Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Requirement For Sarjana Degree in English Department By: GERRY AGUSTINO C0307028

THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Requirement

For Sarjana Degree in English Department

By: GERRY AGUSTINO C0307028

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY SURAKARTA

PRONOUNCEMENT

Name : Gerry Agustino NIM : C0307028

In the name of God, the author states whole-heartedly that the thesis entitled “An Analysis of Translation Techniques and Translation Quality of Flight Attendant Manual ” is originally made by the author. It is neither a plagiarism, nor made by others. Th e things related to other people’s work are written in quotation and included within bibliography.

If it is then proved that the author cheated, the researcher is ready to take the responsibility.

Surakarta, Desember 2011

Gerry Agustino

MOTTO

“It’s nice to be important, but it’s more important to be nice.”

(Cassis, John)

“Start today with pray, hope, and smile. Close today with pray

and give thanks for HIS grace for our life. ”

(unknown)

“I can do all things through HIM who strengthens me.”

(Philippians 4:13)

“Do what you love, love what you do.”

(unknown)

DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to:

JESUS CHRIST My beloved parents My beloved brother and sister My sweetheart

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Praise GOD for His blessing, love and guidance so that this thesis can be completed as a partial fulfillment of graduating requirement of the Sarjana

Degree .

I realize that in accomplishing this thesis, I have acquired guidances,

helps, supports and encouragements from many parties. Therefore, I would like to give my gratitude to all of them who have given contributions.

1. The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed., Ph.D., for approving this thesis

2. The Head of Regular English Department, Prof. Dr. Djatmika, M.A., for giving me permission to write this thesis.

3. Prof. Drs. M.R. Nababan, M.Ed., M.A., Ph.D., my thesis supervisor, thank you for your advices, guidance, and helps. I would like to give my special thanks also for always giving me times to share my problems.

4. Ida Kusuma Dewi S.S., M.A., as my academic supervisor for her assistance during my study. Thank you also for always supporting me.

5. The Head of Academic of IIAM Surakarta, Dwi Liestyaningrum, S.T., thank you for helping me to get the Flight Attendant Manual and also thank you for your prayer.

6. All great lecturers in English Department who have taught and provided me valuable knowledge. Thank you very much for the amazing experiences you shared with me.

7. My beloved parents. Thank you for always giving me support and praying for me during my study. Thank you for the love that you always give to me.

8. My beloved brother and sister. Thank you for always supporting me and praying for me.

9. My sweetheart. Thank you for always giving me support and spirit to finish my study and also for being the one who always loves and cares for me.

10. All of the informants. Thank you for helping me during my research.

11. Lois Rosiana, Heigy Lingga, and Aditya Mewengkang. Thank you for helping me during my research and also praying for me.

12. All Members of Gerakan Pemuda GPIB Penabur Solo. Thank you for always supporting and praying for me during my research.

13. All Members of ED 07. Thank you for every beautiful moment we’ve shared. Thank you for always supporting me.

Gerry Agustino

2.3 Readability ........................................................... 62

2.3.1 Readable Translation .................................. 63

2.3.2 Less Readable Translation .......................... 64

C. Discussion ........................................................................ 66

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Conclusions ..................................................................... 74

B. Recommendations ........................................................... 74

BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Scale for Scoring Accuracy ………………………………………………… 24 Table 2: Scale for Scoring Acceptability …………………………………………….. 24 Table 3: Scale for Scoring Readability ………………………………………………. 24 Table 4: Addition Technique ………………………………………………………… 30 Table 5: Deletion Technique …………………………………………………………. 32 Table 6: Borrowing Technique ……………………………………………………… 34 Table 7: Amplification Technique …………………………………………………… 36 Table 8: Modulation Technique ………………………………………….................... 38 Table 9: Established Equivalence Technique ……………………………................... 40 Table 10: Reduction Technique ……………………………………………………… 42 Table 11: Transposition Technique ………………………………………………….. 45 Table 12: Literal Translation Technique …………………………………………….. 52 Table 13: Translation Techniques ……………………………………………………. 53 Table 14: The Result of Accuracy Assessment ……………………………………… 54 Table 15: The Result of Acceptability Assessment ………………………………….. 59 Table 16: The Result of Readability Assessment ……………………………………. 62 Table 17: The Impact of Translation Techniques toward the Translation Quality …... 67

ABSTRACT

Gerry Agustino C0307028. 2011. An Analysis of Translation Techniques and Translation Quality of Flight Attendant Manual. Thesis: English Department. Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas Maret University.

