Intrapersonal Conflict and Interpersonal Conflict

10 The second method is character as seen by another. Using this method the author describes a person character through the eyes and opinions of other characters in the novel. The third method is speech. In this method the author can describe the character through what that person says. Sometimes one’s characteristics can be clearly seen through their words. The forth method is past life. The author can give us a clue to describe the character through their past life events that have helped to shape that person’s character. The fifth method is about conversation of others. Using this method the author describes someone’s character through what they are talking about the person. The sixth method is the character’s reactions in facing a problem became people may have various ways to solves. Different people may have different ways. From their reactions, we will also get some clues to describe a character. The seventh method is direct comments. In this method; the author describes or gives comment on a person’s character directly so that it would be very easy for the reader to get the image of the character. The eighth method is thoughts. The author lets the readers know the character’s personality by stating explicitly what is in the character’s mind or what the character is thinking about. The readers are led to the mental process of the character that conveys the idea. 11 The last method is mannerisms. The author can describe the character’s behavior and also his habits either the positive or the negative ones. From his or her habits and behavior, the readers can know the reflection of his personality.

2.1.2 Critical approach

According Rohberger and Woods Jr. 1971, 6-15, the theory of critical approach involves five approaches. The first approach is the formalist approach; this approach tries to examine the literature work reference to the fact of the author’s life without reference to the genre of the work or its place in the development of the genre or literary history, and without reference to its social milieu. The second approach is the biographical approach; this approach will guide the readers to tries learning as much as they understand about the author’s life and the development of the author. The third approach is the sociocultural-historical approach; it takes us to analyze a novel based on the civilization that produces the novel. Civilization is defined as the attitude and actions of a specific group of people. The subject matter of the novel itself is their attitudes and actions. The forth is about the mythopoeic approach. Applying this approach the readers analyze a novel by trying to discover certain universally recurrent patterns or a human thought, which is found first expression in ancient myth and folk rites and also basic to human thought that they have meaning for all characters. The last approach is the psychological approach; the psychological approach brings us to analyze the novel from psychological aspects.