POLITENESS STRATEGY FOCUS ON BALD ON RECORD USED BY THE CHARACTERS IN LUCY MAUD MONTGOMERY’S NOVEL ANNE OF GREEN GABLES.

POLITENESS STRATEGY FOCUS ON BALD ON RECORD

USED BY THE CHARACTERS IN LUCY MAUD

MONTGOMERY’S NOVEL

ANNE OF GREEN GABLES

THESIS

Submitted as partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English the Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities

State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

Siti Nita Pancarini

Reg. Number: A73212117

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL

SURABAYA 2016

POLITENESS STRATEGY FOCUS ON BALD ON RECORD

USED BY THE CHARACTERS IN LUCY MAUD

MONTGOMERY’S NOVEL

ANNE OF GREEN GABLES

THESIS

Submitted as partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English the Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities

State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

Siti Nita Pancarini

Reg. Number: A73212117

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL

SURABAYA 2016

iii

POLITENESS STRATEGY FOCUS ON BALD ON RECORD

USED BY THE CHARACTERS IN LUCY MAUD

MONTGOMERY’S

NOVEL

ANNE OF GREEN GABLES

THESIS

Submitted as partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities

State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Thesis advisor

Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah, M.Pd

By.

Siti Nita Pancarini

NIM. A73212117

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA 2016

ADVISOR’S APPROVAL

This is to certify that this thesis written by Siti Nita Pancarini (A73212117) has been approved by thesis advisor to be examined.

Surabaya, 26 July 2016

Thesis Advisor

Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah M.Pd NIP. 197303032000032001

Head of the English Department

Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.Ag NIP. 19690251994031002

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL

SURABAYA 2016

v

THESIS EXAMINER’S APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis has been approved and accepted by the Board of Examiner, English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities

State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya Surabaya, August, 9th 2016.

Dean of Arts and Humanities Faculty

The board of examiner:

Head of Examination Secretary

Prof. Dr. Hj. Zuliati Rohmah M.Pd Abdulloh Ubet , M.Ag

NIP. 197303032000032001 NIP. 196605071997031003

Examiner I Examiner II

Raudlotul Jannah, M. App.Ling Murni Fidiyanti, M.A.

DECLARATION

This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. And to the best of this candidates knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by other person except where due reference is made in the text of the thesis.

Surabaya, July 28th 2016

Siti Nita Pancarini A73212117

ABSTRACT

Pancarini, Siti Nita (2016). Politeness Strategy Focus on Bald on Record in Lucy Maud Montgomery’s novel “Anne of Green Gables”.

Key words: politeness strategies, bald on-record, novel, Anne of Green Gables

Politeness strategy is a strategy for polite conversation by considering others’ feeling to establish level of mutual comfort and harmony in the purpose to achieve a final goal (communication goals) by maintaining other’s face. Politeness strategies have four strategies to face FTA (Face Acts Threatening) those strategies are bald on record, negative politeness, positive politeness, and off record (indirect) strategy. This study only focused on bald on-record strategy to be investigated. Bald on-on-record is a direct way of saying things, without any minimization to the imposition, in a direct, clear and concise. This study aims to describe in what circumstances bald on-record strategy used by characters’ in the Lucy Maud Montgomery’s novel Anne of Green Gables. It covered the factors influencing and the impact revealing in use of bald on-record. The data were mainly identified and analyzed by using the theory of politeness strategy based on Brown and Levinson’s theory (1978) focused on bald on-record strategy.

The data were obtained from the investigation in the characters’ utterances in Anne of Green Gables which contained bald on-record strategy. The participants of the research consisted of the six main characters in the novel Anne of Green Gables. The six main characters in the novel Anne of Green Gables were Anne Shirley, Marilla Cuthbert, Matthew Cuthbert, Diana Barry, Gilbert Blythe, and Mrs. Rachel Lynde. The data were obtained by collecting utterances produced by the six characters. After that, the data were selected based on its problem and significances, then analyzed by using qualitative method approach to classify the terms circumstances in the bald on-record strategy in order to analyze in what circumstances bald on-record used by characters in Lucy Maud Montgomery’s novel Anne of Green Gables, to show the factors influencing characters used those strategies, and to reveal the impacts.

The study found out that there are 100 utterances which contained bald on- record strategy in the data. The characters used bald on-record in some circumstances, they are maximum efficiency, metaphorical urgency for emphasis, metaphorical urgency for high valuation of H’s friendship, task oriented/paradigmatic form of instruction, power difference between s and h (s is higher), sympathetic advice or warnings, permission that h has requested, greeting and farewells, offers, and others. The factors influencing the characters used those strategies are, relevant circumstances: sociological variables preferred to social distance (close relationship) and relative power preferred to legitimate power. The impacts revealing by the hearers are shock, uncomfortable, offended, or offensive. Those impacts directly revealed based on context communication.

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INTISARI

Pancarini, Siti Nita (2016). Politeness Strategy Focus on Bald on Record in Lucy Maud Montgomery’s novel “Anne of Green Gables”.

Kata Kunci: politeness strategies, bald on-record, novel, Anne of Green Gables

Strategi kesantunan adalah sebuah strategi untuk percakapan yang sopan dengan mempertimbangkan perasaan lawan bicara untuk membangun hubungan yang nyaman dan harmonis antar pembicara dan pendengar yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan inti dari pembicaraan dengan cara memperhatikan muka lawan bicara. Strategi kesantunan mempunyai empat strategi untuk menghadapi FTA (Tindakan Pengancaman Muka). Empat strategi kesantunan adalah, bald on record (secara langsung atau tanpa strategi), negative politeness strategy (strategi kesantunan negative/formal), positive politeness strategy (strategy kesantunan positif/ keakraban), and off record (indirect) strategy (strategi kesantunan tidak langsung/tersamar). Penelitian ini hanya fokus pada bald on-record strategy (secara langsung atau tanpa strategi) untuk diteliti. Bald on-record strategy (secara langsung atau tanpa strategi) adalah sebuah strategi secara langsung dalam mengatakan sesuatu, tidak melakukan usaha apapun untuk meminimalisir ancaman bagi muka lawan tutur, jelas, dan padat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan dalam keadaan apa strategi bald on-record digunakan oleh para karakter di novel karya Lucy Maud Mongomery yang berjudul ‘Anne of Green Gables’. Yang mencakup faktor yang mempengaruhi dan dampak yang muncul dalam penggunaan strategi bald on-record. Sebagian besar data diidentifikasi dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori strategi kesantunan berdasarkan teori milik Brown dan Levinson (1978) yang fokus pada strategi bald on-record.

Data dalam penelitian ini di peroleh dari hasil investigasi didalam ujaran karakter in novel ‘Anne of Green Gables’ yang mana mengandung unsur strategi bald on-record. Para peserta penelitian terdiri dari enam karakter utama di novel Anne of Green Gables. Enam karakter utama dalam novel adalah Anne Shirley, Marilla Cuthbert, Matthew Cuthbert, Diana Barry, Gilbert Blythe, and Mrs. Rachel Lynde. Data-data telah diperoleh dari pengumpulan ujaran-ujaran yang dinyatakan oleh karakter dalam novel. Kemudian, data yang dipilih berdasarkan pada pertanyaan penelitian dan tujuan penelitian, selanjutnya diteliti dengan menggunakan metodelogi pendekatan kualitatif untuk mengklasifikasi kategori dari keadaan/situasi yang masuk dalam tipe strategi bald on-record agar mengetahui di kondisi apa strategi bald on-record digunakan oleh para karakter novel karya Lucy Maud Montgomery ‘Anne of Green Gables’, selanjutnya untuk mengetahui faktor yang membuat karakter memilih strategi bald on-record dan untuk mengetahui dampak yang timbul kepada pendengar setelah pembicara menggunakan strategi bald on record.

