Perbedaan Jumlah Koloni Bakteri Pada Pasien Gingivitis Perokok dan Bukan Perokok di Instalasi Periodonsia RSGM FKG USU
42
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Widodo SA, Banun K, Dwi WAF. Indentifikasi bentuk sel bakteri anaerob
berdasarkan warna koloni pada gingival crevicular fluid pasien gingivitis kronis
dan periodontitis kronis. Artikel Ilmiah. Jember, 2014; 1-5.
2. Tuhuteri DR, B.S Lampus, Vonny NSW. Status kebersihan gigi dan mulut pasien
poliklinik
gigi
puskemas
paniki
bawah
Manado.
J
e-Gigi
2014;
2(2).www.download.portalgaruda.org (Oktober 5, 2015)
3. Tanjaya J, Auerki El. IL-1β genetic polymorphism in menopause women as
periodontal disease risk factor. J Dentistry Indonesia 2011; 18 (1): 1-2.
4. Eley BM, Soory M, Manson JD. Periodontics 6th edition. Toronto: Elsevier, 2010:
1, 19-25
5. Pintauli Sondang. Penyakit Periodontal: Pengukuran Resiko dan Evaluasi. In:
Menuju Gigi Dan Mulut Sehat Pencegahan Dan Pemeliharaan. Edisi Revisi. USU
Press. Medan; 2015:29-30.
6. Notohartojo IT, Frans XSH. Gambaran Kebersihan Mulut dan Gingivitis Pada
Murid Sekolah Dasar Di Puskemas Sepatan, Kabupaten Tangerang. J Media
Litbang Kesehatan 2010; 20(4): 1-9.
7. Pereira ADFV, Ana CSV, Quezia DLR, Claudia MCA, Antonio LAP. Effect of
cigarette smoking on oral hygiene status. J Dent Science 2013; 28 (1): 4-7
8. Sreedevi M, Alampalli R, Chini D. Periodontal status in smoker and nonsmoker: a
clinical, microbiology, and histopathologcal study. International Journal Of
Denstistry 2011: 1-10.
9. Notohartojo IT, Andayasari L. Nilai kebersihan gigi dan mulut pada karyawan
industry Pulo Gadung di Jakarta. Buletin Penelitian Sistem Kesehatan 2013;
16(2): 168-70.
10. Lumentut RAN. Gunawan PN, Mintjelungan CN. Status periodontal dan
kebutuhan perawatan pada usia lanjut. J e-Gigi 2013; 1(2): 80.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
43
11. Cobb CM, DDS, MS. Microbes, inflmation, scaling and root planing, and the
periodontal condition. J Dent Hyg 2008; 4-9.
12. Alamsyah R, Lina N, Rika H. Hubungan kebiasaan merokok dengan status
periodontal tukang becak di sekitar kampus USU Medan. J Dentika 2012; 17(2):
Abstract.
13. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Riset Kesehatan Dasar. Jakarta, 2013:
132-7, 146-54.
14. Kusuma ADRP. Pengaruh merokok terhadap kesehatan gigi dan rongga
mulut.www.unissula.ac.id. (Agustus 27.2015).
15. Bustan MN. Menejemen pengendalian penyakit tidak menular. Jakarta: PT.
Rineka Cipta, 2015: 261-70.
16. Pejcic A, Obradovic R, Kesic L and Kojovic D. Smoking and Periodontal
Disease: A review. Medicine and Biology 2007. 14(2): 53 –9.
17. Kasim Eddy. Merokok Sebagai Faktor Risiko Terjadinya Penyakit Periodontal. J
Kedokteran Trisakti 2001; 20(1):9-15.
18. Kumar PS, Chad RM, Vinayak J, Marko J, Marclo. A Tobacco smoking affects
bacterial acquisition and colonization in oral biofilms. J Am Soc Microbiology
2011; 79:11.
19. Muller HP, Stadermann S and Hetnecke. Longitudinal association between plaque
and gingival bleeding in smoker and non-smokers. J Clin Periodontal 2002; 29:
287-94.
20. Neto JBC. Smoking and periodontal tissues: a review. J Braz Oral Res 2012; 26:
26-8.