This research focuses on the analysis of translation techniques and translation quality of Flight Attendant Manual in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability. The source of data in this research is the Flight Attendant Manual entitled Operation Directorate Announcement Book. The objectives of this research are to find out the translation techniques applied by the translator in translating the Flight Attendant Manual and to know the impact of translation techniques applied by the translator toward the translation quality of the Flight Attendant Manual.

This research applied descriptive-qualitative method. The data were obtained by using content analysis and questionnaire. This research also used purposive sampling technique. This reseach only selected the emergency announcement as the data since this announcement is more important and influential compared to the other announcement in Flight Attendant Manual. The other data were the results of the translation quality assessments done by the informants. The translation techniques were analyzed in the level of micro unit, i.e. words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. Meanwhile, the translation quality was identified in the level of text.

The research findings show that the translator applies 9 types of translation techniques. They are: (1) addition, (2) deletion, (3) borrowing, (4) established equivalence, (5) literal translation, (6) reduction, (7) modulation, (8) amplification and (9) transposition. The results of the questionnaires show that the translation of Flight Attendant Manual is less accurate, less acceptable, and less readable.

According to the analysis, it can be concluded that the translation techniques applied by the translator affect the quality of the translation. It is found out that the Flight Attendant Manual should not use too much aviation term in order to produce an accurate, acceptable, and readable translation. The researcher recommends that the translator should reduce the use of borrowing technique and pay more attention in choosing the right diction to produce a qualified translation product.

Gerry Agustino 1

Prof. Drs. M.R. Nababan, M.Ed., M.A., Ph.D. 2

ABSTRACT

2011. Thesis: English Department. Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas Maret University. This research focuses on the analysis of translation techniques and translation quality of Flight Attendant Manual in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability. The source of data in this research is the Flight Attendant Manual entitled Operation Directorate Announcement Book . The objectives of this research are to find out the translation techniques applied by the translator in translating the Flight Attendant Manual and to know the impact of translation techniques applied by the translator toward the translation quality of the Flight Attendant Manual. This research applied descriptive-qualitative method. The data were obtained by using content analysis and questionnaire. This research also used purposive sampling technique. This reseach only selected the emergency announcement as the data since this announcement is more important and influential compared to the other announcement in Flight Attendant Manual. The other data were the results of the translation quality assessments done by the informants. The translation techniques were analyzed in the level of micro unit, i.e. words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. Meanwhile, the translation quality was identified in the level of text. The research findings show that the translator applies 9 types of translation techniques. They are: (1) addition, (2) deletion, (3) borrowing, (4) established equivalence, (5) literal translation, (6) reduction, (7) modulation, (8) amplification and (9) transposition.

Mahasiswa Jurusan Sastra Inggris dengan NIM C0307028 2 Dosen Pembimbing

According to the analysis, it can be concluded that the translation techniques applied by the translator affect the quality of the translation. It is found out that the Flight Attendant Manual should not use too much aviation term in order to produce an accurate, acceptable, and readable translation. The researcher recommends that the translator should reduce the use of borrowing technique and pay more attention in choosing the right diction to produce a qualified translation product.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background

In human’s life, it is certain that language is a very important thing for human to live. It has a function as communication media for human beings. It is

impossible for people to communicate without language because they will get problems in expressing their feelings, ideas, and thought. Samsuri in his book Analisa Bahasa concerns this fact by saying that “Bahasa tidak terpisahkan dari manusia dan mengikuti dalam setiap pekerjaannya. ” (1985:4). The statement describes that language is very useful and important for human’s life because people always use it every time and everywhere.

People must be able to use language as their communication media properly and correctly in order to communicate well. Along with the development of science and technology, people also try to develop themselves in many things. One of the evidences is the development of language. Language develops from time to time due to the development of human’s life.

In this globalization era, English has developed into international language not only in education and social life, but also in job. For instance, Indonesian people have started to teach English to children since they are in kindergarten or even playgroup. They realize that it is important to teach English to children because they will need it when they are adult and ready to work. The development In this globalization era, English has developed into international language not only in education and social life, but also in job. For instance, Indonesian people have started to teach English to children since they are in kindergarten or even playgroup. They realize that it is important to teach English to children because they will need it when they are adult and ready to work. The development

In aviation, a flight attendant should be able to communicate with the passengers both in English and Indonesia very well. Being a flight attendant is quite difficult because the job requires the best service which means no mistakes that can make inconvenience for the passengers. However, it is not easy for a flight attendant to do the entire job perfectly at anytime due to the human imperfection factors.