Penelitian ini menemukan sebanyak 100 ujaran yang mengandung strategi bald on-record. Mereka menggunakan strategi bald on-record di beberapa kondisi dan situasi, diantaranya adalah maximum efficiency, metaphorical urgency for emphasis, metaphorical urgency for high valuation of H’s friendship, task oriented/paradigmatic form of instruction, power difference between s and h (s is higher), sympathetic advice or warnings, permission that h has requested, greeting and farewells, offers, and other. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi para karakter menggunakan strategi bald on-record adalah faktor sosial/kemasyarakatan yang lebih condong ke bagian hubungan dekat (hubungan yang saling mengenal baik) dan kekuatan kekuasaan. Dampak yang muncul dari lawan bicara (pendengar) diantaranya terkejut, tidak nyaman, tersinggung, dan sedih.

Table of Contents

Page

APPROVAL SHEET ... iv

DECLARATION PAGE ... ii

MOTTO ...iii

DEDICATION ... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... v

TABLE OF CONTENT ... vi

ABSTRACT ... vii

INTISARI...viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Problems of the study ... 11

1.3 Objective of the Study ... 11

1.4 Scope and Limitation ... 12

1.5 Significance of the Study ... 13

1.6 Definition of the Key terms ... 14

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 16

2.1 Politeness Strategy ... 16

2.2 Brown and Levinson’s Politeness Theory ... 18

2.3 Bald on Record Strategy ... 22

2.4 The Factors Influencing the Choice of Bald on Record 30 2.5 The Impact Revealing in Use of Bald on Record ... 34

2.7 Related Study ... 38

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS ... 41

3.1 Research Design ... 41

3.2 Research Instrument ... 42

3.3 Data and Data Source ... 42

3.4 Data Collection... 44

3.5 Data Analysis ... 45

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 52

4.1 Finding and Analysis ... 52

4.2 Discussion ... 109

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 120

5.1 Conclusion... 120

5.2 Suggestion ... 122

REFERENCES ... x

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with background of the study, problem of the study, objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation, and definition of key terms.

1.1 Background of the Study

Communication is the way for people to show their thought. They do not only exchange information or deliver information but also form certain interpersonal relationship. During the process of it, politeness is a very important factor to be taken. In some cases of communication especially in conversation, the speaker chooses politeness strategies to minimize of FTA (Face Threatening Acts). In this research, the researcher decides to analyze the characters that use politeness strategy in their daily communication, by focusing on bald on record strategies. The researcher investigates the use of bald on-record by the characters in Montgomery’s novel Anne of Green Gables by focusing on the circumstances determining characters’ choice of bald on record strategy, the factors influencing the characters choice of bald on record strategy, and the impact revealing the use of bald on record strategy by the characters in the novel. The researcher wants to know the use of bald on record strategy by characters in their daily communication.

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Politeness strategy is developed in order to save the hearers’ “face”. Face refers to the respect that an individual has for him or herself to maintain that “self-esteem” in public or in private situations.

’face’ [is] the public self-image that every member wants to claim for himself [sic], consisting in two related aspects:

(a) negative face: the basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights to non-distraction – i.e. to freedom of action and freedom from imposition

(b) positive face: the positive consistent self-image or ’personality’ (crucially including the desire that this self-image be appreciated and approved of) claimed by interactants

Brown & Levinson (1987, p.61)

Brown and Levinson (1978: 65) present four strategies to face “threatening face” (FTA’s= Face Threatening Acts), they are bald on record, negative politeness, positive politeness, and off record (indirect) strategy, in which each of them had its role. For example: (a) Put your jacket away. (b) You must be hungry, it’s a long time since breakfast. How about some lunch? (C) I just want to ask you if I could use your computer? (d) It’s bit cold in here. Holmes (1992, p.296-297) stated that the study of politeness is specialization behaving in a way that attempts to take into account the feelings of the people being addressed. Shortly, the speakers try to treat others’ (hearer) face with civility and courtesy, and avoid embarrassing, ridiculing or hurting the others.

The study of politeness strategy has been conducted by several researchers with a variety focuses. It occurred because of the phenomenon of politeness strategies has become expanded in any context of the literary works. It means that politeness phenomena do not only occur in an ordinary language such as daily communication but also in an extra-ordinary language

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which is mainly used in literary text. It has driven academics’ attention to do research on text with a variety of focuses (see e.g. Indriani; et al, 2014, Nevalainen, et.al, 2002; Fitriyana, et.al, 2007; Murliati, et.al, 2013; Septyaningsih, et.al, 2007; Maiyahusofa, et.al, 2015; Maghfiroh, et.al, 2015, Shigemitsu, 2004). However, since politeness can be expanded in any context of literary works politeness strategy begin to be widely used in analyzing of literary works such as, novel, drama, movie and poem (see e.g Maghfiroh, 2015, Indriani, 2014, Murliati, et.al, 2013; Maiyahusofa, et.al, 2015; Septyaningsih, et.al, 2007; Fitriyana, et.al, 2007). The combination of both politeness strategy and directive speech act (see e.g Hastari; et al, 2013, Murliati; et al, 2013) collaboration of politeness strategy and study of criticizing action (see e,g Anjarsari; et al, 2011). The sub-strategies of politeness strategy focus on positive politeness has been also done (see e.g., Indriani; et al, 2014, Septyaningsih, et.al, 2007; Maghfiroh, et.al, 2015).

Whilst, Anjarsari (2011) has combined those two theories politeness strategy and speech acts criticism, to explore the exploitation of characters in

The Ugly Truth movie, how the politeness strategy used to extend speech act of criticism, and how politeness strategy used to respond the criticism, then to examine the factors which influence the choice of strategy. Hastari (2013), used two approaches those are, politeness strategy and speech act, to explore

the use of politeness strategies of request in the Pride and Prejudice movie.

The writer compares the data which contain politeness strategy with speech act theory, especially in type of request. Request is belong to directives speech

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acts. Murliati (2013) has combined those two theories, politeness strategy and

speech act to examine the directives speech which contain of commands, requests, and suggestions, then combined it by use politeness strategy to investigate George Milton’s utterances in the movie John Steinbeck’s of Mice and Men based on their directive speech. The finding of Anjarsari’s research

(2011) confirmed there are three characters in the movie The Ugly Truth

movie extended speech act of criticism. The finding in responding the

criticism of the speakers Anjarsari (2011) belong to the strategies those are

bald on record, positive politeness, and off record strategy. The result show people tend to use bald on record strategy to extend criticism to others. The choice of strategy is influenced by the relative power that the speakers have and the close relationship between the participants.

Hastari (2013) the result shows that there are four strategies of politeness strategies in the context of requesting which used by the characters

in the Pride and Prejudice movie. Those four strategies are bald on record,

positive politeness, negative politeness and off record. The finding shows that dominant strategy of politeness strategy of request in Pride and Prejudice movieis bald on record. The finding of Murliati’s research (2013) pointed that George Milton tends to apply in giving commands. However, in requesting and suggesting, George Milton more frequent use positive and negative politeness strategies. Surprisingly, the researcher found similarities of those previous researchers speakers (Anjarsari 2011; Hastari 2013; Murliati 2013). Those previous researchers had used politeness and directive speech acts as

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the basic theory of their research, they also used same object those are movie with different title and genre, and the result of those research has been similar, which bald on record is dominantly strategy of politeness strategy found and used by characters in each research.

Studies of politeness strategy which focus only one strategy that is positive politeness in literary works have been done by some researcher (see e.g., Indriani; et al, 2014, Septyaningsih, et.al, 2007; Maghfiroh, et.al, 2015). In attempts of investigating character’s utterances of positive politeness, Septyaningsih (2007) Indriani (2014) and Maghfiroh, (2015) did their research to find out the types of positive politeness strategy that used by characters in the movies and novel. In her research, Septyaningsih (2007) found all kinds of positive politeness strategies were employed by the characters. Which is she has taken a movie entitled In Good Company as her data source and the characters utterances which contain of positive politeness as data. Indriani (2014), found significant result it shows that Grace as the main character produced the highest number of positive politeness in her utterances than Meg. Besides that, she is younger than Meg; so she has to give her respect to Meg. In her research, the writer used utterances produced by the main characters Grace and Meg in Monte Carlo movie as the data. In the different a year Maghfiroh, (2015) found that all kinds of positive politeness strategies were employed by the main characters in ‘Divergent’ movie. Moreover, the most dominant of the strategy in positive politeness is assert or presuppose speaker’s knowledge of and concern for hearer’s intention. The finding

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between Septyaningsih (2007), Indriani (2014), Maghfiroh, (2015) have significant similarities. They found all kinds of positive politeness in each subject research of them. It concluded that phenomenon of politeness strategy can be encountered even in the literary text.

