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They also state that conflicts between motives and internal standards often can be more difficult to resolve than between external goals.
For example, words and sentences which are said by a man can influence another man’s feeling and mind, whether he is happy or being hurt. If they cause a
conflict and it cannot be solved, third –party mediator is needed to help Lim and Corneval, 1990, 373. When the bad communications may lead a conflict, a good and
intense communication can be used as the media to resolve the differences among the people who have the conflicts.
2.1.3.2 Kinds of Conflict
Worchel and Cooper 1979, 460 use different terms in defining kinds of conflicts. First is intrapersonal conflict. It is a conflict that arises within one
character. Second is interpersonal conflict it is a conflict that arises between the characters with the power outside the character. They use the term intrapersonal
conflict to mean internal conflict and the term interpersonal conflict to mean external conflict. Discussing further about intrapersonal conflict, they categorize this conflict
into four types. The first kind of conflict is approach-approach. This kind of conflict will
happen when someone is motivated to reach two positive goals or ambition but only can attain one. This is a simple conflict that everyone usually faces, because an
individual only has to choose one goal from many equally attracting things. The second is avoidance-avoidance. This type of conflict usually happens
when someone must choose one goal from two unattractive goals. This conflict is
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difficult to resolve, since whenever he gets more pay attention to one negative goal and the force to avoid those goals increases. The best way to resolve this type of
conflict is to get out from situation and refresh. The third is approach-avoidance. This kind of conflict involves only one goal,
which has both attractive and unattractive aspects associated with it. This conflict is rather difficult to resolve as the individual’s own desire to both obtain the goal and
escape from it trap human. The last is double approach-avoidance. This type of conflict can involve
having to choose between two goals, each of which has positive and negative aspects, or having to choose whether to approach or to avoid a goal that has two
positive and two negative aspects.
2.1.3.3 Conflict Resolution
Everybody that has a conflict can generally resolve their dispute by a variety of means. Conflict can arise in relationship easily. Every body who has a conflict
does not want to stay inside the conflict in for a long time. They want to solve their conflicts as soon as possible in order to continue their peaceful life. In this analysis,
there are many ways to resolve the conflict. According to Moore 1999, 23 those four continuums can be the strategy to resolve the conflict. Those are private
decision-making by parties, private third-party decision-making, legal authoritative third-party decision making and extralegal coerced decision-making.
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2.1.3.3.1 Private Decision Making by Parties
Private decision making by parties is explained into four ways. First is avoidance, sometimes people prefer to interact with other with certain condition, or
they feel what it has less potential of conflict. They realize that there is something important beneath it. They have the power to change the situation and believe that
the situation can be improved. Many people are likely to repress emotional reactions, looking different view, or leave the situation totally.
The second is informal problem-solving discussion. As we know when avoidance is no longer possible and the pressure of the conflict grows stronger and
the parties have to solve the disagreements immediately. They can use informal problem solving discussion to resolve their differences between the parties. The
consequence from these discussion is either the conflicts are resolved or less to the satisfaction of the people that involved or dropped the conflicts immediately because
they are unable and do not have the capacity to make the resolution for it. The third is negotiation. This way is used by the parties to resolve of their
conflicts by communicating their interest between them. Negotiation is an option which emotional degree and substantive polarization will make the process lead to a
conflict resolution. The last is mediation. If the negotiations are hard to initiate, the parties may
need some help from another party external to dispute. Mediation is an extension of negotiation that involves the intervention of third party who leaves the decision
making power to the parties in conflict. It held when the parties no longer able to
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handle the situations and when the way to solve their conflicts is trough third party’s assistance.
2.1.3.3.2 Private Third-Party Decision Making
Private third-party decision making consists of two ways. Administrative dispute resolution approach is the need of a third-party who has some distance from
the dispute parties and can provide a decision toward a conflict. The third-party should be trusted.
Arbitration is a different from administrative dispute resolution approach. It is a genetic term for a voluntary process in which parties in the conflict request the
assistance of a neutral third party to make a decision and it may be either advisory or binding. Arbitration is a private process which is not open to public.
2.1.3.3.3 Legal Authoritative Third-Party Decision Making
The third strategy is legal authoritative third party decision making. It consists of two approaches. They are judicial approach and legislative approach. The
judicial approach will bring to engage the interference of a party is seen as the institutionalized authority. In this approach, the resolution process on a public area.
The parties who have conflicts usually hire a lawyer to defend their behalf. The result of this approach is winning-lose, binding and enforceable.
The second is Legislative approach. This is another approach to solve conflicts under the law. In this approach, the decision regarding the outcome is a
win-lose process and probably usually uses voting. This process might take a long time.