21. Putri MH, Herijulianti E, Nurjannah E. Ilmu Pencegahan Penyakit Jaringan Keras
dan Jaringan Pendukung Gigi. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC, 2010:
220-2.
22. Berkovitz BKB, Holland GR, Moxham BJ. Oral Biology, Master Dentistry
Volume Three. Toronto: Elsevier, 2009: 260-77.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
44
23. Teughels W, Quiry M, Jacubovics N. Periodontal microbiology. In: Newman
MG, Takei HH, Klokkevold PR and Carranza’s clinical periodontology 11th
Edition. Missouri: Elsevier, 2012: 239-47.
24. Avery JK, Chiego DJ. Essentials of oral histology and embryology, 3rd Edition.
St. Louis: Mosby-Elsevier, 2006: 195-201, 210-12
25. Marsh PD, Martin MV. Oral microbiology 5th edition. Toronto: Churchill
Livingstone-Elsevier, 2009: 74-102
26. Perry DA, Beemsterboer PL. Periodontology for the dental hygienist 3rd edition.
St.Louis: Saunders-Elsevier: 62-70
27. Brooks Geo F, Janet S. Butel, Stephen A. Morse. Mikrobiologi Kedokteran Buku
1. Alih Bahasa. Bagian Mikrobiologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga.
Jakarta: Salemba Medika, 2005: 29-44.
28. Samaranyake L. Assential Microbiology for dentistry, 4th edition. Toronto:
Elsevier, 2012: 287-96
29. Ji S, Y.S.Choi, Y.Choi. Bacterian invasion and persistence: critical events in the
pathogenesis of periodontitis. J Periodontal Research 2015; 50: 570-85.
30. Dumitrescu AL, Kobayashi J. Genetic variants in periodontal health and disease.
German: Springer-verlag berlin heidelberg, 2010: 1-14.
31. Fiorellini JP, David M. dan N. GU. Clinical Features of Gingivits. In: Caranza’s
Clinical Periodontology 11th. St.Louis Missouri: Elsevier, 2012: 78.
32. Hinrichs JE, M. John N. Classfication of Diseases and Conditions Affecting the
Periodontium. In: Caranza’s Clinical Periodontology 11th. St.Louis Missouri:
Elsevier, 2012: 4, 34-9.
33. Fiorellini JP, David MK, N. Guzin Uzel. Gingival Inflmation. In: Caranza’s
Clinical Periodontology 11th. St.Louis Missouri: Elsevier, 2012: 7; 74.
34. Dibart S, Campese M. Classification of peridontal disease and conditions. In:
Practical periodontal diagnosis and treatment planning. 1st ed., Blackwell
Publishing, 2010: 7-14.
35. Takei Henry H. Dan Fermin A. Carranza. Clinical Diagnosis. In: Carranza’s
Clinical Periodontology 11th. St. Louis Missouri: Elsevier, 2012: 349.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
45
36. Hujoel Philippe. Fundamentals in the Methods of Periodontal Disease
Epidemiology. In: Carranza’s Clinical Periodontology 11th. St. Louis Missouri:
Elsevier, 2012: 57.
37. Suhanda DJ, Damajanty HCP, Julliatri. Gambaran Kebutuhan Perawatan
Periodontal Pada Perokok Di Desa Matungkas Kecamatan Dimembe. J e-Gigi
2015; 3(1): 1-7.
38. Alamsyah RM. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kebiasaan merokok dan
hubungannya dengan status penyakit periodontal remaja di kota Medan tahun
2007. Tesis. Medan. Universitas Sumatera Utara. 2009: 36-38.
39. Departemen Kesehatan. Data Rokok. 6 Maret 2014. www.litbang.depkes.go.id.
(Oktober 5.2015)
40. Ardini Ratih Fatma, Wiwin Hendriani. Proses Berhenti Merokok Secara Mandiri
Pada Mantan Pecandu Rokok Dalam Usia Dewasa Awal. J Psikologi Pendidikan
dan Perkembangan 2012; 1(2): 1-7.
41. Amin PCH, B.S Lampus, Ni Wayan M. Gambaran pengetahuan stain ggi pada
perokok
di
kelurahan
bahu
lingkungan
V.
J
e-Gigi
2014;
2(2).www.download.portalgaruda.org (Oktober 5.2015)
42. Peraturan Pemerintah No. 19 tentang Pengaman Rokok Bagi Kesehatan. Jakarta,
2003: 2-3.