In the same year, there is similar research between Murliati (2013) and Hastari (2013) both of researchers has combined those two theory, politeness strategy and speech act to examined the directives speech which contain of commands, requests, and suggestions, then combined it by using politeness strategy to investigate the character’s utterances based on their directive speech in the movie. They explore how the politeness strategy is used by the character in the directive utterances. Each of them used movie as their data source and the data is characters utterances. Murliati (2013) has been used in John Steinbeck’s of Mice and Men movie to be investigated, Hastari (2013) has been used Pride and Prejudice movie to be investigated.

A study boarder focused on politeness strategy ( Fitriyana, 2007, Nevalainen, et.al, 2002). In research pertaining to the phenomenon of politeness strategy in literary text of John Grisham’s the Client novel is done by Fitriyana (2007). In her research, she was examined how politeness strategy used in the in John Grisham’s novel The Client. The study of politeness strategy focused on quotation letters written by non-native and native speakers of English is done by Nevalainen, (2002). In his research, he was concentrated on politeness strategy used in the business letters, more

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precisely quotation letters. He was compared the politeness strategy used in the letters to find out the differences and the similarities.

The result of Fitriyana (2007) concluded that four strategies applied by the portrayed characters in their dialogues. Those are; first, bald on record which used in the situation in which S want to achieve maximum efficiency of his utterances. Second, positive politeness strategy used in the condition in which S tries to minimize the distance between expressing friendliness and solid interest. Third, negative politeness strategies which used in the situation in which S has the main focus on assuming that he may be imposing and intruding on H’s space. Fourth, off record strategy used in the condition to take some pressure off the hearer. Nevalainen (2002) noticed the results of the comparative from the non-native data the result from native speakers in business letters. Concluded that there are hardly any differences in the politeness strategies seem to correspond with business conventions. In other words, negative politeness strategies are more frequent than positive politeness strategies, and bald on record strategy was most infrequent of the three. The results of those two previous studies are contrasted difference(see

e.g. Anjarsari 2011; Hastari 2013; Murliati 2013) stated that bald on record is

dominantly strategy of politeness strategy found and used by characters. Both Fitriyana (2007) and Nevalainen (2002) found in their research that bald on record strategy was most infrequent used.

Nonetheless, most of those research projects only deals with authorial presence of politeness strategy. Mostly, their research focused in general cases

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which is it had already repeating by previous researcher such as to investigate the types and to find out factor used by characters in the literary works. It made the research are lacking of critical analysis of each strategy. After reviewing the existing of previous studies, it is worthwhile and timely to examine only one strategy of politeness strategy more deeply and only focuses on one spot that is bald on record. It makes the research more deeply and concise.

Bald on record strategy is a direct way of saying things, without any minimization to the imposition, in a direct, clear and concise Brown and Levinson (1978:74). Brown and Levinson (1978:95) claim that the prime reason for bald on record usage may be stated simply: in general, whenever S wants to do the FTA with maximum efficiency more than s/he wants to satisfy H’s face, even to any degree, s/he will choose the bald on record.

In last decade, in Japan, Shigemitsu (2004) found difference perspective between Japanese speaker and English speaker based on bald on record strategy. Shigemitsu (2004) confirmed that bald on record is seldom used in Japanese and its usages are restricted to the situation according to the power relation (S, H) and distance (S, H). Moreover, even some expressions categorized in Brown and Levinson’s off-record strategies, Japanese people perceive them as a bald-on-record strategy and ‘being said straight out’. As the rules given shows, Japanese face threatening act is redressed in such culturally based biases. It concluded that to use the bald on record strategy in Japanese is acceptable when the following rule 1 and rule 2 are applied. Rule 1: Gricean

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Maximum efficiency is very important and this is mutually known to both speaker and hearer. Rule2: power difference between speaker and hearer is great. Sub-Rule 1: do not use the bald-on-record strategy to the situation unless they are in the same rank as you. Sub-rule 2: don’t use bald-on record strategies when you feel superior to your close friend. Sub-rule 3: don’t use the bald-on-record strategies when speaker and hearer clearly have different opinions. Sub-rule 4: don’t use the bald-on-record when you mention the Hearer’s defect. Sub-rule 5: even saying in hinting, if it violates those sub rules above.

The data and subject of the research has taken from Japanese expressions presented in this paper were obtained from class activities at three different colleges. Students wrote Japanese expression after preview the Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategies. Their task is to give one expression for each five strategies and gave context suitable for expression. Then, students found that some expressions were prohibited at some contexts or would have some risk if he or she really uttered them. So, the data can be called some side-products of the task in the classroom with native Japanese speakers’ intuition.

In this study, the researcher attempt to investigate further the use of bald on record due to it is still minim occurred in other research especially in exploring a literary text. The primary focus on bald on record in this study, the researcher seek to examine more extensively bald on record used by characters in the novel Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery, how actually

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condition which make someone choice of bald on record in their communication. The primary focus in this research are the circumstances determining by characters’ choice of bald on record strategy, the factors influencing the characters choice of bald on record strategy, and the impacts revealing in use of bald on record strategy by the characters in the novel.

In this present study, the researcher take into account some previous studies that have successfully revealed that politeness strategy have a significant role and already encountered in character’s daily communication in the novel (see e.g. Indriani; et al, 2014, Nevalainen, et.al, 2002; Fitriyana, et.al, 2007; Murliati, et.al, 2013; Septyaningsih, et.al, 2007; Maiyahusofa, et.al, 2015; Maghfiroh, et.al, 2015, Shigemitsu, 2004). The researcher had attempted to confirm whether this phenomenon is correlated with politeness strategy focuses on bald on record strategy, as noted earlier, linguistics markers of language use (bald on record) are among the circumstances potentially used by characters in Anne of Green Gables.

This study collects the data from characters’ utterances in the novel

Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery which contain bald on record. The characters in Anne of Green Gables are 26. The researcher only takes 6 of 26 characters’ to make more concise and clear for this study in collecting and analyzing the data that concern on bald on-record strategy. Those characters are containing in the novel Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery as the researcher’s data and data sources. The researcher explores bald on record strategy proposed by Brown and Levinson which is

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bald on record have two types. They are type I non-minimization of the face threat and type II cases FTA oriented bald on record usage. The circumstances bald on record provides the condition and situation that it has been influenced the characters choosing bald on record strategy.

The researcher ensures that this study will timely and worthwhile, because of the minimum from the other researcher to analyze this case. Thus, this research is intended to analyze the use of bald on record in Montgomery’s novel “Anne of Green Gables”. This research will fill the gaps by use bald on-record strategy by focusing on the circumstances, the factors influencing the characters, and the impacts revealing in use of bald on record strategy by the characters in the novel Anne of Green Gables.

1.2 The Problem of the Study

Based on the background of the study, the problem of the study is focus on 1. What are circumstances of bald on record can be found in the

Montgomery’s novel “Anne of Green Gables”?

2. What factors influencing the characters choosing bald on record strategies? 3. What impacts are reveal in use of bald on record strategy by the characters

in Montgomery’s novel “Anne of Green Gables”? 1.3 Objectives of the Study

Having looked at the problems above, the purposes of this study will focuses on:

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1. To find out the circumstances of bald on record are used in Montgomery’s novel “Anne of Green Gables”

2. To identify the factors influence the characters whose imply bald on record strategies.

3. To describe the impacts revealing in use of bald on record’ strategy by the characters in Montgomery’s novel “Anne of Green Gables”.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The researcher points out two things of significance in this study, those are theoretically and practically. Theoretically, this research is significant to provide some information to the readers about bald on record strategy such as, the definition of bald on record, the circumstances of bald on record strategies, and the examples of bald on record in which a literary work especially in novel. This study has purposes to provide the explanation of bald on record strategy in which applied in a literary work, how the strategy can correlate with that literary work.

