THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”.
1 Ihsan Munggaran Nuriswara, 2014
THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter introduces the basis of the research. It includes background of the research, objectives of the research, research questions, significance of the research, clarification of terms, research method, and organization of the paper.
1.1Background
Nowadays, there are many inaccurate translations scattered in visual media; one of which is contained in the movie subtitles, whereas a lot of people inadvertently acquire new words from the movie. Kusumarasdyati and Luo (Xhemaili, 2013, p. 62) state that “…films provide exposures to the real language, used in authentic settings and the culture in which the foreign language is spoken.” Furthermore, they find the influence of films to catch the learners’ interest and positively affect their motivation to learn. The problem in Indonesia is people get exposed to wide variety of inaccurate translation in the movie, they can be found in the televisions, DVDs, and cinemas. This inaccuracy in translation contributes to people’s vocabulary and may affect their future education. Thus, the study is aimed to find out the most frequent translation procedure in the subtitle based on the translation procedures proposed by Newmark (1988), Vinay and Darbelnet (Fawcett, 1997), and Catford (1965).
There are several reasons in choosing the topic for study. The first reason is the importance of translation in human communication is irreplaceable. People around the world speak in different languages, thus it creates language barrier. To overcome this problem, translation comes in handy. However, there are error and inaccuracy in translation products that may cause misunderstanding, for this reason the writer wants to seek out the most frequent translation procedure in the
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2 Ihsan Munggaran Nuriswara, 2014
THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”. The second reason relates in finding out how to produce good quality of translation and what are the correct procedures in translating subtitle of the movie
In relation to the previous statement, “translation is rendering the information from the source language into another language in the way that the author intended” (Newmark, 1988). Thus, translation requires the connection between the source language and the target language to produce an equivalent text with the same meaning to replace the original text. To support this statement, Weber (1984, p. 3) stated that translation is the process of transposition of a text written in a source language into a target language.
The translators must focus on the purposes of translation during the process of translating. Regarding to this, Hatim and Munday (2004, p. 6) suggest three purposes of translation, they are:
1. The process of transferring a written text from source language to target language, conducted by a translator or translators, in a specific socio-cultural context.
2. The written product which results from the process and which functions in the socio-cultural context of the target language.
3. The cognitive, linguistic, visual, cultural and ideological phenomena which are an integral part of 1 and 2.
In relation to the explanation above, Newmark (1998) classifies the text into six types:
1. The expressive text
An expressive function covers lyrical poetry, short stories, novels, plays, essays, autobiographies, and personal correspondences.
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3 Ihsan Munggaran Nuriswara, 2014
THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
The informative function deals with all kinds of informative text such as textbooks, articles, scientific papers, technical reports, and agenda of a meeting.
3. The vocative text
The core of the vocative function of language is the readership, they covers notice, introduction, propaganda, publicity, and popular fiction. 4. The aesthetic text
An aesthetic language is designed to please the senses through its actual or imagined sound, metaphors, rhythm, balance and contrast of sentences, onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance, rhyme, metre, and intonation.
5. The phatic text
The phatic function focuses on maintaining a friendly contact with addressee; it deals with tone voice that usually occurs in the form of standard phraces, such as in the dialogue.
6. The metalingual text
Metalingual function of language indicates a language’s ability to explain, name, and criticize its own features.
In line with the explanation above, subtitle falls into several categories of text, they are expressive text, vocative text, and aesthetic text. Jaskenen (1999) proposes AVT as a term used to cover subtitling and dubbing as well as the wide variety of translational activity they entail. To translate a subtitle, translator must consider choosing the appropriate translation procedure to render the same feeling from source language to target language. Regarding to this, Newmark (1988) believes that “translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language”. There are several procedures proposed by Newmark (1988), Vinay and Darbelnet (2000), and Catford (1965). The translator utilizes several procedures in order to achieve the best translation product. Furthermore, to assess
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4 Ihsan Munggaran Nuriswara, 2014
THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
the quality of the translation, there are several experts who propose the criteria of a good translation; they are Barnwell in Larson (1984), Tytler (1907), Massoud in Abdellah (2005), Nida and Taber (1964), Newmark (1988), Shafey in Abdellah (2005).