In order to minimize the mistake that might be conducted by a flight attendant, IIAM (Inti Ilmu Aviasi dan Manajemen), one of the best flight attendant school in Solo, has used Flight Attendant Manual, an announcement book for flight attendant when serving passengers on board. The book contains announcements that have to be explained by flight attendant to the passengers. The announcements are both written in English and Indonesia, considering that the passengers are not only Indonesian people but also some foreigners. Therefore, translation activities are badly needed. Translation does not only deal with the transfer of words from source language into target language, but also deal with the transfer of message from source language into target language. In this case, a translator has a great role as the bridge that link the author to the readers in transferring the message.

The quality of a translation product depends on the translator. It means that if the translator does not do the translation process well, the quality of the translation product will decline. Therefore, a translator is also responsible for the content of the translation product.

In the process of translation, a translator will find some problems in transferring the message from source language into target language accurately. Translator should apply translation techniques in order to overcome these problems. Lorscher in Maharani (2006:2) defines translation technique as a global procedure that consists of a series of minimal problem –solving steps which the translator employs in making certain consideration about the text. It is necessary for a translator to decide which translation technique should be applied in transferring the message in order to produce an accurate, acceptable, and readable translation product.

The following examples show some translation qualities that are influenced by translation technique used by the translator. Example 1:

ST: We have just executed an emergency descent caused by a rapid decompression in the cabin.

TT: Baru saja kita melakukan penurunan ketinggian secara darurat karena terjadi dekompresi yang mendadak pada tekanan kabin pesawat ini.

The sentence is a part of emergency announcement taken from the Flight Attendant Manual. This text announces the passengers that the plane has just executed an emergency descent caused by a rapid decompression in the cabin. It can be seen from the example above that some words are being naturalized, such as decompression and cabin. The translator uses naturalized borrowing technique The sentence is a part of emergency announcement taken from the Flight Attendant Manual. This text announces the passengers that the plane has just executed an emergency descent caused by a rapid decompression in the cabin. It can be seen from the example above that some words are being naturalized, such as decompression and cabin. The translator uses naturalized borrowing technique

Example 2: ST:

The fog coming out from the conditioning system is caused by condensation process the cabin airconditioning.

TT: Kalau saat ini anda melihat banyak kabut di dalam kabin pesawat ini, hal ini disebabkan oleh proses kondensasi udara.

The example above is an emergency announcement telling the passengers that the fog coming out from the conditioning system is caused by condensation process of the cabin air conditioning. The source text in the example consists of one sentence, but the translator then transposes the sentence into two clauses. It can be seen that the translator wants to make the translation more readable and easy to understand by transposing the source text into two clauses and the message are still the same. This example is accurate because the messages are transferred well, but there are some mistakes in the source text. The word airconditioning in the source text should be given a space, likes air conditioning. The other mistake in the source text is about the grammar. The words condensation process the cabin airconditioning should be revised into condensation process of the cabin air conditioning. This translation product is accurate, although there are little mistakes in the source text which is made by the author, not the translator.

According to the phenomena, the researcher is interested in examining the translation techniques and the translation quality of the Flight Attendant Manual in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability because almost all of airlines have an international standard today, which mean that they apply English in everything and it requires them to provide the information both in English and Indonesian very well. The researcher chooses to examine both translation quality and translation techniques because those two things are related each other. It means that the translation techniques influence the translation quality of the product. The use of precise techniques will produce a high quality of translation product. The Flight Attendant Manual contains announcements about flight operations and instructions in serving the passengers on the plane. The researcher chooses the Flight Attendant Manual as the data because the announcements and instructions in the manual text are very important for the flight attendant. The flight attendant must be able to explain all of the announcements and instructions to the passengers very well. This condition requires the translator of the Flight Attendant Manual to be able to transfer the message accurately due to the content of the Flight Attendant Manual is very important for the flight attendant.

In this case, the role of message transfer ability is very important. The original message should be transferred accurately to the target language in terms

of generating the same reader’s response of source language. It means that the translator should be able to deliver the message from source language into target language in a correct manner.

