races such as Jews or Slavs, invading their countries and murdering their people. The friendship between the two boys, which must be kept in secret, is interesting to
read as it enables the readers to understand the history behind the hatred existing in Europe at that time. The topic of friendship, which is written in a unique way as
seen in the characters and the settings of the story, enables people to realize that every person has the same rights, regardless their nations, races, or social status.
1.2 Problem Formulation
There are two major problems formulated in the study. They are as follows: 1.
How is the friendship between Bruno and Shmuel reflected in the novel the Boy in the Striped Pajamas?
2. How do they maintain their friendship?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The study has two objectives. The first objective is to analyze how the author characterizes Bruno and Shmuel. The second objective is to analyze the
friendship between Bruno and Shmuel which is reflected in the novel as seen in the lives of the characters and the setting of the novel.
1.4 Benefits of the Study
This study is intended to give benefits to the readers and the students. Reading this study allows the readers to have background knowledge about the
history of the world especially during the Second World War era and the implied moral lesson of the story, particularly in the aspect of friendship. The benefit of this
study for students is to encourage them to learn more about literature. Students who take the same study can also use this study as a reference.
1.5 Definition of Terms
1.5.1 Friendship
Friendship is a private, voluntary, and special relationship between people because of shared commitments and similarities Beebe 312. Furthermore, Beebe
suggests some of the qualities of friendship such as self-disclosure, honesty, acceptance of one’s individuality, trust, concern, and empathy.
1.5.2 World War II
According to Langsam 7, World War II was the name of the military conflict from 1939 to 1945 which involved many countries in the world. The
opposing countries formed two military alliances, namely the Allies and the Axis. The Allies consisted of Soviet Union, United States of America, United Kingdom,
China, Australia, Canada, and others. The Axis consisted of Germany, Japan, Italy, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria.
World War II can be divided into three fronts: Western front in western and central Europe, Eastern front in eastern Europe and Russia, and Pacific front in
China, Southeast Asia and Japan. It began with the Nazi German invasion in Poland in 1939 and lasted with the surrender of Axis countries in 1945.
1.5.3 Jews
The Jews are an ethnic group who inhabit the lands of Israel in ancient times. However, some of them spread all over the world to live in other countries
such as in European and American countries. Their religion is Judaism and they speak Hebrew language. In some countries, they are hated by Christian people for
their actions to refuse the teachings of Jesus Christ Johnson 143-145.
1.5.4 Nazi
Nazi Nationalsozialistiche Deutsche Arbeiterspartei is the name of National Socialist German Worker’s Party, which was established in 1930. Robert
T. Elson in his book Prelude of War states that Nazi was at first a small party in Germany 87. Adolf Hitler, a poor soldier, joined the party and successfully
expanded the influence of Nazi. Following the general election on March 1933, Hitler was appointed the Chancellor of Germany Elson, 95.
Nazi government suppressed all opposition and established an absolute government, in which people were controlled over all aspects of life. People have
no rights to criticize the government. They were supposed to show their love to their country in excessive ways and they should judge themselves better than other
races, because Nazi emphasized the superiority of German people and hatred towards minor ethnics, especially Jews.
1.5.5 Holocaust
The holocaust refers to the mass murder of Jews and other minor races by the Nazi government during World War II. The numbers of the victims
approximately reached more than 6 millions people. It was a program to eliminate minor ethnics in Europe, especially Jewish people.
Following the invasion of the Allied force into Europe in 1941 and the defeat of German army in many sectors, German special military units moved to
carry out mass murder operation against Jews, Poles, Slavs, and Gypsies. Between 1941 and 1944, Nazi German authorities deported millions of Jews from Germany
and occupied countries to extermination camps, where they were murdered in gas chambers Tenbrock 304.
1.5.6 Death camp
Death camp or extermination camp is defined as the killing camps established by Nazi military government in conquered areas in Poland Laqueur
174. There are six death camps in Poland, one of the biggest is Auschwitz. It is located in the west of Krakow, Poland. Nazi built five gas chambers to execute
mass murder towards Jewish people more effectively. More than 1 million Jews were killed there.
1.5.7 Gas chamber
According to Laqueur 227, a gas chamber is a room or hall in a building or structure in which people were murdered by means of poison gas. The gas
chamber allowed Nazi Germany to commit mass murder in effective way as it takes short time and low cost to accomplish. The murder is carried out by the soldiers
who selected unwanted people and sent them to the gas chamber.
8
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
