29 1990. This existence can enrich the frequency of pronoun usage in the text.
These supporting theories have led the writer to focus her study in the narrative texts because narratives texts have more variation in the use of
pronouns.
B. Theoretical Framework
The aims of this study are to identify and to analyze the problems experienced by the eighth grade students of junior high school in comprehending
pronouns in narrative texts. In order to explain the contribution of each theory in conducting the research, the writer describes the theoretical framework of the
study as follows. Firstly, this study is concerned with pronouns mastery, especially the
comprehension of the types and functions of the pronouns used in narrative texts and possible causes of the pronoun comprehension problems faced by the eighth
grade students. In order to discover the theories related to comprehension, pronouns, and Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan for English lesson in junior
high school level, the writer conducted library study. The theories involved in this study are comprehension theories Grabe and Stoller, 2002; Gebhard, 2000;
Krashen and Terrell, 1983; and Burns et al., 1984, pronouns theories Frank, 1972; Cobbet, 1983; Quirk et al., 1985; Halliday and Hasan, 1976; Salkie, 1995;
and Grabe and Stoller, 2002, the guidelines of reading in Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan Muclish, 2007 and Mukarto, 2007, and text types
Derewianka, 1990.
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30 Afterwards, the first and the second formulated problems in this study are
addressed by implementing the theory of pronoun types and pronoun functions proposed by Quirk et al. 1985.
As for the third formulated problem, the writer addresses it by implementing the theory of comprehension proposed by Krashen and Terrell
1983 and also the theory of pronouns interpretation proposed by Granham 1985.
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31
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter enlightens a rationale for the research methodology. It consists of six subdivisions, namely research method, research participants,
research instruments, data gathering technique, data analysis techniques, and research procedure.
A. Research Method
In order to answer the questions in the problem formulation, the writer conducted a descriptive research. The aim of descriptive research is to obtain
information concerning the current status of a certain phenomenon Ary, Jacob, and Razavich, 1990. This type of research can utilize the elements of both
quantitative and qualitative approaches, often within the same study Borg and Gall, 2007.
In this study, the writer tried to analyze the phenomenon related to the eighth grade students’ problems in comprehending pronouns in narrative texts.
This study implemented the quantitative approach to answer the first and the second research problems. The quantitative approach was applied in this study by
administering comprehension tasks to the participants then computing the result of the comprehension tasks into percentage. Thus, the result of the computation is
numerical. Whereas qualitative approach was applied in this study by gathering descriptive data throughout the interviews and observations. The descriptive data
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