B. Research Limitation

The researcher only analyzed the translation techniques and translation quality of the Flight Attendant Manual. The analysis of translation quality dealt with readability, acceptability, and accuracy of the translation product.

C. Problem Statements

According to the research background, the researcher raised two problems. The problems are these below:

1. What translation techniques are used by the translator to translate the Flight Attendant Manual?

2. How is the impact of the translation techniques applied by the translator toward the translation quality of the Flight Attendant Manual in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability?

D. Research Objectives

The research was aimed:

1. To find out the translation techniques used by the translator to translate the Flight Attendant Manual.

2. To find out the impact of the translation techniques applied by the translator toward the translation quality of the Flight Attendant Manual in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability.

E Research Benefits

This thesis was expected to have some benefits for:

1. English Department Students The results of the research can be used as additional reference for the

English Department students, especially students who take translation subject.

2. Lecturers The results of the research can give more information about the application

of English in aviation, especially in flight attendant, for the lecturers and also can

be used as additional reference in order to increase the quality of a translation.

3. Students of IIAM (Ilmu Inti Aviasi dan Manajemen) The results of the research can be used as additional reference for the

students of IIAM.

4. Translator of Flight Attendant Manual The results of this research can help the translator to evaluate the quality of

the product in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability.

F. Thesis Organization

The thesis consists of five chapters organized as follows: Chapter I is INTRODUCTION. It consists of Research Background,

Research Limitation, Problem Statements, Research Objectives, Research Benefits, and Thesis Organization.

Chapter II is LITERATURE REVIEW. It consists of Definitions of Translation, Problems in Translation, Translation Techniques, and Translation Quality Assessment.

Chapter III is RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. It consists of Research Type and Design, Data and Sources of Data, Sampling Technique, Method of Data Collection, Technique of Data Analysis, and Research Procedures.

Chapter IV is RESEARCH FINDINGS. It consists of Introduction, Analysis, and Discussion. Chapter V is CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. It consists of Conclusions and Recommendations of the research.

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Definitions of Translation

Translation has so many definitions which are described by the experts. Newmark (1988: 28) states “Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text”. Simplify, Larson defines that, “Translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language in the receptor language.” (1984:3). Catford in his book Linguistic

Theory of Translation says, “Translation is the replacement of textual material in

one language by equivalent textual material in another language.” (1965:20). Bell (1991:6) states, “Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second langua ge.” All of the definitions about translation are correct and they are completing each other. According to all of the definitions, it can be concluded that translation is about transferring message from source language into target language.

B. Problems in Translation

In translating a text, a translator often meets problems dealing with transferring the message or meaning from source language into target language. Nababan (1999:54-55) in his book Teori Menerjemahkan Bahasa Inggris states,

“…kesulitan-kesulitan yang kerap timbul dalam praktek menerjemahkan, yang “…kesulitan-kesulitan yang kerap timbul dalam praktek menerjemahkan, yang

1. The different systems of the source language and target language The different systems between the source language and target language are

one of the factors that cause problems of translation. It cannot be denied that every language in the world has a different system, either in terms of syntactical, lexical, or morphological structure. A further explanation about the different systems of the source language and target language is given by Nababan, “…kenyataan bahwa tidak ada satu pun bahasa yang mempunyai sistem yang sama, baik

ditinjau dari sudut struktur sintaksis, leksikal, dan morfem.” (1999:55). One of the examples is the English system of language. English has an agreement to refer

plural noun by adding “s” such as books, but there is no agreement like that in Indonesian language.

2. The semantics and stylistics complexity The next factors are semantics and stylistics complexity. Semantics

complexity has strong relation to socio-cultural background of the speaker of the language (Nababan, 1999:58). Many words of a language do not have the complexity has strong relation to socio-cultural background of the speaker of the language (Nababan, 1999:58). Many words of a language do not have the

Stylistics complexity is also one of the factors that make the translator difficult in transferring the message. A brief explanation about stylistics complexity is given by Nababan, “Karena budaya bahasa sumber dan budaya sasaran berbeda satu sama lain, gaya bahasa yang digunakan oleh kedua bahasa itu tentu saja berbeda.” (1999:59). One of the examples is literature texts, such as

prose, poem, and drama which are expressed in their own style. They are different from the style of scientific texts.