43. Komalasari D dan Helmi AF. Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Perilaku Merokok Pada
Remaja. J Psikologi 2000;1: 37 – 7.
44. Mirbod MS, Ahing SI. Tobacco-Associated Lessions of The Oral Cavity. Part i.
Nonmalignant lesions. J Can Dent Asso 2000; 66: 252-6.
45. Hinrichs JE. The Role of Dental Calculus and Other Local Predisposing Factors.
In: Caranza’s Clinical Periodontology 11th. St.Louis Missouri: Elsevier, 2012: 22;
222.
46. Torkzaban Parviz and Morad Hedayatipanah. Comparison of Periodontal
Conditions Between Smokers and Nonsmokers. J Avicenna Dent Res. In Press
2016; 1-5.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
46
47. Johnson GK and Hill M. Cigaratte Smoking and the Periodontal Patient. J
Periodontal 2004; 75: 106-209.
48. Shimazaki et al. The influence of current and former smoking on gingival
bleeding: The Hisayama Study. J Periodontol 2006; 77 : 1430-5.
49. Anonimus. 2016. www.gcamerica/triplaqueidgel.com (Maret 22.2016)
50. Nilasari Ni Ketut Novia, Suprapto, Ahmad Afif S. C. Identifikasi Jumlah Koloni
Pada Citra Bakteri Dengan Metode Improved Counting Morphology. J
Mahasiswa PTIIK UIB 2014; 4(2): 1-9.
51. Dahlan MS. Besar Sampel Dan Cara Pengambilan Sampel Dalam Penelitian
Kedokteran Dan Kesehatan. Salemba Medika. Jakarta; 2015: 20, 72-3.
52. Notoatmodjo Soekidjo. Metodologi Penelitian Kesehatan. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta,
2010: 25-6.
53. Wall T, Nasseh K. Dental-Related Emergency Department Visits on The Increase
in The United States. Health Policy Institute ADA 2013: 3.
54. Eaton KA, Carlile MJ. Tooth Bushing Behavior in Europe: Oppourtunities for
Dental Public Health. Int Dentl J 2008; 58: 289.
55. Muller HP, A.Heinecke, T.Eger. Site-specific association between supragingival
plaque and bleeding upon probing in your adults. J Clin Oral Invest 2000; 4: 21218.
56. Acumedia. Nutrient Agar. http://www.neogen.com/Acumedia/pdf/ProdfInf0/7145
PI.pdf (April 3.2016)
57. Becton
Dickison.
Nutrient
Agar.
http://www.bd.com/ds/technicalCenter/
inserts/L00748(109)(201102).pdf (April 3.2016)
58. Aryal
Sagar.
Nutrient
Agar:
Composition,
Prepation
and
Uses.
http://www.microbiologyinfo.com/nutrient-agar-composition-preparation-anduses/ (April 12.2016)
59. Johnson Arthur G., Richard J.Ziegler dan Louise Hawley. Essential Mikrobiologi
dan Imunologi. Alih Bahasa. Julius E. Surjawidjaja. Tangerang Selatan: Binarupa
Aksara, 2011: 33-4.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
47
60. Naderi Noushin Jalayer, Hassan Semyari, Zahra Elahinia. The Impact of Smoking
on Gingiva: a Histopathological Study. Iranian Journal of Pathology 2015; 10(3):
214-20
61. Puscasu Cristina Gabriela, Irina Totolici, Marta Girdea, Anca Silvia Dumitriu,
Carmen Hanganu. Tobacco Smoking and Periodontal Conditions in an Adult
Population from Constanta, Romania. J oral Health 2009; 8(3): 25-32.
62. Al-Bayaty Fouad H., NorAdinar Baharuddin, Mahmood A. Abdulla, Hapipah
Mohd Ali, Magaji B. Arkilla dan Mustafa F. ALBayaty. The Influence of
Cigaratte Smoking on Gingival Bleeding and Serum Concentrations of
Haptoglobin and Alpha 1-Antitrypsin. J BioMed Research International 2013:1-6.
