The personality development can be influenced by some factors. Horton and Hunt say that the factors that can influence the personality are heredity, physical
environment, and culture 1980: 114. Heredity is an inherent factor from our parents, which is presented from born. Physical environment is the environment around us,
such as parents, siblings, friends, and other people. Culture in society would also lead a development in a personality through experiences which were experienced by the
people in the society.
3. Theory of Motivation
Lewin pointed out that several forces may at the same time give influence on behavior; thus behavior was the result of the total forces acting upon the individual.
In Lewin’s theory, “the behavior of individual is seen in relation to both internal and external forces acting upon individual. Behavior is regarded as the result of the
conditions presents within the person and the psychological environment in which that person is immersed” 1981: 225.
According to Lewin, there are two factors that lead someone to do something. There are physiological needs and psychological needs. Physiological needs related to
the physic need, such as hunger, thirst, need to rest, to experience specific type of contact and need to rest; while psychological needs connected to the emotion of
someone’s need. It can be anything that can satisfy or unsatisfied our deep desire 1981: 226-227.
Abraham Maslow in Larry A. Hjelle and Daniel J. Zeigler’s book entitled Personality Theories: Basic Assumptions, Research, and Applications defines
motivation, which relates to the human needs. He believed that much of human behavior can be explained by the individual’s tendency to seek personal goal states
that make life rewarding and meaningful. Maslow proposed that human desires i.e., motives are innate and that they are arranged in an ascending hierarchy of priority or
potency. It is known as Maslow’s hierarchical theory of motivation 1981: 368- 374. In order of potency, there are five kinds of needs. The needs are: basic physiological
need, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, self- esteem needs, and self- actualization needs.
a. Physiological Needs The most basic, powerful and obvious of all human needs are his needs for
physical survival. Included in this group are the needs for food, drink, oxygen, activity and sleep, sex, protection from extreme temperatures, and sensory
stimulation. A person who fails to satisfy this basic level of needs will not be around long enough to attempt to satisfy higher- level needs. Physiological needs dominate
human desires, forcing them on one’s attention before higher-order goals can be pursued 1981: 369- 370.
b. Safety Needs If the psychological needs have been satisfied, an individual becomes
concerned with a new set, often called the safety security needs. Maslow suggested that the safety needs are most readily observed in infants and young children because
of their relative helplessness and dependence on adults. Maslow further noted that parents who apply only unrestricted, permissive child- rearing practices do not satisfy
a child’s safety needs. Maslow cited parental quarreling, physical assault, separation, divorce and death within the family as particularly harmful to a child’s sense of well-
being. In effect these factors render the child’s environment unstable, unpredictable, and hence unsafe 1981: 370- 371.
c. Belongingness and Love Needs The belongingness and love needs constitute the third hierarchical level.
These needs emerge primarily when the physiological and safety needs have been met. According to Maslow, love and belongingness needs constitute part of human
basic needs, particularly psychological needs. The need of belongingness and love is important. People with unsatisfied need for love or the feeling of belongingness will
experience alienation 1971: 44. According to Maslow, love is not synonymous with sex and love needs are not restricted only to romantic love and parent-child love.
They include the feeling of closeness between two good friends, the feeling of neighborliness that exist in some communities, or the feeling of good fellow ship that
occurs to satisfy their love needs. Further, Maslow states that without love and belongingness the growth and
the development of someone’s ability will be troubled. Love is a healthy-loving relationship between two people, which include mutual trust. The love needs involve
both giving and receiving love. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
The failure to satisfy the needs for security relationship with others caused someone get psychological problem and will behave negatively. The psychological
problems are related to spiritual disorders, to loss of meaning, to doubt about the goals of life, the grief and anger over a lost love, to seeing life in a different way, to
loss of courage or hope, to despair over the future, to dislike for oneself, to recognition that one’s life is being wasted or that there is no possibility of joy and
love 1981: 371- 372. d. Self- Esteem Needs
Maslow divided self-esteem needs into two subsidiary sets: self-respect and esteem for other people. The former includes such things as desire for competence,
confidence, personal strength, adequacy, achievement, independence, and freedom. An individual needs to know that he or she is worthwhile. Esteem from others
includes prestige, recognition, acceptance, attention, status, fame, reputation, and appreciation. A person seeks self-esteem only after he or she achieves the
belongingness and love needs. Satisfaction of the self- esteem needs generates feelings and attitudes of self-
confidence, self- worth, strength, capability, and the sense of being useful and necessary in the world. In contrast the thwarting of these needs leads to feelings and
attitudes of inferiority, ineptness, weakness, and helplessness. These negative self- perceptions, in turn, may give rise to basic discouragement, a sense of futility and
hopelessness in dealing with life’s demands. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
A person who has self-esteem is more confident and capable and more productive. When self-esteem is absent the individual has feelings of inferiority and
helplessness, which result in discouragement and possible neurotic behavior 1981: 372- 373.
e. Self-Actualization Needs If all the foregoing needs are sufficiently satisfied, the need for self-
actualization comes to the fore. Self- actualization is the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming. Self-
actualization is a person’s desire for self- improvement, his or her drive to make actual what he or she are potentially 1981: 373-374.
Bandura in his book entitled Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory, he claims that humans’ motivation comes from their
interpretations about stimulus events which bring them to organize the information they brought before finally derived them into beliefs that leads them doing a positive
or negative action 1986: 183. The greater effort can mobilize people into a real action if they are confident they can do it 1986: 301.
4. Theory of Loneliness