The result of the research expected to be beneficial for those (reader) who want to deals with understanding about applying bald on record in especially literary work. Practically, this research expected can be as the basic for those (reader) who try analyzing bald on record strategies in other aspect such as in real life how people communicate each other by use bald on record strategies. The findings of this research expected to the reader can be distinguished each condition and situation based on circumstances of bald on record strategies. Then, to make the readers understand about bald on-record

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strategy and its purpose that actually they face everyday therefore they can apply this strategy appropriately in order to make their conversation runs in harmony.

1.5 Scope and Limitations

In order to be focus, the researcher makes the scope of the study. The researcher limited on the sub-strategy of politeness strategies those are bald on record strategy. Concerning the theories employed which have various versions the researcher will use bald on record strategy based on Brown and Levinson’s theory as the orientation of this study.

The researcher focuses on the characters which use bald on record strategy in their daily communication. The researcher only takes 6 (six) of 26 total characters to analyze the data. The (6) six characters are, Anne Shirley, Marilla Cuthbert, Matthew Cuthbert, Diana Barry, Gilbert Blythe, and Mrs. Rachel Lynde. The reason is mostly from 6 of 26 characters which frequently used bald on record in their communication and in order to make deeper analyzing in bald on record.

There are three underlying analyzes in this study. The first, focuses in the analysis the circumstances of bald on record used by characters in the novel “Anne of Green Gables”. The second, focuses on the factors influencing the characters in novel “Anne of Green Gables” in choosing bald on record strategies. The third, focuses on the impacts which reveal in use of bald on record strategy by the characters in Montgomery’s novel “Anne of Green Gables”. The data is chosen in the form of the words, utterances,

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sentences, and dialogue of the characters in the novel. The narration is taken as it is necessary to clarify the context of utterances, and dialogue.

1.6 Definition of Key Terms

In order to avoid misunderstanding on what discussed in the thesis, it is important for the researcher to provide definitions of some crucial key terms. Some terms are defined as follows:

1. Politeness strategy is one of the ways on human interaction, whose purpose is to consider others' feelings, establish levels of mutual comfort and promote rapport’.

2. Bald on record strategy is a direct way of saying things, without any minimization to the imposition, in a direct, clear and concise.This strategy is mainly based on the Grecian Maxims. Brown and Levinson (1978:74) 3. Novel is one of literary works which is presence a fiction story an

invented prose narrative of considerable length and a certain complexity that deals imaginatively with human experience, usually through a connected sequence of events involving a group of persons in a specific setting. A novel expresses some aspect of human’s love and existence.

4. Anne of Green Gables is a 1908 novel by Canadian author Lucy Maud

Montgomery. Written for all ages, it has been considered a children's novel since the mid-twentieth century. It recounts the adventures of Anne Shirley, an 11-year-old orphan girl who is mistakenly sent to Matthew and

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Marilla Cuthbert, a middle-aged brother and sister who had intended to adopt a boy to help them on their farm in Prince Edward Island.

5. Lucy Maud Montgomery, publicly known as L. M. Montgomery, was a

Canadian author best known for a series of novels beginning in 1908 with Anne of Green Gables. Anne of Green Gables was an immediate success. The central character, Anne, an orphaned girl, made Montgomery famous in her lifetime and gave her an international following. The first novel was followed by a series of sequels with Anne as the central character. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Maud_Montgomery

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of many significance theories concerning to the related object of this study and its related study. It involves, politeness strategy, Brown and Levinson politeness theory, bald on-record strategy, factors influencing choice of bald on-record, impacts revealing in use of bald on-record, Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery, and its previous study.

2.1 Politeness Strategy

First of all, the researcher will discuss some of the variation definitions of politeness. Because, many of scholars have attempted to define it according to their understandings. Before adopting a definition of the term politeness in this study, review of some definition will be given in the following section.

Yule (1996:106) defined politeness is a system of interpersonal relations designed to facilitate interaction by human interaction by minimizing potential conflict and confrontation inherent in all human interchange. In communication, politeness can be defined as the means to show awareness of another person’s face. Face means public self-image of person. It refers to that emotional and social sense of self that every person has and expects everyone else to recognize (Yule, 1996:134).

Similar with Yule (1996:106), Leech (1980: 19) defined politeness as “strategic conflict avoidance”, which can be measured in terms of the degree

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of effort put into the avoidance of a conflict situation” and “the establishment and maintenance of comity. Because it is strategic, the avoidance of the conflict is seen as a conscious effort on the part of the person being polite.

In contrast with Yule and Leech, Fraser (1990) proposes a four-fold classification of politeness: the social-norm view, the conversational-maxim view, the face-saving view and the conversational-contract view. politeness is referred to as social politeness, which means according to Kasper (1994: 3206) (cited in Barron & Boubendir 2002) “the proper social conduct and tactful consideration of others”. Fraser (1990) views first-order politeness as etiquette and social appropriateness (in his terminology the social norm view and the conversational-contract view). On the other hand Ide (1989: 22 in Boubendir, 2012) thinks that politeness is "language associated with smooth communication".

According to Brown and Levinson (1978), politeness strategies are developed in order to save the hearer’s face (in Goody, 1996). Face refers to the respect that an individual has for him or herself, and maintaining the ‘self-esteem’ in public or in private situation.

Based on the definitions above the researcher sum up that politeness strategy is one of communication strategy that emphasizes to the hearer’s face. In order to minimize potential conflict and confrontation inherent in all human interchange by use polite words and actions .This research, will focus on politeness which is recommended by Brown and Levinson (1978).

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2.2 Brown and Levinson’s Politeness Theory

Brown and Levinson theory is based on three basic notions: the view of communication as a rational activity, Grice’s (1975) Cooperative Principle and maxims of conversation, and Goffman’s (1967) notion of face’. Central to Brown and Levinson’s theory is the concept of face, as proposed by Goffman (1967) who defined face as:

“… the positive social value of a person effectively claims for himself by line others assume he has taken during a particular contact. Face is an image of self delineated in terms of approved social attributes-albeit an image that others might share, as when a person makes a good showing for his profession or religion by making a good showing for himself.” (Goffman 1967:5)

Face is linked to a person’s self-esteem or self-image which can be damaged, maintained or enhanced during the interactions with other people. According to House (1998:57), the derivations from the Gricean maxims are motivated by employing strategies to counteract so called face-threatening acts’ (FTAs).

Brown and Levinson (1978:66) defined face as something that is emotionally invested and the face can be lost, maintained or enhanced and it must be constantly attended to in interaction. Similarly, in Thomas view (1995:169), ‘face’ is best understood within politeness theory as every individual’s feeling of self-worth or self-image. According to Brown and Levinson (1978:66), face has two aspects: positive and negative.

’face’ [is] the public self-image that every member wants to claim for himself [sic], consisting in two related aspects:

(a) negative face: the basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights to non-distraction – i.e. to freedom of action and freedom from imposition

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(b) positive face: the positive consistent self-image or ’personality’ (crucially including the desire that this self-image be appreciated and approved of) claimed by interactants

Brown & Levinson, (1987 p.61) In other words, positive face is reflected in interactant’s desire to be liked, approved of, respected and appreciated by other people. A negative face is reflected in the desire not to be impeded or put upon. Cooperation is essentially connected to face in Brown and Levinson’s theory. They argue (1978:65) that it is everyone’s best interest of two persons to maintain each other’s face and people cooperate and assume other’s cooperation in doing so. Such cooperation is based on the mutual vulnerability of face (Brown and Levinson, 1978:66).

According to Brown and Levinson (1978:65), certain acts can damage or threaten another person’s face and these acts are referred to as face threatening acts (FTAs). An FTA has the potential to damage the hearer’s positive and negative face or the act may damage the speaker’s own positive or negative face Brown and Levinson (1978:65). In order to reduce the possibility of damage to the hearer’s to the speaker’s, s/he may adopt certain strategies; these strategies Brown and Levinson call politeness strategies (1978:65). Politeness strategies can be divided into four main strategies: bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off record strategies.