63. Torkzaban Parviz, Zahra Khalili, Narges Ziaei. Smoking and Periodontal
Diseases. Avicenna J Dent Res 2013; 5(2): 1-7.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Widodo SA, Banun K, Dwi WAF. Indentifikasi bentuk sel bakteri anaerob
berdasarkan warna koloni pada gingival crevicular fluid pasien gingivitis kronis
dan periodontitis kronis. Artikel Ilmiah. Jember, 2014; 1-5.
2. Tuhuteri DR, B.S Lampus, Vonny NSW. Status kebersihan gigi dan mulut pasien
poliklinik
gigi
puskemas
paniki
bawah
Manado.
J
e-Gigi
2014;
2(2).www.download.portalgaruda.org (Oktober 5, 2015)
3. Tanjaya J, Auerki El. IL-1β genetic polymorphism in menopause women as
periodontal disease risk factor. J Dentistry Indonesia 2011; 18 (1): 1-2.
4. Eley BM, Soory M, Manson JD. Periodontics 6th edition. Toronto: Elsevier, 2010:
1, 19-25
5. Pintauli Sondang. Penyakit Periodontal: Pengukuran Resiko dan Evaluasi. In:
Menuju Gigi Dan Mulut Sehat Pencegahan Dan Pemeliharaan. Edisi Revisi. USU
Press. Medan; 2015:29-30.
6. Notohartojo IT, Frans XSH. Gambaran Kebersihan Mulut dan Gingivitis Pada
Murid Sekolah Dasar Di Puskemas Sepatan, Kabupaten Tangerang. J Media
Litbang Kesehatan 2010; 20(4): 1-9.
7. Pereira ADFV, Ana CSV, Quezia DLR, Claudia MCA, Antonio LAP. Effect of
cigarette smoking on oral hygiene status. J Dent Science 2013; 28 (1): 4-7
8. Sreedevi M, Alampalli R, Chini D. Periodontal status in smoker and nonsmoker: a
clinical, microbiology, and histopathologcal study. International Journal Of
Denstistry 2011: 1-10.
9. Notohartojo IT, Andayasari L. Nilai kebersihan gigi dan mulut pada karyawan
industry Pulo Gadung di Jakarta. Buletin Penelitian Sistem Kesehatan 2013;
16(2): 168-70.
10. Lumentut RAN. Gunawan PN, Mintjelungan CN. Status periodontal dan
kebutuhan perawatan pada usia lanjut. J e-Gigi 2013; 1(2): 80.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
43
11. Cobb CM, DDS, MS. Microbes, inflmation, scaling and root planing, and the
periodontal condition. J Dent Hyg 2008; 4-9.
12. Alamsyah R, Lina N, Rika H. Hubungan kebiasaan merokok dengan status
periodontal tukang becak di sekitar kampus USU Medan. J Dentika 2012; 17(2):
Abstract.
13. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Riset Kesehatan Dasar. Jakarta, 2013:
132-7, 146-54.
14. Kusuma ADRP. Pengaruh merokok terhadap kesehatan gigi dan rongga
mulut.www.unissula.ac.id. (Agustus 27.2015).
15. Bustan MN. Menejemen pengendalian penyakit tidak menular. Jakarta: PT.
Rineka Cipta, 2015: 261-70.
16. Pejcic A, Obradovic R, Kesic L and Kojovic D. Smoking and Periodontal
Disease: A review. Medicine and Biology 2007. 14(2): 53 –9.
17. Kasim Eddy. Merokok Sebagai Faktor Risiko Terjadinya Penyakit Periodontal. J
Kedokteran Trisakti 2001; 20(1):9-15.
18. Kumar PS, Chad RM, Vinayak J, Marko J, Marclo. A Tobacco smoking affects
bacterial acquisition and colonization in oral biofilms. J Am Soc Microbiology
2011; 79:11.
19. Muller HP, Stadermann S and Hetnecke. Longitudinal association between plaque
and gingival bleeding in smoker and non-smokers. J Clin Periodontal 2002; 29:
287-94.
20. Neto JBC. Smoking and periodontal tissues: a review. J Braz Oral Res 2012; 26:
26-8.
21. Putri MH, Herijulianti E, Nurjannah E. Ilmu Pencegahan Penyakit Jaringan Keras
dan Jaringan Pendukung Gigi. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC, 2010:
220-2.