The previous research related to this study has been conducted by previous researcher on the study of translation procedures. One of them is a research paper entitled An Analysis of Translation Procedures in The Subtitle of Perfume by Tresna Dinda. The result of the study shows that the most applied procedure is
literal translation. There is another recent research entitled The Analysis of
Quality Translation of “Bandung Yellow Pages Pocket Travel Series” (January
-June 2008 Edition) conducted by Prihati Saptarini which focuses on finding out the quality of translation, the study discovers that the quality of translation in the Bandung Yellow Pages Pocket Travel Series is categorized into fair quality of translation
To conclude, this study is designed to find out the most frequent translation procedure in the subtitle of the selected movie based on the translation procedures proposed by Newmark (1988), Vinay and Darbelnet (2000), and Catford (1965) and analyze its quality referring to the criteria proposed by Barnwell in Larson (1984), Tytler (1907), Massoud in Abdellah (2005), Nida and Taber (1964), Newmark (1988), Shafey in Abdellah (2005).
1.2Research Questions
The study is aimed to answer the following questions:
a) What are the most frequent translation procedures in the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”?
b) How acceptable is the quality of translation in the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”?
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5 Ihsan Munggaran Nuriswara, 2014
THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
1.3Objectives of the research
The study is designed to find out:
a) The most frequent translation procedure in the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”.
b) The quality of translation in the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”.
1.4Significance of Research
The writer believes that this study will be useful in three aspects; the first aspect is theoretical significance, this study is expected to enrich the previous study on the translation discipline. The second aspect is professional significance which is expected to help professional translators in translating subtitle of a movie by providing new inputs and ideas found in the study. The third aspect is practical significance in providing guidance for the translator or students in enhancing their competence in translating the text, especially in choosing which procedure to use.
1.5The Scope of the Study
The study focuses on finding out the most frequent types of translation procedures and the quality of translation on the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”. The writer uses several procedures proposed by Newmark (1988), Vinay and Darbelnet (2000), and Catford (1965) to classifies the translation and utilizes the criteria of a good translation proposed by Barnwell in Larson (1984), Tytler (1907), Massoud in Abdellah (2005), Nida and Taber (1964), Newmark (1988), Shafey in Abdellah (2005) to analyze the quality translation in the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”.
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6 Ihsan Munggaran Nuriswara, 2014
THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
1.6Clarification of Terms
These are the clarification of the terms used in this study to avoid misunderstanding:
1. “Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text” (Newmark, 1988: 5). 2. Subtitle in this study refers to the English and Indonesian transcription
of dialogues in Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”.
3. Translation Procedures, Newmark (1088: 81-93) categorizes
translation into several procedures: Transference, Naturalisation, Cultural equivalent, Functional equivalent, Descriptive equivalent, Synonymy, Throug-translation, Shifts or transpositions, Modulation,
Recognized translation, Translation label, Compensation,
Componential analysis, Reduction and expansion, Paraphrase, Couplets, and Notes, additions, and glosses.
1.7Organization of The Paper
This study is organized into five chapters:
Chapter I: Introduction
This chapter discuss about the background of the study, objective of the research, research question, significance of research, clarification of terms, research procedures, and organization of the paper.
Chapter II: Literature Review
This chapter presents theoretical foundation related to the study.
Chapter III: Research Method
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7 Ihsan Munggaran Nuriswara, 2014
THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Chapter IV: Finding and Discussion
This chapter will present the result of study, including data collection, data analysis, and discussion.
Chapter V: Conclusion and Suggestion
This chapter concludes the study; it presents the writer’s interpretation on the study and implication of the study.
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52
Ihsan Munggaran Nuriswara, 2014
THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
This chapter consists of conclusion on the study and suggestions for future research in the field of translation and education.
5.1 Conclusion
This study designed to find out the frequency of translation procedure and test out the quality of translation in the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”.
Based on the findings and discussion presented in the previous chapter, the research question has been answered. The first question is focusing in finding out the frequency of translation procedure in the subtitle. The most frequent translation procedure is transposition reaches 62 items or 31%, and then literal (56 items or 28%), reduction and expansion (37 items or 18.5% for reduction and 6 items or 3% for expansion), paraphrase (21 items or 10.5%), couplet (12 items or 6%), calque (3 items or 1.5%), compensation (2 items or 1%), and modulation (1 items or 0.5%).