A. Bald on record, is a direct way of saying things, without any

minimization to the imposition, in a direct, clear and concise Brown and Levinson (1978:74). Brown and Levinson (1978:95) claim that the prime reason for bald on record usage may be stated simply: in general,

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whenever S wants to do the FTA with maximum efficiency more than s/he wants to satisfy H’s face, even to any degree, s/he will choose the bald on record.

B. Positive politeness, this strategy attempts to minimize the threat to the hearer's positive face. It is oriented toward the positive face of H, the positive self-image that he claims for himself. For the same reason, positive politeness techniques are usable not only for FTA redress, but in general as a kind of social accelerator, where S, in using them, indicates that he wants to come closer to H. (Brown and Levinson, 1987:103 in Boubendir,2012).

C. Negative politeness, “is redressive action addressed to the addressee‟s negative face: his want to have his freedom of action unhindered and his attention unimpeded.” (Brown and Levinson (1987:129) in boubendir, 2012) Negative politeness on the other hand, is oriented mainly toward partially satisfy H’s negative face, his basic want to main claims of territory and self determination.

D. Off record, is uses indirect language and removes the speaker from the potential to being imposing. “A communicative act is done off record when is not possible to attribute only one clear communicative intention to the act. (Brown and Levinson, 1987: 211).

Based on the aims of this study, the researcher will focus on the first strategy of 4 (four) politeness strategy from Brown and Levinson’s theory of politeness strategy that is Bald on record. It is because one of the things that

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frequently occurs in daily communication. Besides, bald on record strategy is the strategy which not minimization the hearer’s face, the speakers speak direct in their utterances. It will reveals any question about this strategy such what circumstances bald on record are used by speakers, what factors influencing the characters choosing this strategy, and how the impact that reveals in use of this strategy. In this study, the researcher choice of novel by Lucy Maud Montgomery entitled “Anne of Green Gables” to be investigated.

The speaker can choose from these strategies if s/he wants to perform the FTA or s/he can choose not to perform the FTA. The size of the threat varies and so does the redressive action of strategies, thus the speaker can choose a right kind of strategy for a particular FTA (Brown and Levinson 1978:65). Figure 1.1 illustrates the redressiveness of action; the higher the number the more redressive strategy (Brown and Levinson 1978:65). If the act is very threatening speaker generally chooses very redressive strategy. The most redressive strategy is not to do the FTA and at least redressive is to do the FTA baldly.

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Figure 1.1. Circumstances determining choice of strategy by Brown and Levinson.

Brown and Levinson argue (1978:79) that the assessment of the seriousness of an FTA involves three factors in many cultures. The factors are: the social distance (D) of speaker and hearer, the relative power (P) of speaker and hearer and the absolute ranking (R) of impositions in the particular culture (Brown and Levinson 1978:79).

2.3 Bald on Record Strategy

Bald on record is a direct way of saying things, without any minimization to the imposition, in a direct, clear and concise Brown and Levinson (1978:74). Brown and Levinson (1978:95) claim that the prime reason for bald on record usage may be stated simply: in general, whenever S wants to do the FTA with maximum efficiency more than s/he wants to satisfy H’s face, even to any degree, s/he will choose the bald on record. However, this type of strategy is commonly found with people who know each other very well, and very comfortable in their environment such as close and family.

These kinds of strategies are used when the speaker wants to do the FTAs with the most efficiency and does not attempt to minimize the threat to the hearer’s face Boubendir, et.al (2012). Direct imperatives are a good example of this strategy. E.g. “come home right now!” Bald on record is mainly based on the Grecian Maxims.

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Maxim of Quantity: Don’t say less than is required Don’t say more than is required.

Maxim of Relevance: Be relevant.

Maxim of Manner: Be perspicuous: Avoid ambiguity and obscurity

Brown and Levinson (1978, p. 95) These Maxims define for us the basic set of assumptions underlying every talk exchange. Bald on record may be used whenever a speaker wants to do the FTA with maximum efficiency more than he/she wants to satisfy the hearer’s. There are different kinds of bald on record usage in different circumstances, because S can have different motives for his want to do the FTA with maximum efficiency Brown and Levinson (1978:100).

The motives of bald on record usage fall into two classes. Type 1: Where face is ignored or is irrelevant so the face threat is not minimized. Type 2: S minimizes face threats by implication where in doing the FTA baldly on record.

2.3.1 Type I: Non-Minimization of the Face Threat

Non-minimization of the face threat is type where face is ignored or is irrelevant so the face threat is not minimized. These are the strategy in “Non-minimization of the face threat”

a. Maximum Efficiency

Maximum Efficiency is a condition in which the speakers stress the efficiency of communication more than anything else. It is non-minimization

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of the face threat and it is very important when both S and H mutually known, so face redress is not required or not needed.

For examples: 1. Give me your bag.’ 2. ‘I’m not expecting a girl,’

3. ‘I hate you,’ ‘I hate you—I hate you—I hate you—

(Taken from “Anne of Green Gables”) b. Metaphorical Urgency for Emphasis.

Metaphorical urgency for emphasis is a condition where speakers speak based on degree of urgency situation. Shortly, this strategy used to get hearer’s attention. The phrases that show about degree of urgency or attention getter such as; Listen, I’ve got an idea.., Hear me out…, Look, the point is this…. Brown and Levinson (1978, p.96) It explains why orders and entreaties which have inverted assumptions about the relative status of S and H. Moreover, these metaphorical usages seem to occur with the same superficial syntax, namely imperative. Such as; excuse me, forgive me, pardon me, accept my thanks (Shigemitsu, 2004). For example:

How dare you call me skinny and ugly? How dare you say I’m freckled and redheaded? You are a rude, impolite, unfeeling woman!’

(Taken from “Anne of Green Gables”) c. Metaphorical Urgency For High Valuation of H’s Friendship

Metaphorical urgency for high valuation is a situation in which S speaks as is imploring H to care for S Brown and Levinson (1978, p.97). Cares in this

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condition is told about speakers implores hearer to care and to understand about what speaker’s want and desire. Shortly, this condition concerns on close relation between speaker and hearer. Thereby, stressing the efficiency his high valuation of H’s friendships is required

For examples:

‘Only be as good and kind to her as you can without spoiling her. I kind of think she’s one of the sort you can do anything with if you only get her to love you.’ (Taken from “Anne of Green Gables”)

d. Task Oriented/Paradigmatic Form of Instruction

Tasks oriented/paradigmatic form of instruction is a situation that concern on a task oriented interaction in which face redressed may be felt to be relevant. The focus of interaction is task-oriented, face redress may be felt to irrelevant Brown and Levinson (1978, p.97). Such task-oriented probably accounts for the paradigmatic instructions. For example:

“Go and bring me the bottle of vanilla you used.”

(Taken from “Anne of Green Gables”) e. Power Difference Between S and H (S is higher)

Power Difference between S and H (S is higher) is a situation in which S’s wants to satisfy H’s face is small, because S is powerful and no fear retaliation or non-cooperation from H, or S wants to be rude, or does not about maintaining face Brown and Levinson (1978, p.97). It means that there is power difference between S and H, and S’s power is greater than H. S does

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not have to redress the expression in order to satisfy H’s face. Power difference between S and H often appear in context of declaration, statuses, and instruction. For examples:

‘Here is something for you to notice, Anne. When I tell you to do a thing I want you to obey me at once and not stand stock-still and discourse about it. Just you go and do as I bid you.’

(Taken from “Anne of Green Gables”) f. Sympathetic Advice or Warnings

Sympathetic advice or warnings is a condition S conveys that he or she does care about H (and therefore about H’s positive face), so that no redress is required. It can occur in sympathetic advice or warning Brown and Levinson (1978, p.98). Sympathetic advice or warnings often appears in condition between speakers and hearers are mutually knows. Even, between speakers and hearers has close relationship. It is normally happened because both of participants are care each other.

