A Study of Persian Translations of Narrative Style: A case study of Virginia Woolf's The Waves. Translation Journal, Vol. 12, No. 1, January, 2008. Retrieved September 25th 2013, from

http://translationjournal.net/journal/43woolf.htm

Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (2000). Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Retrieved October 17 2014, from http://www.sagepub.com

Duff, Alan. (1990). Translation. Oxford : Oxford University Press

Fraenkle, J. R. & Wallen, N. G. (1993). How to Design Evaluative Research in Education (Second Edition). Singapore: McGraw Hill Book Co.

Gunawan, A. (2012). The translation strategy cultural words in Laskar Pelangi. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta: unpublished undergraduate thesis.

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Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

Hatim, Basil dan Munday. (2004). Translation, An Advanced Resource Book. London: Routledge.

Hirata, A. (2005). Laskar Pelangi. Bentang Pustaka: Jakarta

Hirata, A. (2013). Rainbow Troops (Translated by Angie Kilbane). Farrar, Straus and Giroux: New York.

Hornby, A S. (2005). Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press.

Hu, Y. (2000). The Sociosemiotic Approach and Translation of Fiction. Translation Journal, Vol. 4, No. 4, October 2000. Retrieved September 25th 2013, from http://translationjournal.net/journal/14fiction.htm.

Larson M. L. (1984). Meaning Based Translation: a Guide to Cross-language Equivalence. London: University Press of America

Newmark, Peter. (1981). Approaches to Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press

Newmark, Peter. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. Hertforshire: Prentice Hall

Nida Eugine A. (1991). Theories of Translation. Journal TTR: Introduction, Terminologies, Redaction, vol. 4, no. 1

Nida, Eugene A and Charles R. Taber (1982). The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

Owji, Z. (2013). Translation Strategies: A Review and Comparison of Theories. Translation Journal, Vol. 17, No. 1, January, 2013. Retrieved September 25th 2013, from http://translationjournal.net/journal/63theory.htm

Savory, Theodore. (1986). The Art of Translation. London: Jonathan Cape Ltd.

Shadily, Hassan & John M. Echols. (2000). Kamus Inggris–Indonesia. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama

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THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS ENGLISH VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

Thriveni, C. (2004). Cultural Elements in Translation. Retrieved Ocotber 17 2014, from http://accurapid.com/journal/19culture.htm

William, Jenny & Andrew Chesterman. (2002). The Map: A Beginner’s Guide to Doing Research in Translation Studies. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing

Tim Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris. (2010). Pedoman Penyusunan Skripsi. Bandung: Jurusan Penddidikan Bahasa Inggris

Wills, Wolfram. (1982). Translation Equivalence. Ten Paper on Translation (Ed. Richard B. Noss). Singapura: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.

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2 Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS

ENGLISH VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

In translating those words, the translator applies six strategies based on

Baker’s categorization, namely 1) Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation (12 cases, 32%), 2) Translation by a paraphrase using unrelated word (8 cases, 21%), 3) Translation by a more general word (8 cases, 21%), 4) Translation by omission(4 cases, 10,5%), 5) Translation by cultural substitution(4 cases, 10,5%), and 6) Translation by more neutral or less expressive word(2 cases, 5%). As it is shown in data above, the strategy of ‘translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation’ is the most numerous by 12 cases. The 12 words are subuh, magrib, assalamualaikum, kopiah, tasbih, jilbab, kedondong, warung, tabla, gurindam, subuh, and, kamsia. The next most significant types of

strategiesare‘translation by a paraphrase using unrelated word’ by8wordsand

‘translation by a more general word’ by 8 words. Those words for ‘translation by a paraphrase using unrelated word’ are: wudu, azan, sajadah, toapekong, and belacu. The words for ‘translation by a more general word’ are pahala, salat, nipah, beliau, lidi, surau, kuini, and nafkah. Then, there are ‘translation by omission’ by4 cases (hangus, tengik, keramba, and kemenyan) and ‘translation by cultural substitution’ by 4 cases (katapang, sagu, misbar, and bedeng). The last

is‘translation by more neutral or less expressive word’ by2 cases. Those words are kemelaratan and amis.

5.2 Implication

5.2.1 Practical Implications

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3 Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS

ENGLISH VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

5.2.2 Suggestion for Teaching Translation at UPI

This research provides the problems and strategies of translation of Andrea

Hirata’s Laskar Pelangi into its English version Rainbow Troops which are analyzed at word level. In line with this research, the researcher provides some suggestions for the teacher of EFL (English for Foreign Language). These suggestions are pointed to them whom it may concern; teachers, lecturers, practitioners (translators), and those who are interested in translation field. This research can be beneficial for teachers in giving the better translation of teaching material. Besides, for lecturers, the advantages can be taken for the betterment of translation course. Another benefit is for practitioners, where in order to produce better translation, they should pay attention more to the theories of translation. The last is for those who are interested in translation field, for example, students who take translation as their topic in research paper, this research can be beneficial to do a better translation research.

5.3 Suggestions

In translating the word salat, the translator translates it as ‘prayer’ by

applying the strategy of using a more general word. The use of word ‘prayer’ does

(3)

4 Annisa Dyah Pratisi, 2014

THE PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION OF ANDREA HIRATA’S LASKAR PELANGI INTO ITS

ENGLISH VERSION RAINBOW TROOPS : A Translation Analysis At Word Level Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

the translation will be better to choose the strategy of ‘loan word plus

explanation’.

In translating the word kemelaratan, the translator chooses the English

word ‘poor’. As a fact, in Indonesian language, kemelaratan means extremely and miserably poor. Although English does not have the equivalent words, the translator does not give enough information to describe the concept. The researcher assumes, it will be better for the translation to apply the strategy of

‘paraphrasing using related or unrelated words’.

While for the parties who are interested in developing this study, the researcher suggests to analyze the problems and strategies in other organization