prefer to choose peers with the same gender and who are similar to themselves in age, gender, and interests. Those similarities in gender become quite strong in the
middle childhood and adolescence. Further, Beebe in his book Interpersonal Communication in Relationships
314 states that there are different stages in friendship. Childhood friendship is classified into five overlapping stages. The first stage is from age 3-7 years old,
when children begin to interact with people around them. The second stage, from age four to nine, children’s friendships involve one-way assistance as they can see
friendships as instruments to help them meet their needs. The third stage, age six to twelve, is the stage in which the relationship is likely to end if there are conflicts
and problems. The fourth stage, from 9-15 years old, happens when relationships become more possessive because of the closeness that develops. It is also called
mutual intimacy. The last stage, beginning at about age twelve and continuing through adulthood, allows for more independence in friendship that also enables
them to increase the level of intimacy and sharing. In order to maintain a friendship, people must do some efforts. Beebe 336-
338 states that there are some ways to maintain a friendship, namely expressing emotion, providing comfort and social support, engaging in relationship talk, being
tolerant and showing restraint, and managing conflict cooperatively.
2.1.4 Motivation
According to Petri 3, motivation is the forces acting within an individual to initiate and direct behaviour. Further, Abraham Maslow qtd in Petri 302-304
states that human motivation can be studied by observing his behaviour. Human
fulfils his needs through certain levels, starting from the lowest level which consists of his very basic needs. Human can only move to the higher level if the lower level
of needs is fulfilled. In order to understand the stages of this behaviour, Maslow proposes Hierarchy of Needs. It is usually portrayed as a pyramid consisting five
levels of human needs. The lowest level of Hierarchy of Needs is called physiological needs. It
includes the most basic needs for human’s life, such as air, water, food, sleep, and sexual activity. When these needs cannot be fulfilled, human body may feel
sickness, pain, and discomfort. When a person has fulfilled his physiological needs, his motivation can
move to the next level, namely safety needs. It includes personal security, family security, financial security, and health.
After physical and safety needs are fulfilled, there are love needs. This level deals with human relationships, such as needs of friendship and love. Humans need
to be loved and accepted by others, and to have a desire to belong to groups, such as family and social community.
The next level after love needs is esteem needs. It deals with human desire to be respected by himself and other people. There are two branches of esteem
needs, a need for self-esteem and a need for esteem from others. The first is the needs that motivate a person to achieve independence and success while the second
is the needs to be respected by others. Self-actualization needs are considered the final needs. It takes place when
all of the lower level needs have been fulfilled. A person who has achieved this level realizes that he can improve his own potentials.
2.1.5 Nazism
Nazism is the ideology of the Nazi party led by Adolf Hitler. The source of Nazism is Mein Kampf My Struggle, an autobiography of Hitler. When Hitler
became the leader of Germany, his book was applied as the foundation of his government. The main concept of Nazism came from Hitler’s own political beliefs.
Hitler saw Jews and other minor ethnics as parasitic people who were the cause of the decline of Germany. Citizens of Germany must only consist of Aryan people
the native German people. There are no places for Jews and Slavs. They were the enemies of the country and had to be eliminated. Therefore, Germany must be
united and disciplined in order to win Hitler 391-394. In the principles of Nazi, democracy or monarchy regarded as weak and
corrupt. Therefore, a strong united Germany could only be achieved through dictator regime. In order to do that, Nazism tried to control every aspect of human’s
life and encouraged people to be fanatic and loyal towards Germany 343-349. Nazism also believed that the Aryan was superior and has the rights to live in
“Lebensraum” “living space”. This concept allowed Aryan people to take their rights by invading other countries and eliminating minor ethnics such as Jews and
Slavs 467-468.
2.2 Review on History of Nazi Occupation in Europe