For examples:

‘Don’t you do it, Anne,’ entreated Diana. ‘You’ll fall of and be killed. Never mind Josie Pye. It isn’t fair to dare anybody to do anything so dangerous.’ (Taken from “Anne of Green Gables”)

g. Permission that H has Requested

Permission that H has requested is a situation in which S grants permission for something that H has requested Brown and Levinson (1978, p.98). This situation is often appears in context of requesting something. This condition is

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beneficial for both speakers and hearers. It causes the hearer will get permission from speaker. And speaker will get advantages as the consequence for giving permission for hearer requested that is speaker could give a requirements for hearer in her/his permission and it is must be agree with it. For example:

"Yes, you may wash the dishes. Take plenty of hot water, and be sure you

dry them well. (Taken from “Anne of Green Gables”)

2.3.2. Type II. Cases FTA-Oriented Bald on-Record Usage

Types II cases FTA-oriented bald-on-record usage of bald on record is actually oriented to face. It is utilized when a speaker and hearer have oriented of face. Minimizes face threats by implication where in doing the FTA baldly on record. This nicely illustrates the way in which respect for face involves mutual orientation, so that each participant attempts to foresee what the other participant is attempting to foresee. In these circumstances it is polite, in a board sense, for S to alleviate H’s anxieties by pre-emptively inviting H to impinge on S’s preserve Shigemitsu (2004). Shortly, it is polite for S reduce H’s anxieties by preemptively inviting H to impinge on S’s preserve

Three areas where one would expect such pre-emptive invitations to occur in all languages are these:

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A. Greeting (Welcoming) and Farewells

Greeting (Welcoming) and Farewell is a condition where speaker accepts of H’s coming by stress the efficiency such as, come, go, sit down, come in, to receive the hearer’s comes. In this condition speaker insist to hearer that may impose on his negative face Shigemitsu (2004). Farewell is a condition when speaker leaving hearer by stress the efficiency to shorten the time. In this situation speaker insists that H may transgress on his positive face by taking his leave Shigemitsu (2004). And in general event of beginning and terminating encounters, often contain such bald on record commands such as; come, go, sit down, come in.

For examples:

‘How do you do, Marilla?’ she said cordially. ‘Come in. And this is the little girl you have adopted, I suppose?’

(Taken from “Anne of Green Gables”) In this case S will not say “come in” to person who are clearly more important than he and are clearly in a hurry. This invitation belongs to bald on record because there is no other face want is affected, the lighter the invitation, the more polite it is.

Farewell is a condition when speaker leaving hearer by stress the efficiency to shorten the time. In this situation speaker insists that H may transgress on his positive face by taking his leave Shigemitsu (2004).

For examples:

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• The night before I went to the asylum I said good-bye to Violetta, and oh, her good-bye came back to me in such sad, sad tones.

(Taken from “Anne of Green Gables”) B. Offers

Offers is a situation where speakers offering himself to the hearers by stressing the efficiency of communication. The reason is to respect hearer’s face. In this situation speaker also insists is the situation where Speaker insists that Hearer may impose on Speaker’s negative face in the context of offering (Shigemitsu, 2004). For examples:

‘I’m sorry I was late,’ he said shyly. ‘Come along. The horse is over in the yard. Give me your bag.’

(Taken from “Anne of Green Gables”) C. Others (Miscellaneous)

Other cases is a condition of bald-on-record imperatives seem to be addressed to H’s reluctance to transgress on S’s positive face (as contrasted with the above, those are aimed at forestalling H’s reluctance to impinge on S’s negative face Shigemitsu, 2004.) This condition concerns to the speaker tries to transgress on S’s positive face, by doing minimization of H’s face threat to reduce the impacts of FTA. Such as; don’t worry about me, don’t mind the mess. Here, S communicates essentially don’t worry about offending me. In ‘don’t mind the mess’ S communicates something like, don’t worry that I will mind you seeing me in such a mess: I won’t. For example:

Oh, no, I'm not vexed--don't worry yourself.

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These three functional categories are all potential FTAs: there is a risk that H may not wish to receive such invitations. Where the risk is great, we would expect some other strategy than bald on record to be utilized.

2.4 The Factors Influencing the choice of Bald on Record

According to Brown and Levinson (1997: 95), the prime reason that bald on record strategies are used is when the speaker wants to do the FTA with maximum efficiency more than s/he wants to satisfy the hearer’s face. The motives for wanting to do the FTA with maximum efficiency, however, can be varied due to different contexts. Then, they were specified the reason speaker use bald on record strategy become two major factors.

The employment of bald on record strategy is influenced by several factors. According to Brown and Levinson (1987:71) there are two factors that influence the speaker to employ politeness strategy. The factors are payoff and circumstances.

A. Payoff: A Priori Considerations

A priori consideration is a prominent factor which trigger by speakers to choose bald on record strategies in order to get any advantages. By doing Bald on record, a speaker can potentially get any of the following advantages: speakers can enlist public pressure against the addressee or in support himself, speakers can get credit from honesty for indicating that s/he trusts the addressee; speakers can get credit for outspokenness, avoiding the danger of being seen to be manipulator, speakers can avoid the danger of being

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misunderstood; and speakers can have the opportunity to pay back in face whatever he potentially takes away by the FTA (Brown and Levinson, p.71). Applying bald on record strategies between speaker and hearer can get clarity and agreement about the meaning of an utterance. Furthermore, speakers avoid the danger of being misunderstood.

The guidelines of payoff: a priori considerations can be simplified to the following summary;

a. Clarity, perspicuousness

b. Demonstrable non-manipulativeness Bald- on record (non-redressed) payoff:

Efficiency is triggered by speaker can claim that other things are more important than face, or that the act is not an FTA at all (Brown and Levinson 1978:72).

B. Relevant Circumstances: Sociological Variables

The seriousness of FTA is influenced by the circumstances, sociological variables, and thus to a determination of the level of politeness. Brown and Levinson (1987 pp.74-77) stated that the circumstances is most culture involve. There are three dimensions to determine the level of politeness. Among them are social distance (D), relative power (P), and size of imposition (R).

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1. Social Distance

Social distance (D) is symmetric social dimension of similarity/difference between S and H. it can be seen as the composite of psychologically real factors (status, age, sex, degree of intimacy, etc) which together determine the overall degree of respectfulness within a given speech situation Brown and Levinson (1978, p.77) . It based on the symmetric relation between the speaker and the hearer. It is based on the frequency of interaction and the kinds of face that S and H exchanged. Social distance refers to the relationship between the interlocutors. If two people are very close, they would have a low degree of social distance. Two strangers would typically have a high degree of social distance. In most varieties of English, higher degrees of social distance result in the use of more formal language (Boubendir, 2012).

2. Relative Power

Power (P) is an asymmetric social dimension of relative power. In general point there are two sources of P those are; authorized or unauthorized and material control (over economic distribution and physical force) or metaphysical control Brown and Levinson (1978,p.77). It means that we tend to use a greater degree of politeness with people who have some power or authority over us than to those who do not. It is based on the asymmetric relation between the speaker and the hearer. Shortly, Power refers to the power relationship between two interlocutors. S will typically find himself in three types of power relationships. In the first, he would have equal power with the person he is talking to (e.g., a friend or

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colleague). In the other two, S would either have more power (e.g., as a boss, instructor) or less power (e.g., employee, student) than the person he was talking to. In English, more formal and indirect language is typically used in situations where the other person has more power than the speaker does Boubendir (2012). Thomas (1995 p.127; in Hastari) also states that there are three kinds of power, those are:

i. Legitimate power: one person has the right to prescribe or requests certain things by virtue of role, age or status

ii. Referent power: one person has power over another because the other admires and wants to be like him/her in some respect.

iii. Expert power: in this case, one person has some special knowledge or expertise which the other person needs.

3. The absolute ranking (R) of imposition

R is defined as the ranking of impositions by the degree to which FTA entails. Size of imposition (R) can be seen from the relative status between one speech acts to another in a context. Boubendir, 2012 stated that rank of imposition refers to the importance or degree of difficulty in the situation. For example, in requests, a large rank of imposition would occur if the speaker was asking for a big favor, whereas a small rank of imposition would exist when the request is small.

