b. Theory of Characterization
Sometimes when we read a story, the author does not give direct the description of the character. If that is the case, we can perceive traits of character
like what Murphy Says in his book. “There are nine ways of how an author may reveal the character’s personalities and traits to the reader” 1972:276. They are:
1. Personal description The author describes the characters appearances and clothes directly.
2. Character as seen by another The author uses another character’s eyes and opinions to describe a character.
3. Speech What a character says can give the readers some clues to hisher character.
4. Past lives The author lets the reader to learn something about a person’s life by giving clues
through directing comment on the character, person’s thought, his conversation or through the medium of another person.
5. Conversation of others The conversation of other people and the things they say about the character can
be a clue to the person’s characteristic. 6. Reactions
The author helps the reader to recognize a person’s characters by describing how the person reacts to various situation and events.
7. Direct comment The author gives a comment on a person’s characteristic directly.
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8. Thoughts The author can give his readers a direct knowledge of what a person is thinking
about. 9. Mannerism
The author can tell his reader about the character’s characteristics from the character’s mannerism, habits, and idiosyncrasies.
The study also refers to the Abrams theory, Abrams says in his book entitled A Glossary of Literary Terms, that there are two kinds of character
portrayal namely telling and showing method. Telling is also called as a direct method while showing is an indirect method or dramatic method. In the direct
method, the author himself intervenes authoritatively in order to describe and often to evaluate the motives and dispositional qualities of the characters. In the
direct method, the author merely presents his characters talking and acting, and leaves the readers to infer what motives and disposition behind on what they say
and do 1981: 21 Koesnosoebroto says, “A character must be believable or convincing”
1988:67. Furthermore, he says, “A character must be consistent in his or her behaviour, clearly motivated and creadible”. What it means by consistent in his or
her behaviour is that a character can change only by a strong reason. For instance, when somebody is depressed in his poverty, he can simply change to be a thief or
the like. A character should also have clear motivations whenever he or she changes in mind. The reason has to be acceptable. Then, lastly, characters must be
credible. It should be lifelike and realistic.
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Thus, from the theory above, I try to find out the major characteristic of Lysistrata from the dialogues or speech.
2. Theory of Feminism
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