3. The quality of the source text The low quality of the source text could also make a problem in

translation. The quality of the source text defines as low due to many mistakes like wrong grammar, ambiguous sentences, poor coherency within sentences or paragraph, miss punctuation, and etc. Nababan explains, “Pesan yang terkandung dalam bahasa sumber akan sulit ditangkap atau dipahami apabila kualitas teks tersebut tidak baik, seperti gramatikalnya tidak benar, kalimatnya taksa, pengungkapan idenya tidak runtut, banyak kesalahan ejaan dan fungtuasi, dan lain sebagainya.” (1999:60).

4. The translator’s competence The last factor is the competence of the translator in translating the text.

The competence in translating text between a translator and the other translator is The competence in translating text between a translator and the other translator is

tidaknya penerjemahan itu dilakukan.” (1999:59-60). The more higher the competence mastered by a translator, the more easier the translator solves the

problems in translation. In contrast, a beginner translator, which has limited competence and experience, will get many problems in translating a text. A good translator requires more than just able or have knowledge of languages. A good translator should have language competence, cultural competence, subject competence, textual competence, transfer competence and sufficient experiences in translating practice.

C. Translation Techniques

Nababan in his paper Teknik-Teknik Penerjemahan Teks defines translation techniques by saying , “Tehnik penerjemahan merupakan prosedur untuk menganalisa dan mengklasifikasikan bagaimana kesepadanan terjemahan berlangsung dan dapat diterapkan pada berbagai satuan lingual, misalnya, kalimat, klausa, frasa dan/atau kata.” Molina and Albir (as cited in Ikke, 2011)

defines translation techniques as procedures to analyse and classify how translation equivalence works. There are many translation techniques explained by experts. Nababan (2010:6-10) in his paper Tehnik-Tehnik Penerjemahan Teks explains translation techniques as follows:

1. Borrowing

In this technique, the translator borrows some words or idiom from source language. There are two kind of borrowing, pure borrowing and naturalized borrowing. For example:

- Pure borrowing - Naturalized borrowing SL: Flashdisk

SL: Computer TL: Flashdisk

TL: Komputer

2. Calque

In this technique, the translator translates the phrase in source language literally.

For example: SL: Secretariat general TL: Sekretaris jendral

3. Literal translation

In this technique, the translator translates the source language word by word.

For example: SL: I go to airport. TL: Saya pergi ke bandara.

4. Transposition

In this technique, the translator adjusts the word structures or shifts the word classes.

For example: SL: Observable TL: Yang dapat diamati

In this research, the researcher only emphasizes on transposition which is explained by Catford (cited in Venutti, 2002:143) since the discussion of transposition theory are very wide. Catford calls it as “category shift”. It includes class shift (shift of word classes), unit or rank shift (shift of units), and intra system shift (shifting from singular to plural and vice versa). Meanwhile, the researcher does not include structural shift, which is actually also one type of category shift, because the difference of language structures between English and Indonesian would automatically cause structural adjustments in translation.

5. Adaptation

In this technique, the translator replaces the element of source language culture with the same element in the target language culture, and the target language is familiar to the target readers.

For example: SL: As white as snow TL: Seputih kapas

6. Amplification

In this technique, the translator paraphrases implicit information in source language.

For example: SL: Ramadhan

TL: Month of fasting for Moslem

7. Established equivalent

In this technique, the translator uses a specific terms or idiom that is familiar for people in a society.

For example: SL: Cabin TL: Kabin

In the example, the word kabin is understandable than ruangan pesawat because people in aviation are familiar with the word kabin.

8. Generalization

In this technique, the translator uses a neutral or general terminology in target language (from subordinate to super ordinate).

For example: SL: Penthouse TL: Tempat tinggal

9. Particularization

In this technique, the translator uses more concrete or precision terms. This technique is the opposite of generalization technique.

For example: SL: Air transportation TL: Helikopter

10. Modulation

In this technique, the translator changes the point of view, focus or cognitive category in relevance with the source language.

For example: SL: I cut my finger TL: Jariku tersayat

11. Reduction

This technique is the opposite of amplification technique. In this technique, the information in source text is partially omitted in target text.

For example: SL: He is very smart TL: Dia itu pandai

12. Deletion

In this technique, the translator deletes the word or information in the source language. Both deletion and reduction techniques are omitting some words, but there is a difference between deletion and reduction. Deletion technique omits the whole information, while the reduction only omits the information partially.