In English, high ranks of imposition tend to require more formal and complex language structures. Each one of these factors interacts and relates differently to the politeness of a communicative act. They even carry

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different weights in different languages and cultures. When learning to be pragmatically appropriate, it is important to learn which social factors are most applicable and important to the context in which you are interacting. There are two which contribute to do FTA; the ranking impositions of services and goods (like information and other face payment) For example, borrowing a car in the ordinary time will make us feel reluctant, but in urgent situations it will natural. Thus, in the first context we will employ polite utterance. Meanwhile, in the second context it is not necessary to employ polite utterance because the situation is urgent.

2.5 The Impacts Revealing in Use of Bald on Record Strategy

The impacts does not written directly in the text, however it looked on the change of characters’ acts and gestures. The acts mutation changing significantly looked after speaker used bald on record and it make hearer shows their impacts. The unexpectedly event such speaker say something uses bald on record it encourage hearer will change their acts and gesture further. The mutation of acts and gestures spontaneity by hearer is the impacts of bald on record. Representation impacts of bald on record strategy those are: shock, uncomfortable, offense and offended.

The speakers who used bald on record strategy usually make shock the hearers, embarrass them, or make them feel a bit of uncomfortable. This strategy usually applied in direct imperatives sentences.

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2.5.1 Shock

Shock is an emotional or physical reaction to a sudden, unexpected, and unusual or unpleasant event. An unpleasant feeling that you experience when something new or usual happens. It occurs when we communicate by doing bald on record strategy. It is surely happened to hearers who don’t know the speakers closely. The hearers think it was a rude communication because the speaker does not considering about speaking etiquette or ignoring about politeness strategy.

2.5.2 Uncomfortable

Uncomfortable is causing or feeling unease or awkwardness. Means, not feeling comfortable, pleasant and confidence or not making you feel comfortable and pleasant. It is a crucial thing that usually occurring in daily communication especially for people who those never meet each other before. This case had possibilities occur in communication if the speaker using bald on record strategy in his/her communicate with hearer who don’t know the speaker closely.

2.5.3 Offended

Offend is causing (a person or group) to feel hurt, angry, or upset something said or done. This point is the most prominent because if speaker using bad on record strategy in his/her way to communicate with people who don’t know closely by the reason to avoid unambiguous to the hearer it will not work at all . However, it will make the hearer feel offended. Bald on record strategy is speaking in direct, clear, and unambiguous way.

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2.5.4 Offense

Offense is the act of causing anger, resentment, displeasure, or affront. The state of being offended. Something that is wrong or improper, that causes a person to be hurt, angry, and upset. In case of communication being offense frequently occurred in certain person. Especially for those people who don’t know each other properly. However for those people who knowing well sometimes being offense for people which use communication direct strategy or bald on record in their communication. Being offense triggered somebody become offended.

After seeing the explanation above bald on record strategy will not work for speaker and hearer who never meet each other before or for them who don’t have closely relationship such as relation of family, friendship and other or have high position such as the relation between director and his employee. Type of this strategy commonly used with people who know each other very well such as close friend and family or with people which have highest position (power) such as, director to employee.

2.6 Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery

Lucy Maud Montgomery (L.M. Montgomery) the author of the novel

Anne of Green Gables, was born in Clifton, Prince Edward Island at

November, 30th 1874 AD. Lucy Maud Montgomery was a Canadian author published 20 novels and one of the most popular works was Anne of Green

Gables. In her lifetime, there are nine sequels of Anne, each of which

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character, Anne, an orphaned girl, made Montgomery. The character of Anne an orphaned girl was represented of Montgomery’s childhood.

Character of Anne Shirley is an orphan who is adopted by Matthew and Marilla cuthbert and grows up on their farm, Green Gables. Anne is stubborn, passionate, loyal and intelligent. She has unlimited imagination and occasionally she had bad temper. While, When Montgomery was a baby, her mother died of tuberculosis. Her father (Hugh John Montgomery) left her with her maternal grandparents, the Macneils on a farm in Cavendish, Prince Edward Island. Montgomery herself was not so lucky. She was a sensitive girl her life was full of loneliness, suffering, and disappointment. It made him felt like an orphan. So, she created character of Anne as like as her life.

Montgomery got idea for Anne from an old journal. One day, Montgomery was leafing through a journal and found an entry written a decade before. It said, “Elderly couple apply to orphan asylum for a boy.” By mistake a girl is sent them. Montgomery started writing a story about red headed orphan, intending to submit it as a seven chapter serial for a newspaper. But Anne’s character took a life of her own. Below is a synopsis of Anne of Green Gables as follows:

Siblings Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert intend to adopt a boy to assist Matthew in the farm work at Green Gables, but a misunderstanding occurs and they are instead presented with a red-headed girl named Anne Shirley. Despite Anne’s temperamental personality and a propensity for getting into trouble with her over-active imagination, the Cuthberts quickly become

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attached to Anne and decide to keep her. Anne quickly becomes best friends with Diana Barry, and develops an animosity with Gilbert Blythe, whom she competes against in school. Anne grows up, matures, and becomes an excellent student. When she goes away to further her education, she gets accepted into University and is awarded a scholarship. She decides to forego University, however, when she realizes that she is needed on Green Gables. She comes home to Green Gables and agrees to teach at the Avonlea school. 2.7 Related Study

There is similar study about politeness strategy focus on bald on record as language use. However, this study has different object research. The study focused on different perspective on ‘bald on record’ strategy between Japanese and English speakers. The research was conducted by Shigemitsu et.al (2004) entitled “Perspective Difference In ‘Bald on-Record’ Between Japanese and English Speakers”. Shigemitsu et.al (2004) was conducted his research in bald on-record perspective. The purpose of his research is to show a different perspective on ‘bald on record’ strategy between English speakers and Japanese speakers. Shigemitsu (2004) found a problem that Japanese people have difficulty in catching the correct concept of ‘baldness’ in communication when I introduced it to the students in three different colleges.

The researcher collected the data from students at three different colleges, the place where the researcher was taught pragmatics. The data and subject of the research has taken from Japanese expressions presented in this paper were obtained from class activities at three different colleges. Students

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wrote Japanese expression after preview the Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategies. Their task is to give one expression for each five strategies and gave context suitable for expression. Then, students found that some expressions were prohibited at some contexts or would have some risk if he or she really uttered them. So, the data can be called some side-products of the task in the classroom with native Japanese speakers’ intuition. In the result, Shigemitsu (2004) confirmed that bald on record is seldom used in Japanese and its usages are restricted to the situation according to the power relation (S, H) and distance (S, H). Moreover, even some expressions categorized in Brown and Levinson’s off-record strategies, Japanese people perceive them as a bald-on-record strategy and ‘being said straight out’. As the rules given shows, Japanese face threatening act is redressed in such culturally based biases. It is concluded that to use the bald on record strategy in Japanese is acceptable when the following rule 1 and rule 2 are applied. Rule 1: Gricean Maxim efficiency is very important and this is mutually known to both Speaker and Hearer. Rule2: power difference between Speaker and Hearer is great.

The researcher indicated that the students in Japan employing bald on record strategy in certain circumstances based on several factors such as, close relationship and relative power (S is greater than H) . Even, they were supposed to follow the rules. The difference of this study with the researcher’s study is the used of bald –on record strategy, data. Shigemitsu (2004) used bald on-record to show different perspective in bald on-record between

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Japanese and English speaker, the data collected from Japanese students expression at three different colleges. Beside, this study used bald on-record to show the use of bald on-record in Montgomery’s novel ‘Anne of Green Gables’, the data collected from character’s utterances which contain of bald on record strategy. The similarity, both of this study used Brown and Levinson theory ‘Politeness; Some universals in Language Usage’ (1978).

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODS

This session presents the research methods used. It covers some headings dealing with methodology. It includes, design, instrument, data and data source, data collection and data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

In this study, the researcher was applied qualitative approach. Because, the data gained are in form of words (utterances, phrases, clauses, sentences, and dialogues) by the characters’ utterances in the novel. Bodgan and Taylor defined qualitative research as a research that presents the descriptive data in the form of written or oral words of people and behavior which can be observed (in Moleong, 2001:3) as stated by Miles and Huberman (1992), “qualitative data concerned appear in words rather than in numbers”. While, qualitative means the use of method in achieving the goal of the study which not using formulas or numeric data.

