Helsinki second seminar 18 April 2008
ROLE OF REMNANT FOREST AS HABITAT AND
SOURCE OF BIODIVERSITY
Lilik Budi Prasetyo
Department of Forest Resources Conservation & Ecotourism
Forestry Faculty
Presented in Viikki Tropical Fores Research CenterHelsinki University 18 April 2008
Forest fire 1998
Total affected area :
3.4 million Ha
Center for Environmental Research
Bogor Agricultural University
[email protected]
Source : Prasetyo, Hirata, Saito
DYNAMIC CHANGES OF MONTHLY
NDSWIR DURING 1998 - 2000
MONTHLY FIRE OCCURRENCE IN 1998
0.4
0.3
Healthy vegetation
0.2
Burned vegetation
0.1
Oct-00
Nov-00
Dec-00
Jul-00
Aug-00
Sep-00
Apr-00
Jun-00
Mar-00
May-00
Jan-00
Feb-00
Oct-99
Nov-99
Dec-99
Jul-99
Aug-99
Sep-99
Apr-99
Jun-99
Mar-99
May-99
Jan-99
Feb-99
Oct-98
Nov-98
Dec-98
Jul-98
Aug-98
Sep-98
Apr-98
Jun-98
-0.1
May-98
0
-0.2
(NIR – SWIR)/(NIR + SWIR)
(4– 3/(4 + 3)
Source : Prasetyo, Hirata, Saito
RECOVERY AFTER 10 years, Bukit Suharto Park
1
STUDY SITE
CASE 1 :
BUKIT BANGKIRAI, EAST KALIMANTAN
Bukit Bangkirai, East Borneo
MULTI DISCIPLINARY TEAM
11 Feb 1992
11 Feb1998
26 Jan1998
11 Feb1998
2003
VEGETATION SURVEY
Design Observation Plot
Three type of plots
a. Remnant/Undisturbed Forest (100 x 100 m)
b. Light Damage Forest (Low Disturbance) (60 x 60 m)
c. Heavy Damage Forest (Heavy Disturbance) (100 x 100 m)
-
Divided into 10 x 10 m, sub plot
Vertical profile
Hemiview photo
Inventory : trees, sapling, Shrubs/herbs, small mammals
Tree census
> 5 cm DBH
5m
1m
Sapling census
> 1 cm DBH
Understory
vegetation survey
quadrate
10 m
PLOT KONTROL
Hemispherical View
Leaf Area Index
2
PLOT LIGHT DAMAGE
PLOT SEVERE DAMAGE
7 years after fire : comparison
Forest Vertical Profile
Plot Type
Remnant
(undisturbed)
Subject
Plot size (m x m)
Control Plot
Light damage Plot
Heavy damage Plot
Light
Disturbance
FF
Heavy
Disturbance
FF
100 x 100
60 x 50
Number of life trees per ha
1391
1000
100 x 100
488
BA of life trees per ha (m2)
29.86
20.87
5.92
Number of standing dead trees per ha
190
500
583
BA of standing dead trees per ha (m2)
8.26
8.81
17.47
Crown cover DBH >10cm (m2/sub
plot)
108.16
82.63
23.17
Number of species
280
128
94
Number of genus
116
76
60
Number of family
43
35
34
2.0706
1.8634
1.3312
Shannon’s Diversity Index
Source : Simbolon
Tree Species Number 7 years after Fire
SPECIES NUMBER
300
250
Tre e s
Saplings
Natural
Post fire
A mangium
200
150
100
200
No. of species
No. of species
250
100
50
50
0
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
No. of s ubplots
No. of s ubplots
Source : Simbolon
Natural
Post fire
A mangium
150
Source : Simbolon
3
SPECIES NUMBER
REMNANT FOREST AS RESOUCE SPECIES
180
(2008)
He rbs & Se e dlings
No. of sp
150
120
Natural
Post fire
A mangium
90
60
LAI (LEAF AREA INDEX)
30
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
No. of s ub-plots
Source : Simbolon
Conclusion : Restoration is just started
GRADIENT OF LAI
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
UNBURNED
AREA
BURNED
AREA
2.0
1.0
REMNANT FOREST
-150
60 m
40 m
20 m
0m
20 m
40 m
-100
DISTURBED FOREST
0.0
-50
0
50
100
150
60 m
FIRE BREAK (IT WAS ROAD)
GRADIENT OF INDIVIDU NUMBER
Gradient of No. Species
35
30
25
25
20
NO. SPECIES
15
20
10
-150
-100
15
5
Individuindividu
number
Jumlah
0
-50
0
50
100
10
150
5
0
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
4
Small Mammal Distribution
SPECIES COMPARISON
UNDISTURBED
• 73 species
• 58 species absent in
disturbed forest
Aglaia, Canarium, Shorea,
Dacryodes crostata,
Dysoxylum, Ochanostachys
sp
. Common species: Shorea
leprosula, S ovalis, S
johorensis, parvifolia
DISTURBED
• 35 species
• 20 species absent in
Undisturbed