For example: SL: He is very smart and handsome. TL: Laki-laki itu sangat pintar

13. Addition

In this technique, the translator adds more information to clarify the concept in source language to the target readers.

For example: SL: He came late to the party TL: Lelaki tua itu datang terlambat ke pesta karena mobilnya mogok.

14. Variation

In this technique, the translator changes the linguistic or paralinguistic elements which affect the linguistic variation such as dialect, language style, etc.

For example: SL: I don’t care what you are talking about

TL: Gue nggak peduli elu ngomong apa

D. Translation Quality Assessment

A good translation has to transfer the message from source language to

target language very well. The readers sometimes only read the translation product without paying attention to the translation quality. Translation quality assessment is very important for translation product. Translation quality assessment is an activity to give value to a translation product whether the product is having good quality or not. Assessing or criticizing a translation is not an easy matter because it needs an extraordinary ability (Nababan, 2003). The translation product is not always good. Sometimes there are many mistakes in the translation product when it is compared to the original one. Assessment towards translation quality focuses in three things namely accuracy, acceptability, and readability.

1. Accuracy

Accuracy is one of the factors in determining the translation quality. It becomes one of the most important aspects in translation. It deals with the transfer of the content from source language into target language. It means that the Accuracy is one of the factors in determining the translation quality. It becomes one of the most important aspects in translation. It deals with the transfer of the content from source language into target language. It means that the

Sadtono (1985: 9) also explains that a translator should maintain the meaning of a text. He states that a translator should attempt to produce translation which has the same meaning as the source text. He explains further that the most important thing in translating a text is how the message is expressed in target language, not how to maintain source text’s original form.

Based on the statement above, it can be seen that the maintenance of meaning is a very important aspect in translation. Therefore, a translator must be able to maintain the meaning or message of the source text. The translator has to transfer the message in a thorough and faithful manner, giving consideration to linguistic variations in both languages. Besides, the translator has to make sure that the readers understand what is meant by the original writer.

The translators also must have ability to provide accurate information because the accuracy aspect also related to the readers understanding and affect to readers expectation.

2. Acceptability

Acceptability covers the natural feeling of the text as an original of the target reader. It deals with the target language system and culture. A translation also has to be acceptable for the readers. In order to produce an acceptable translation which sounds natural, a translator should apply appropriate techniques, use appropriate expressions in the target language, and also adapt the culture with target language. A translator is allowed to reconstruct, adapt or rewrite what is stated in source text as long as the message is still the same.

3. Readability

A translation is produced to be read by the target reader. Readability deals

with how natural and easy a translation can be read by the target readers. Nababan (1999: 61) states that readability is important in translation because translation cannot be separated from reading activity. Therefore, a translator should consider this aspect in translating a text. R eadability influences the readers’ understanding of the content of a translation.

There are four main factors that influence the readability of a text. The first factor is the diction used in a text which is included the use of new words, foreign words and ambiguous words. The second factor is related to sentences which a translator writes. This factor includes the use of foreign sentences, ambiguous sentences and incomplete sentences, the length of the sentences and the complexity of the sentences. The next factor is how the translator arranges the idea of his or her translation. The last factor includes other factors that have been mentioned. They are the content of a text, the appearance of a text and the ability of both the translator and the reader (Nababan, 1999: 64-78).

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Type and Design

In the research, the researcher uses a descriptive qualitative method. It means that the researcher only collected, classified, and analyzed the data and then drew conclusion according to the analysis without making generalization. Sutopo explains about descriptive qualitative research by saying that “Penelitian kualitatif melibatkan kegiatan ontologis. Data yang dikumpulkan berupa kata- kata, kalimat atau gambar yang memiliki arti lebih daripada sekedar angka atau frekuensi. ” (2002:35). According to the explanation, it can be seen that the data are collected in the form of words or sentences.

This research only focused on certain characteristics of the data that was the analysis of translation techniques and translation quality of the Flight Attendant Manual. In this case, it can be seen that the researcher also employed a single-embedded case study. Sutopo adds an explanation about single-embedded case study by saying that “Suatu penelitian disebut sebagai studi kasus tunggal, bilamana penelitian tersebut terarah pada satu karakteristik .” (2002:112).

