3. Theory of Psychology and Psychological Approach
14 and respect others; and self actualization needs to fulfill one’s potentialities.
The first level is biological needs. He states that a person could not recognize or pursue the next higher need in the hierarchy until her or his currently recognized
need was substantially or completely satisfied. A lower need took priority and it might be fulfilled before the others are activated pp. 1-2.
While Herzberg who has close links with Maslow believes that there are certain factors that will directly motivate employees to work harder. These factors
are called Hygiene extrinsic factors and Motivators factor intrinsic factor. Hygiene factors motivate a person to get out of dissatisfaction, which includes
relationships, benefits and environmental conditions while motivator factors motivate a person to strive for satisfaction, which shall include achievement,
recognition, advancement of living standards Jim Riley, Theories of Motivation, pp.2-3.
From the theories of hierarchy needs by Maslow and the factors influence in doing something by Herzberg, it can be concluded that people act based on the
specific need and the factors from inside and outside their life.
2. 2. 3. Theory of Psychology and Psychological Approach
Psychology is a branch of science that discusses about the state of the human soul. It tries to understand human behavior, why and how they do and
think as the creatures. There are various approaches in the literature, and one of the approaches here is psychological approach to literature. The approach is one
of the basic principles that are used as a tool to appreciate literature.
15 Approach to psychology literature can be interpreted as a way of analysis
based on psychological point of view. It begins from the assumption that literature is always talking about the events of human life which is emitted in the lives.
David Daiches in Critical Approaches to Literature says that psychology comes into criticism in two ways, in investigation of the act of creation and in the
psychological study of particular authors p. 329. He then adds that by psychological investigation of individual authors can help us to see why those
authors displayed certain characteristic qualities in their work and help us to explain how literature comes into being p. 330. Here the function of psychology
itself is doing the exploration into the inner soul that made the figures contained in the literature and to learn more about their actions to other measures.
There are several prominent figures of psychology who have inspired the mystery of human behavior through psychological theories. But in this thesis
Sigmund Freud will be discussed more, because of his contributions to the psychology literature through the psychoanalytic theory. He directly speaks about
the process of art creation as a result of pressure in the subconscious which is then poured into the form of the creation of works of art p. 332.
Jess and Gregory Feist in Theories of Personality 2006 share that in his Psychoanalytic theory, Freud introduces the terms of unconscious and conscious
in the level of mental life. They say: The unconscious contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that are
beyond our awareness but that nevertheless motivate most of our words, feelings and actions. Although we may be conscious of our overt
behaviors, we often are not aware of the mental process that lie behind them…the conscious can be defined as those mental elements in
awareness at any given point in time pp. 24-25.
16
Sigmund Freud believes that every individual has a conscious and an unconscious mind. Moreover, he believes that it was the unconscious mind that plays the
largest role in shaping someones personality. Freud then thinks that the work of creative literature is the symptoms of the author. Psychological conflict
experienced by the characters is a reflection or representation of the authors own psychological conflict, and this goes unnoticed by both the author. In other words,
the unconscious author works through the creation of novel activities. So, literature is actually a hidden enjoyment over the author desires in the
unconscious Daices, pp. 332-333. In his further explanation, Freud states that the human soul has three
components; firstly is Id. It is a natural human spirit to think and act in accordance with whatever his own, without control, and without the desire for self-limiting.
Secondly is Superego, which represents the moral and ideal aspect of personality guided by the moralistic and idealistic principles. The third one is Ego which
contacts to the reality. It is the balance between the demands of self-control and self-limiting property superego, and the encouragement of control and Ids
infinity. In his capacity as a counterweight, the ego is an extension of the mind awareness. This awareness controls the words, actions, and thoughts of a person
in the face of society Feist, pp. 27-30. If all of these compartments work in balance, then people will show
reasonable character, but if the elements are not working in balance and one of them is more dominant, there will be a war in the mind or soul of a man. It will
create the symptoms of restless, anxious, depressed and neurosis that requires a
17 distribution. In his description of the author in creating literary works, Freud says
that the author is attacked by neurosis.