In relation to the explanation above, transposition is the most used in translating the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”. This is because the majority of SL sentences do not have similar semantic structure with TL to begin with. The second most frequent translation procedure is literal; the translation is considered literal because each word from the SL corresponds with the translated TL version. The next most frequent translation process is reduction
and expansion. Reduction omits unimportant parts, while expansion adds some
parts of SL text. This kind of translation was aimed to convey the spirit and manner of the original and to produce a similar response in TL text. The next
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53
Ihsan Munggaran Nuriswara, 2014
THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
procedure is paraphrase; this procedure was employed to make the translation understandable in the target language. This translation procedure was employed because there are important implication and omission in the source language text, so to conserve naturalness in the product of translation, translator employed
paraphrase. The next translation procedure was couplet. This kind of translation
involves more than one translation procedure in rendering the SL text. This translation procedure was aimed to attain naturalness of target language while preserving the style of source language in order to make the translation readily understandable to the intended receptor. The next translation procedure employed by the translator was calque. Calque is a translation procedure that provides communicative translation because all aspects of the source language meaning are conveyed into the target language text. Another translation procedure was
compensation. This translation procedure is a technique used by some translator
when there is something in the source language that is not translatable. This procedure is occurred when loss of meaning, sound-effect, metaphor, or pragmatic effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. The least frequent translation procedure is modulation, this translation procedure happens when the translator intended to change the viewpoint of a sentence to fit the target language utterance. Additionally, modulation offers variety of viewpoint from the source language text to adapt to the target language text in order to create natural and fair translation.
Based on the data analysis, it showed that the majority of translation in the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows” is acceptable translation. There are 174 items of acceptable translation or 87%, while 26 items or 13% of the total population are unacceptable translation. This result was measured by the criteria of a good translation proposed by Barnwell in Larson (1984), Tytler (1907), Massoud in Abdellah (2005), Nida and Taber (1964), Newmark (1988), and Shafey in Abdellah (2005).
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54
Ihsan Munggaran Nuriswara, 2014
THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
5.2 Suggestion
To conclude the current study, the writer recommends some suggestions for future research, translators, or everyone interested in translation study. The result from the findings and discussions section of the study showed that the translation in the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows” were employed to create target language text which possess the same qualities of source language text. Each of the translation procedure was employed properly, although there is still inaccurate translation that feels unnatural to the target language. There are several translation procedure to consider, they are literal, transposition, paraphrase,
compensation, calque, couplet, modulation, and reduction and expansion. To
avoid such an error, the writer suggested the translator to pay more attention on the subject of translating, and focuses on creating good quality translation product that possesses naturalness in source language and target language.
(1)
5 Ihsan Munggaran Nuriswara, 2014
THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 1.3Objectives of the research
The study is designed to find out:
a) The most frequent translation procedure in the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”.
b) The quality of translation in the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”.
1.4Significance of Research
The writer believes that this study will be useful in three aspects; the first aspect is theoretical significance, this study is expected to enrich the previous study on the translation discipline. The second aspect is professional significance which is expected to help professional translators in translating subtitle of a movie by providing new inputs and ideas found in the study. The third aspect is practical significance in providing guidance for the translator or students in enhancing their competence in translating the text, especially in choosing which procedure to use.
1.5The Scope of the Study
The study focuses on finding out the most frequent types of translation procedures and the quality of translation on the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”. The writer uses several procedures proposed by Newmark (1988), Vinay and Darbelnet (2000), and Catford (1965) to classifies the translation and utilizes the criteria of a good translation proposed by Barnwell in Larson (1984), Tytler (1907), Massoud in Abdellah (2005), Nida and Taber (1964), Newmark (1988), Shafey in Abdellah (2005) to analyze the quality translation in the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”.
(2)
6 Ihsan Munggaran Nuriswara, 2014
THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 1.6Clarification of Terms
These are the clarification of the terms used in this study to avoid misunderstanding:
1. “Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text” (Newmark, 1988: 5). 2. Subtitle in this study refers to the English and Indonesian transcription
of dialogues in Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”.
3. Translation Procedures, Newmark (1088: 81-93) categorizes translation into several procedures: Transference, Naturalisation, Cultural equivalent, Functional equivalent, Descriptive equivalent, Synonymy, Throug-translation, Shifts or transpositions, Modulation, Recognized translation, Translation label, Compensation, Componential analysis, Reduction and expansion, Paraphrase, Couplets, and Notes, additions, and glosses.