It can be pointed out that in a qualitative research, the researcher tried to collect the data, organized them, classified, identified, analyzed the data, then made the interpretation on the data, and at last, the researcher drew conclusion based on the data analyze which gotten from the novel “Anne of Green Gables”.

By using qualitative approach, the researcher tried to get the facts concerning of the problem statement those are the in what circumstances of

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bald on record strategy used by characters in the novel, what the factors influencing characters used this strategy, and how the impactsrevealing in use of bald on record strategy by the characters in Montgomery’s novel “Anne of Green Gables”. The researcher was conducted the data analyze based on bald on record strategy as theoretical bases in this research. In the last the researcher drew conclusion.

3.2 Research Instrument

Instrument is important to obtain the data of this study to set up the methods were used to collect the data. Bodgan and Biklen (1998 in Ningsih, 2015) stated that the main instrument employed in descriptive qualitative designs is human instrument. In this research, the instrument was the researcher herself who collected, interpreted, organized, and analyzed the data and drew conclusion. The data was utterances which contained phrases, clauses, sentences, and dialogues by characters in the novel which have the characteristics of bald on record strategy directly because it is impossible to investigate the data without any interpretation from the researcher herself. 3.3 Data and Data Sources

The data source of this research is the novel “Anne of Green Gables”

by Lucy Maud Montgomery. The novel was taken from web site (http://www.planetebook.com/ebooks/Anne-of-Green-Gables.pdf) in form of PDF files. It was as the primary data. The novel is chosen because have criteria of politeness strategies especially in bald on record strategy. Most of

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the characters used various types of bald on record strategy in their communication because of some factors.

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Figure 2.1 The print screen of novel Anne of Green Gables

The data of this research were obtained from the utterances by characters in the novel “Anne of Green Gables” which contained bald on record strategy that had significant correlation with the problem statements. The total wholeness characters in Anne of Green Gables consisted of 26 characters were divided into main characters and supporting characters. The researcher took only 6 (six) of 26 characters in analyzing the data. Those six (6) characters are Anne Shirley, Marilla Cuthbert, Matthew Cuthbert, Diana Barry, Gilbert Blythe, and Mrs. Rachel Lynde. The reason were mostly 6 of 26 characters were more frequent use bald on record in their communication and in order to make deeper analyzing in bald on record.

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3.4 Data Collection

All the data of this study were collected qualitatively by using all the instruments. In this study, the researcher collected the data from Lucy Maud Montgomery’s novel ‘Anne of Green Gables’ chronologically. The data of this study were collected through some steps. The steps as follows:

1. Understanding the novel

First, the researcher had read the novel intensively and comprehends it until the researcher really overcomes all the aspects of the story and also in order to get understanding the content of the novel.

2. Noticing and selecting

During the reading process the researcher was noticed all the character’s utterances and selected particular dialogues one by one which contained of bald on record strategy. In this way, given underline with various colors in each utterance which contained circumstances of bald on record strategy, as a purpose to get easiest way to differentiate a certain utterances which contained of bald on record strategies.

3. Rechecking and revising some parts

The researcher had read intensively for several times to get validity of the data. Thus, the researcher was found all utterances which contained the circumstances of bald on record strategy used by characters in the novel

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3.5 Data Analysis

This sub session provided the explanation about how the data obtained in the previous stage. After collecting the data, the researcher did several steps in analyzing the data. The steps as follows:

1. Identifying the circumstances of bald on record used in the utterances which produced by the characters in the novel based on theory bald on record strategy of Brown and Levinson (1978) in order to find the data which contained the circumstances of bald on record strategy. In this way, the researcher underlined every datum (utterances) which included the circumstances of bald on record with various colors in each situation of bald on record strategy. Next, the researcher given a mark in each datum which it included in bald on record strategy. The reason is to get easiest ways, in process of drew conclusion and it purposed to give clarity to the readers. It represents the problems no. 1.

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Picture 2.2 The example of identifying analyzing data

Picture 2.3 the example of identifying analyzing data

2. Classifying every datum (utterances) produced by the characters, based on circumstances of bald on record strategy. In order to make easier the classification and analysis of data in the research, each datum is marked by a code.

3. Coding

In order to make easy on the process of classification and analysis of the data in the research, each datum is marked by a code. The coding of data in this research can be seen through the following ways:

• The number of each datum.

• The number of chapter in the novel entitled “Anne of Green Gables”.

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• The number of pages in the novel entitled “Anne of Green Gables”

• The title of the film entitled “Anne of Green Gables” is abbreviated into AoGG.

• The types of circumstances bald on record strategy

• The circumstance of bald on record which employed by characters

To make clear the coding, an example presented as follows: (02 / I / 10/ AoGG /I/SAoW)

It means the datum is number 02. It is found in the first chapter, page 10 of the novel entitled “Anne of Green Gables”. The characters employed the type 1 which concern of Sympathetic advice or warning.

Picture 2.4 The print screen example of technique coding

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have a high degree of social distance (Boubendir, p.36, 2012), power relations between parties (P) is refers to the power relationship between two interlocutors, rank of imposition is refers to the importance or degree of difficulty in the situation. For example, in requests, a large rank of imposition would occur if the speaker was asking for a big favor, whereas a small rank of imposition would exist when the request is small (Boubendir, p.37, 2012). Commonly, the impact revealed to hearer is mutation of acts and gestures spontaneously. It is represent the impacts of bald on record. Representation impacts of bald on record strategy those are, shock, uncomfortable, offended or offense which would be revealed in certain context communication.

In conclusion, the use of politeness strategy focus on bald on-record strategy occurs in any context of communication. Bald on-record mostly used by characters who mutually known both speaker and hearer. Commonly occurred to people who have power difference between speaker and hearer is great, it prefers to speaker who have high/great power than hearer. The use of bald on-record in the Anne of Green Gables gives such an imperatives very strong impression to the hearers, usually use direct form to make a definite and most assertive statement. Bald on record applied when they express their ideas in certain context such as, criticizing, expression of hateful, getting angry, commanding, warning, refusing, and noticing. Mostly, the factor influencing the characters choice bald on-record is concern on relevant circumstances: sociological variables which involves in social distance prefer to close relationship it based on the frequency of interaction and the kinds of

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face that S and H exchanged. For example, you feel close to someone or you know him well because he is similar in terms of age or sex, then you will get closer to him and the distance rating will get smaller Boubendir (p. 36, 2012). And relative power prefers to legitimate power that we tend to use a greater degree of politeness with people who have some power or authority over us than to those who do not. It is based on the asymmetric relation between the speakers and the hearers. Legitimate power is one person has the right to prescribe or requests certain things by virtue of role, age or status. The use of bald on record conditionally revealed the impact for hearer. The impacts usually revealed by the hearer are shock, uncomfortable, offended, and offense. Those impacts directly revealed based on context communication.

5.2 Suggestion

This research is primarily in the novel by Lucy Maud Montgomery ‘Anne of Green Gables’. The result shows that characters in the novel used bald on-record strategy based on two main factors they are, both the speaker and the hearer mutually known and the speaker have high/great power. It occurred in certain context of their conversation. In the light of this study I would like to recommend for future research in linguistic politeness in general and its implications to conduct bald on-record strategy in the other object research such the difference of bald on-record usages between male and female in real circumstances. Bald on-record can be observed more deeply in

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record usage between male and female in real circumstances will give the significance results of the participants responds by applying bald on-record strategy. Therefore, it will be particular interesting to identify the context of every circumstances of bald record in order to know differences of bald on-record usage between male and female. Further research incorporating a similar design and a larger size of data and respondents would be of value. Therefore, it is not possible to generalize the findings to all the population. Above all, the social values motivating polite behavior are in constant change. It will give new nuance of the observation by using research approach about ethnography, gender and others in order to know the differences of bald on-record usage between male and female from various backgrounds, cultures, and groups. In a society contain of many kinds people who have different backgrounds, behavior, and culture. It can be show the significance result from the research.

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