22. Berkovitz BKB, Holland GR, Moxham BJ. Oral Biology, Master Dentistry
Volume Three. Toronto: Elsevier, 2009: 260-77.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
44
23. Teughels W, Quiry M, Jacubovics N. Periodontal microbiology. In: Newman
MG, Takei HH, Klokkevold PR and Carranza’s clinical periodontology 11th
Edition. Missouri: Elsevier, 2012: 239-47.
24. Avery JK, Chiego DJ. Essentials of oral histology and embryology, 3rd Edition.
St. Louis: Mosby-Elsevier, 2006: 195-201, 210-12
25. Marsh PD, Martin MV. Oral microbiology 5th edition. Toronto: Churchill
Livingstone-Elsevier, 2009: 74-102
26. Perry DA, Beemsterboer PL. Periodontology for the dental hygienist 3rd edition.
St.Louis: Saunders-Elsevier: 62-70
27. Brooks Geo F, Janet S. Butel, Stephen A. Morse. Mikrobiologi Kedokteran Buku
1. Alih Bahasa. Bagian Mikrobiologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga.
Jakarta: Salemba Medika, 2005: 29-44.
28. Samaranyake L. Assential Microbiology for dentistry, 4th edition. Toronto:
Elsevier, 2012: 287-96
29. Ji S, Y.S.Choi, Y.Choi. Bacterian invasion and persistence: critical events in the
pathogenesis of periodontitis. J Periodontal Research 2015; 50: 570-85.
30. Dumitrescu AL, Kobayashi J. Genetic variants in periodontal health and disease.
German: Springer-verlag berlin heidelberg, 2010: 1-14.
31. Fiorellini JP, David M. dan N. GU. Clinical Features of Gingivits. In: Caranza’s
Clinical Periodontology 11th. St.Louis Missouri: Elsevier, 2012: 78.
32. Hinrichs JE, M. John N. Classfication of Diseases and Conditions Affecting the
Periodontium. In: Caranza’s Clinical Periodontology 11th. St.Louis Missouri:
Elsevier, 2012: 4, 34-9.
33. Fiorellini JP, David MK, N. Guzin Uzel. Gingival Inflmation. In: Caranza’s
Clinical Periodontology 11th. St.Louis Missouri: Elsevier, 2012: 7; 74.
34. Dibart S, Campese M. Classification of peridontal disease and conditions. In:
Practical periodontal diagnosis and treatment planning. 1st ed., Blackwell
Publishing, 2010: 7-14.
35. Takei Henry H. Dan Fermin A. Carranza. Clinical Diagnosis. In: Carranza’s
Clinical Periodontology 11th. St. Louis Missouri: Elsevier, 2012: 349.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
45
36. Hujoel Philippe. Fundamentals in the Methods of Periodontal Disease
Epidemiology. In: Carranza’s Clinical Periodontology 11th. St. Louis Missouri:
Elsevier, 2012: 57.
37. Suhanda DJ, Damajanty HCP, Julliatri. Gambaran Kebutuhan Perawatan
Periodontal Pada Perokok Di Desa Matungkas Kecamatan Dimembe. J e-Gigi
2015; 3(1): 1-7.
38. Alamsyah RM. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kebiasaan merokok dan
hubungannya dengan status penyakit periodontal remaja di kota Medan tahun
2007. Tesis. Medan. Universitas Sumatera Utara. 2009: 36-38.
39. Departemen Kesehatan. Data Rokok. 6 Maret 2014. www.litbang.depkes.go.id.
(Oktober 5.2015)
40. Ardini Ratih Fatma, Wiwin Hendriani. Proses Berhenti Merokok Secara Mandiri
Pada Mantan Pecandu Rokok Dalam Usia Dewasa Awal. J Psikologi Pendidikan
dan Perkembangan 2012; 1(2): 1-7.
41. Amin PCH, B.S Lampus, Ni Wayan M. Gambaran pengetahuan stain ggi pada
perokok
di
kelurahan
bahu
lingkungan
V.
J
e-Gigi
2014;
2(2).www.download.portalgaruda.org (Oktober 5.2015)
42. Peraturan Pemerintah No. 19 tentang Pengaman Rokok Bagi Kesehatan. Jakarta,
2003: 2-3.