1.7Organization of The Paper
This study is organized into five chapters:
Chapter I: Introduction
This chapter discuss about the background of the study, objective of the research, research question, significance of research, clarification of terms, research procedures, and organization of the paper.
Chapter II: Literature Review
This chapter presents theoretical foundation related to the study.
Chapter III: Research Method
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7 Ihsan Munggaran Nuriswara, 2014
THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu Chapter IV: Finding and Discussion
This chapter will present the result of study, including data collection, data analysis, and discussion.
Chapter V: Conclusion and Suggestion
This chapter concludes the study; it presents the writer’s interpretation on the study and implication of the study.
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52
Ihsan Munggaran Nuriswara, 2014
THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
This chapter consists of conclusion on the study and suggestions for future research in the field of translation and education.
5.1 Conclusion
This study designed to find out the frequency of translation procedure and
test out the quality of translation in the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”.
Based on the findings and discussion presented in the previous chapter, the research question has been answered. The first question is focusing in finding out the frequency of translation procedure in the subtitle. The most frequent translation procedure is transposition reaches 62 items or 31%, and then literal (56 items or 28%), reduction and expansion (37 items or 18.5% for reduction and 6 items or 3% for expansion), paraphrase (21 items or 10.5%), couplet (12 items or 6%), calque (3 items or 1.5%), compensation (2 items or 1%), and modulation (1 items or 0.5%).
In relation to the explanation above, transposition is the most used in translating the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows”. This is because the majority of SL sentences do not have similar semantic structure with TL to begin with. The second most frequent translation procedure is literal; the translation is considered literal because each word from the SL corresponds with the translated TL version. The next most frequent translation process is reduction
and expansion. Reduction omits unimportant parts, while expansion adds some
parts of SL text. This kind of translation was aimed to convey the spirit and manner of the original and to produce a similar response in TL text. The next
(5)
53
Ihsan Munggaran Nuriswara, 2014
THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
procedure is paraphrase; this procedure was employed to make the translation understandable in the target language. This translation procedure was employed because there are important implication and omission in the source language text, so to conserve naturalness in the product of translation, translator employed
paraphrase. The next translation procedure was couplet. This kind of translation
involves more than one translation procedure in rendering the SL text. This translation procedure was aimed to attain naturalness of target language while preserving the style of source language in order to make the translation readily understandable to the intended receptor. The next translation procedure employed by the translator was calque. Calque is a translation procedure that provides communicative translation because all aspects of the source language meaning are conveyed into the target language text. Another translation procedure was
compensation. This translation procedure is a technique used by some translator
when there is something in the source language that is not translatable. This procedure is occurred when loss of meaning, sound-effect, metaphor, or pragmatic effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. The least frequent translation procedure is modulation, this translation procedure happens when the translator intended to change the viewpoint of a sentence to fit the target language utterance. Additionally, modulation offers variety of viewpoint from the source language text to adapt to the target language text in order to create natural and fair translation.
Based on the data analysis, it showed that the majority of translation in the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows” is acceptable translation. There are 174 items of acceptable translation or 87%, while 26 items or 13% of the total population are unacceptable translation. This result was measured by the criteria of a good translation proposed by Barnwell in Larson (1984), Tytler (1907), Massoud in Abdellah (2005), Nida and Taber (1964), Newmark (1988), and Shafey in Abdellah (2005).
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54
Ihsan Munggaran Nuriswara, 2014
THE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATING PROCEDURES ON THE SUBTITLE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES “GAME OF SHADOWS”
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 5.2 Suggestion
To conclude the current study, the writer recommends some suggestions for future research, translators, or everyone interested in translation study. The result from the findings and discussions section of the study showed that the translation
in the subtitle of Sherlock Holmes “Game of Shadows” were employed to create
target language text which possess the same qualities of source language text. Each of the translation procedure was employed properly, although there is still inaccurate translation that feels unnatural to the target language. There are several translation procedure to consider, they are literal, transposition, paraphrase,
compensation, calque, couplet, modulation, and reduction and expansion. To
avoid such an error, the writer suggested the translator to pay more attention on the subject of translating, and focuses on creating good quality translation product that possesses naturalness in source language and target language.