Macaranga hypoleuca, M
personii, Alstonia,
Dipterocarpus confertus
etc
• Common species:
Macaranga gigantea,
Meliocope glabra
LAI (LEAF AREA INDEX)
SMALL MAMMAL TRAP
CASE 2 : BALAIRAJA NATURE RESERVE, RIAU
PRELIMINARY RESULT
Exogenous disturbance
20
18
No Species
15
13
11
10
5
5
0
0,813
y = -1,3333x 3 + 9,2143x 2 - 14,452x + 12
R2 = 0,9131
1,139
1,465
1,791
3
2,117
LAI
Most Species captured in the area is not interior forest
species specialist, but edge species
2000
LANDSCAPE IN
IN 1985
2004
LANDSCAPE
1989
1992
SMALL MAMMAL DISTRIBUTION IN
REMNANT FOREST : RIAU
Rini NTB
Trap location :
Traps
Transects
5
INTERIOR SPECIES :
SEED DISPERSAL
Individu
Identified species :
Line transect
Spc name
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
1
S.muelleri
4
3
6
1
-
-
1
1
1
1
2
20
2
R.tiomanicus
2
1
-
3
2
2
-
-
-
2
3
15
3
T.glis
1
1
-
-
3
2
6
3
3
1
1
21
4
M.surifer
-
-
2
4
4
4
4
3
4
-
-
25
5
C.notatus
-
-
-
-
1
2
3
2
-
-
-
8
6
P.lowii
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
Total
7
5
10
14
10
8
4
6
90
8
8
10
Maxomys surifer
∑
XI
distance from edge (m)
Sundamys muelleri
Individu
No
INTERIOR SPECIES
distance from edge (m)
EDGE SPECIES : SEED DISPERSAL
Rattus tiomanicus
Summary
Individu
• Remnant forest have important role as habitat
• Remnant forest as species source
– Enhance restoration (seed source)
distance from edge (m)
Callosciurus notatus
• Research Question ?
– How long they can survive ?
• How long isolation effect take place ?
Individu
– How do we manage the remnant ?
Tupaia glis
distance from edge (m)
• How large to ensure species ?
• What species should be pay more attention ?
EDGE SPECIES
Professor Ilkka Hanski
impact of habitat fragmentation on the ecology, genetics
and evolution of species.
From landscapes to molecules,
Mathematical models of populations and their interaction
with the environment
6
SOURCE OF BIODIVERSITY
Lilik Budi Prasetyo
Department of Forest Resources Conservation & Ecotourism
Forestry Faculty
Presented in Viikki Tropical Fores Research CenterHelsinki University 18 April 2008
Forest fire 1998
Total affected area :
3.4 million Ha
Center for Environmental Research
Bogor Agricultural University
[email protected]
Source : Prasetyo, Hirata, Saito
DYNAMIC CHANGES OF MONTHLY
NDSWIR DURING 1998 - 2000
MONTHLY FIRE OCCURRENCE IN 1998
0.4
0.3
Healthy vegetation
0.2
Burned vegetation
0.1
Oct-00
Nov-00
Dec-00
Jul-00
Aug-00
Sep-00
Apr-00
Jun-00
Mar-00
May-00
Jan-00
Feb-00
Oct-99
Nov-99
Dec-99
Jul-99
Aug-99
Sep-99
Apr-99
Jun-99
Mar-99
May-99
Jan-99
Feb-99
Oct-98
Nov-98
Dec-98
Jul-98
Aug-98
Sep-98
Apr-98
Jun-98
-0.1
May-98
0
-0.2
(NIR – SWIR)/(NIR + SWIR)
(4– 3/(4 + 3)
Source : Prasetyo, Hirata, Saito
RECOVERY AFTER 10 years, Bukit Suharto Park
1
STUDY SITE
CASE 1 :
BUKIT BANGKIRAI, EAST KALIMANTAN
Bukit Bangkirai, East Borneo
MULTI DISCIPLINARY TEAM
11 Feb 1992
11 Feb1998
26 Jan1998
11 Feb1998
2003
VEGETATION SURVEY
Design Observation Plot
Three type of plots
a. Remnant/Undisturbed Forest (100 x 100 m)
b. Light Damage Forest (Low Disturbance) (60 x 60 m)
c. Heavy Damage Forest (Heavy Disturbance) (100 x 100 m)
-
Divided into 10 x 10 m, sub plot
Vertical profile
Hemiview photo
Inventory : trees, sapling, Shrubs/herbs, small mammals
Tree census
> 5 cm DBH
5m
1m
Sapling census
> 1 cm DBH
Understory
vegetation survey
quadrate
10 m
PLOT KONTROL
Hemispherical View
Leaf Area Index
2
PLOT LIGHT DAMAGE
PLOT SEVERE DAMAGE
7 years after fire : comparison
Forest Vertical Profile
Plot Type
Remnant
(undisturbed)
Subject
Plot size (m x m)
Control Plot
Light damage Plot
Heavy damage Plot
Light
Disturbance
FF
Heavy
Disturbance
FF
100 x 100
60 x 50