B. Data and Source of Data

Source of data is a subject that is used in the research to obtain the data. Afterwards, the data are analyzed in order to draw conclusion. The language units Source of data is a subject that is used in the research to obtain the data. Afterwards, the data are analyzed in order to draw conclusion. The language units

1. Document

In this research, the researcher uses documents as a written source of data. Documents contain notes and records that are related to the problems of the research. The documents used in this research as source of data are the Flight Attendant Manual. From the Flight Attendant Manual, then the researcher collects the data. The data are the emergency announcements.

2. Informants

In this research, the researcher involves informants in order to assess the quality of translation product. The informants consist of three raters and three respondents who have an important role in providing data about translation qualities; in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability.

The researcher involves three raters in this research. The three raters are asked to assess the accuracy and acceptability of the translation. In this case, they must be people who experts in translation because they have an important role in determining the equivalence between source language and target language.

Dealing with this, Sutopo states, “Dalam penelitian kualitatif posisi sumber data manusia (nara sumber) sangat penting perannya sebagai individu yang memiliki informasi.” (2002:50). It can be seen that the researcher and the raters have the same role in determining the source text and target text.

The raters used in this research were those who meet the criteria as follow:

Mastering both languages, English and Indonesian. Having knowledge of translation. Having practical experiences in translation. Understanding the announcements in aviation. Willing to participate in this research.

In this research, the researcher also uses three respondents. Unlike raters, the respondents are the people who do not have access to the source text. The respondents have a role in determining the quality of the translation product in terms of readability. The respondents used in this research were people who have an experience in travelling by using plane, mastering Indonesian language and willing to take part in this research.

C. Sampling Technique

In this research, the researcher used purposive sampling technique. The researcher has a consideration in sampling the source of data. The researcher selects the source of data that could give the information about the problems of the research. The other consideration in sampling the source of data is that because the researcher only chooses the most influential and important source of data. In this case, the researcher only chooses source of data which is about the emergency announcement in Flight Attendant Manual because this announcement is more important and influential compared to the other announcement in Flight Attendant Manual since the emergency announcement is dealing with life and death. Suto po states “Tehnik cuplikannya cenderung bersifat “purposive” karena In this research, the researcher used purposive sampling technique. The researcher has a consideration in sampling the source of data. The researcher selects the source of data that could give the information about the problems of the research. The other consideration in sampling the source of data is that because the researcher only chooses the most influential and important source of data. In this case, the researcher only chooses source of data which is about the emergency announcement in Flight Attendant Manual because this announcement is more important and influential compared to the other announcement in Flight Attendant Manual since the emergency announcement is dealing with life and death. Suto po states “Tehnik cuplikannya cenderung bersifat “purposive” karena

D. Method of Data Collection

In collecting the data, the researcher applied two methods. The methods were content analysis and questionnaire. Content analysis helped the researcher findings the translation techniques. The researcher analyzed the translation techniques used in the Flight Attendant Manual and then gave numbers for each datum. The researcher classified all of the translation techniques and finally drew conclusions.

The other method used in this research is questionnaire. In this method, the researcher obtained the data of translation qualities. The informants were given questionnaire about the accuracy, acceptability, and readability of the translation, and then they may give comments on the translation. The level of translation which is being checked was in the context of macro-unit or text because the objects of the research are plentiful. The informants would not need longer time to assess the quality of the translation if they had to assess the object of the research in the level of text. It can be seen that assessing translation qualities in the level of macro-unit or text is more effective because it consumes less time. In this method, the informants were required to complete the questionnaire in order to rate the The other method used in this research is questionnaire. In this method, the researcher obtained the data of translation qualities. The informants were given questionnaire about the accuracy, acceptability, and readability of the translation, and then they may give comments on the translation. The level of translation which is being checked was in the context of macro-unit or text because the objects of the research are plentiful. The informants would not need longer time to assess the quality of the translation if they had to assess the object of the research in the level of text. It can be seen that assessing translation qualities in the level of macro-unit or text is more effective because it consumes less time. In this method, the informants were required to complete the questionnaire in order to rate the

Table 1: Scale for Scoring Accuracy (Adapted from Nababan, 2010)

The meaning of words, phrases, clauses, or sentences in the source text is conveyed accurately in the target text. There are no distortions in meaning.