43. Komalasari D dan Helmi AF. Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Perilaku Merokok Pada
Remaja. J Psikologi 2000;1: 37 – 7.
44. Mirbod MS, Ahing SI. Tobacco-Associated Lessions of The Oral Cavity. Part i.
Nonmalignant lesions. J Can Dent Asso 2000; 66: 252-6.
45. Hinrichs JE. The Role of Dental Calculus and Other Local Predisposing Factors.
In: Caranza’s Clinical Periodontology 11th. St.Louis Missouri: Elsevier, 2012: 22;
222.
46. Torkzaban Parviz and Morad Hedayatipanah. Comparison of Periodontal
Conditions Between Smokers and Nonsmokers. J Avicenna Dent Res. In Press
2016; 1-5.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
46
47. Johnson GK and Hill M. Cigaratte Smoking and the Periodontal Patient. J
Periodontal 2004; 75: 106-209.
48. Shimazaki et al. The influence of current and former smoking on gingival
bleeding: The Hisayama Study. J Periodontol 2006; 77 : 1430-5.
49. Anonimus. 2016. www.gcamerica/triplaqueidgel.com (Maret 22.2016)
50. Nilasari Ni Ketut Novia, Suprapto, Ahmad Afif S. C. Identifikasi Jumlah Koloni
Pada Citra Bakteri Dengan Metode Improved Counting Morphology. J
Mahasiswa PTIIK UIB 2014; 4(2): 1-9.
51. Dahlan MS. Besar Sampel Dan Cara Pengambilan Sampel Dalam Penelitian
Kedokteran Dan Kesehatan. Salemba Medika. Jakarta; 2015: 20, 72-3.
52. Notoatmodjo Soekidjo. Metodologi Penelitian Kesehatan. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta,
2010: 25-6.
53. Wall T, Nasseh K. Dental-Related Emergency Department Visits on The Increase
in The United States. Health Policy Institute ADA 2013: 3.
54. Eaton KA, Carlile MJ. Tooth Bushing Behavior in Europe: Oppourtunities for
Dental Public Health. Int Dentl J 2008; 58: 289.
55. Muller HP, A.Heinecke, T.Eger. Site-specific association between supragingival
plaque and bleeding upon probing in your adults. J Clin Oral Invest 2000; 4: 21218.
56. Acumedia. Nutrient Agar. http://www.neogen.com/Acumedia/pdf/ProdfInf0/7145
PI.pdf (April 3.2016)
57. Becton
Dickison.
Nutrient
Agar.
http://www.bd.com/ds/technicalCenter/
inserts/L00748(109)(201102).pdf (April 3.2016)
58. Aryal
Sagar.
Nutrient
Agar:
Composition,
Prepation
and
Uses.
http://www.microbiologyinfo.com/nutrient-agar-composition-preparation-anduses/ (April 12.2016)
59. Johnson Arthur G., Richard J.Ziegler dan Louise Hawley. Essential Mikrobiologi
dan Imunologi. Alih Bahasa. Julius E. Surjawidjaja. Tangerang Selatan: Binarupa
Aksara, 2011: 33-4.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
47
60. Naderi Noushin Jalayer, Hassan Semyari, Zahra Elahinia. The Impact of Smoking
on Gingiva: a Histopathological Study. Iranian Journal of Pathology 2015; 10(3):
214-20
61. Puscasu Cristina Gabriela, Irina Totolici, Marta Girdea, Anca Silvia Dumitriu,
Carmen Hanganu. Tobacco Smoking and Periodontal Conditions in an Adult
Population from Constanta, Romania. J oral Health 2009; 8(3): 25-32.
62. Al-Bayaty Fouad H., NorAdinar Baharuddin, Mahmood A. Abdulla, Hapipah
Mohd Ali, Magaji B. Arkilla dan Mustafa F. ALBayaty. The Influence of
Cigaratte Smoking on Gingival Bleeding and Serum Concentrations of
Haptoglobin and Alpha 1-Antitrypsin. J BioMed Research International 2013:1-6.
63. Torkzaban Parviz, Zahra Khalili, Narges Ziaei. Smoking and Periodontal
Diseases. Avicenna J Dent Res 2013; 5(2): 1-7.
Universitas Sumatera Utara