Number of life trees per ha
1391
1000
100 x 100
488
BA of life trees per ha (m2)
29.86
20.87
5.92
Number of standing dead trees per ha
190
500
583
BA of standing dead trees per ha (m2)
8.26
8.81
17.47
Crown cover DBH >10cm (m2/sub
plot)
108.16
82.63
23.17
Number of species
280
128
94
Number of genus
116
76
60
Number of family
43
35
34
2.0706
1.8634
1.3312
Shannon’s Diversity Index
Source : Simbolon
Tree Species Number 7 years after Fire
SPECIES NUMBER
300
250
Tre e s
Saplings
Natural
Post fire
A mangium
200
150
100
200
No. of species
No. of species
250
100
50
50
0
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
No. of s ubplots
No. of s ubplots
Source : Simbolon
Natural
Post fire
A mangium
150
Source : Simbolon
3
SPECIES NUMBER
REMNANT FOREST AS RESOUCE SPECIES
180
(2008)
He rbs & Se e dlings
No. of sp
150
120
Natural
Post fire
A mangium
90
60
LAI (LEAF AREA INDEX)
30
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
No. of s ub-plots
Source : Simbolon
Conclusion : Restoration is just started
GRADIENT OF LAI
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
UNBURNED
AREA
BURNED
AREA
2.0
1.0
REMNANT FOREST
-150
60 m
40 m
20 m
0m
20 m
40 m
-100
DISTURBED FOREST
0.0
-50
0
50
100
150
60 m
FIRE BREAK (IT WAS ROAD)
GRADIENT OF INDIVIDU NUMBER
Gradient of No. Species
35
30
25
25
20
NO. SPECIES
15
20
10
-150
-100
15
5
Individuindividu
number
Jumlah
0
-50
0
50
100
10
150
5
0
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
4
Small Mammal Distribution
SPECIES COMPARISON
UNDISTURBED
• 73 species
• 58 species absent in
disturbed forest
Aglaia, Canarium, Shorea,
Dacryodes crostata,
Dysoxylum, Ochanostachys
sp
. Common species: Shorea
leprosula, S ovalis, S
johorensis, parvifolia
DISTURBED
• 35 species
• 20 species absent in
Undisturbed
Macaranga hypoleuca, M
personii, Alstonia,
Dipterocarpus confertus
etc
• Common species:
Macaranga gigantea,
Meliocope glabra
LAI (LEAF AREA INDEX)
SMALL MAMMAL TRAP
CASE 2 : BALAIRAJA NATURE RESERVE, RIAU
PRELIMINARY RESULT
Exogenous disturbance
20
18
No Species
15
13
11
10
5
5
0
0,813
y = -1,3333x 3 + 9,2143x 2 - 14,452x + 12
R2 = 0,9131
1,139
1,465
1,791
3
2,117
LAI
Most Species captured in the area is not interior forest
species specialist, but edge species
2000
LANDSCAPE IN
IN 1985
2004
LANDSCAPE
1989
1992
SMALL MAMMAL DISTRIBUTION IN
REMNANT FOREST : RIAU
Rini NTB
Trap location :
Traps
Transects
5
INTERIOR SPECIES :
SEED DISPERSAL
Individu
Identified species :
Line transect
Spc name
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
1
S.muelleri
4
3
6
1
-
-
1
1
1
1
2
20
2
R.tiomanicus
2
1
-
3
2
2
-
-
-
2
3
15
3
T.glis
1
1
-
-
3
2
6
3
3
1
1
21
4
M.surifer
-
-
2
4
4
4
4
3
4
-
-
25
5
C.notatus
-
-
-
-
1
2
3
2
-
-
-
8
6
P.lowii
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
Total
7
5
10
14
10
8
4
6
90
8
8
10
Maxomys surifer
∑
XI
distance from edge (m)
Sundamys muelleri
Individu
No
INTERIOR SPECIES
distance from edge (m)
EDGE SPECIES : SEED DISPERSAL
Rattus tiomanicus
Summary
Individu
• Remnant forest have important role as habitat
• Remnant forest as species source
– Enhance restoration (seed source)
distance from edge (m)
Callosciurus notatus
• Research Question ?
– How long they can survive ?
• How long isolation effect take place ?
Individu
– How do we manage the remnant ?
Tupaia glis
distance from edge (m)
• How large to ensure species ?
• What species should be pay more attention ?
EDGE SPECIES
Professor Ilkka Hanski
impact of habitat fragmentation on the ecology, genetics
and evolution of species.
From landscapes to molecules,
Mathematical models of populations and their interaction
with the environment
6