2 Less Accurate The meaning of words, phrases, clauses, or sentences in the source text is mostly conveyed accurately in the target text. However, there are still distortions in meaning (ambiguity or deletion that distracts the meaning).

1 Inaccurate

The meaning of words, phrases, clauses, or sentences in the source text is not conveyed accurately in the target text.

Table 2: Scale for Scoring Acceptability (Adapted from Nababan, 2010)

3 Acceptable The translation sounds natural; the words, phrases, clauses, and sentences of the source text are

appropriate with the target language’s principles.

2 Less Acceptable The translation sounds natural; but there are still problems with the dictions or grammar.

1 Not Acceptable The translation sounds unnatural; the words, phrases, clauses, and sentences used are inappropriate with the target language ’s principles.

Table 3: Scale for Scoring Readability

(Nababan, 2010)

The translation is very easy to understand.

2 Less Readable The translation is quite easy to understand; the readers need to read some parts more than once in order to understand the translation.

After gathering data from the informants, the researcher calculated the results and categorized it into three types for each criterion. The categories of translation quality are composed as follows:

1. Accuracy Category A = accurate (with mean score 2,66 - 3,0) Category B = less accurate (with range mean score 1,34 – 2,65) Category C = inaccurate (with mean score 1,0 – 1,33)

2. Acceptability Category A = acceptable (with mean score 2,66 - 3,0) Category B = less acceptable (with range mean score 1,34 – 2,65) Category C = not acceptable (with mean score 1,0 – 1,33)

3. Readability Category A = readable (with mean score 2,66 - 3,0) Category B = less readable (with range mean score 1,34 – 2,65) Category C = not readable (with mean score 1,0 – 1,33)

E. Technique of Data Analysis

The obtained data were analyzed as follows:

1) First, the researcher observed the Flight Attendant manual text both written in source language and target language. Then, the researcher analyzed the translation techniques used by the translator in translating the

Flight Attendant manual. After the analysis was done, the researcher made classification based on translation techniques.

2) Second, the collected data were observed and compared between the original messages with the translation version. Then, the researcher asked the informants to analyze the quality of the translation in terms of accuracy, readability, and acceptability. After the analysis was accomplished, the researcher made classification based on the quality assessment of the translation.

3) After the researcher had finished analyzing all the data, the next step was counting the percentage of each classification.

4) Finally, the researcher drew the conclusion of the results of the analysis. Before the researcher made a conclusion based on what have been found in analyzing the data, the researcher asked the thesis advisor to check the conclusion which has been made.

F. Research Procedures

This research was conducted in the following procedures below:

1) Determining the manual text wanted to be analyzed.

2) Reading the manual text that has been decided and its translation.

3) Collecting the data from the Flight Attendant Manual.

4) Numbering the data obtained from the Flight Attendant Manual. The code of the data is composed as follows: 01/ODAB/T01/ST6.1/TT6.2

01 : data number 1

ODAB : Operation Directorate Announcement Book (The name of the book from which the data are taken.)

T01 : text number (announcement text number 1) ST6.1

: the text is taken from the source text, page 6.1 TT6.2

: the text is taken from the target text, page 6.2

5) Distributing the questionnaire to the informants in order to assess the quality of translation in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability.

6) Analyzing the translation techniques which occurred in the translation of the manual text.

7) Classifying the results of the data analysis into some classifications. The data was calculated in order to get the percentage and then the results were put in tables.

8) Drawing conclusion in order to find the answer of the problem statements

based on the analyzed data and providing the suggestions.

CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Introduction

This research is conducted to analyze the translation quality and

translation techniques of Flight Attendant Manual. This chapter consists of three main parts. The first part is introduction, which provides description of what would be analyzed. The second one is analysis, which provides the analysis of both translation techniques applied by the translator and the quality of the translation in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability. The last part is discussion, which discusses about the impact of translation techniques toward the quality of translation. Based on the problem statements in chapter I, there are two questions that this research attempts to answer.

1. What translation techniques are used by the translator to translate the Flight Attendant Manual?

2. How is the impact of the translation techniques applied by the translator toward the translation quality of the Flight Attendant Manual in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability?

First, the analysis deals with the techniques used by the translator in

translating the Flight Attendant Manual. Then, the last analysis will be about the quality of the translation in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability. The quality of translation will describe the data finding based on the questionnaires distributed to informants.

B. Analysis

1. Translation Techniques

In transferring the message of a text from source language into target