Another reviewer named Kalem, wrote that the late Japanese writer Yukio Mishima in the Temple of the Golden Pavilion told about the life of a young man with
such woefully abraded nerves that he feels asphyxiated by a sense of the past http:www.time.comtimearchiveprintout0,23657,910169,00.html.
Based on those views, the writer believes that this novel is worth further analysis. Those views can be the writer’s guide line to discuss more deeply about the
main character. As stated by some reviewers that this novel is connected with psychological aspect, so the writer will discuss the main character more deeply from
the psychological side which cause changes in Mizoguchi’s characteristics. It is different from other reviewers because this study not only sees the character itself but
also the psychological factors which influence the character toward his behavior. The writer will take Mizoguchi’s failures in achieving his needs seen from one of the
psychological factors. This topic will be used as the research of this study.
B. Review of Related Theories
In this study, the writer needs some theories as the basic guidance in answering the problems that become the focus in this study. In this study, the writer
uses five theories as the guidelines.
1. Theories of Character and Characterization
A character is the most important element in the literary works, especially novel. It takes an important role in a novel. Therefore, it is important to find out the
definition of character. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Abrams in his book A Glossary of Literary Terms defines characters as “ the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the readers as
being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say the dialogue and what they do the action.” Meanwhile, the main character is
the most important person in the story. It can be the center of the story. Usually the acts of the story are focused to this character from the beginning to the ending parts
1981: 20. Barnett in his book Literary for Composition says that the character is the
cause of events that happen in a story since he has his character traits and he responses to the other character he meets. Barnett adds that character is defined into
two meanings the first is a figure in a literary work and the second is a figure of someone’s personality that divided into mental and moral qualities. The writer will
use the second term for this study because it deals with the psychological factors of the person. There are some important factors that must be considered when the
readers want to know more about the character. First is what the character says and does. Through the character’s own attitude and way of speaking, they will know
deeply what kind of character that he observes. The second is what the other character’s comment and action toward the character 1988: 71.
According to Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods Jr. in Reading and Writing about Literature, the process by which an author creates a character is called
characterization. There are two principal ways an author can characterize. The first, he can use direct means to describe physical appearance, intellectual, moral attributes,
and the degree of sensitivity of the character. Second, he can use dramatic means and place the character in situations to show what the character is by the way he speaks or
behaves 1971: 20. The readers can know the characterization from the appearance, behavior and the dialogue of the characters.
Holman and Harmon 1986: 83 point out that character may be static or dynamic based on their development and changes. Static characters are characters
which do not undergo any changes in their behavior, appearance, disposition and their way of thinking. Till the end of the story, they remain as they are in the beginning of
the story. The second is dynamic character. Dynamic characters undergo changes in their personalities, outlook, and the way of thinking. The experience and actions they
do from their characters. The outside forces such as the other characters, conflicts and actions, and the internal forces such as belief and desire may change their character.
A dynamic character may change to better character, but the changes can also become worse rather than in the beginning of the story.
In the flow of the story, a character may remain either stable or undergo changes. Based on the assumption above, Perrine classifies characters into two types,
namely static and developing or dynamic characters. The former term concerns with characters that remain stable and do not undergo changes in their appearance or
personalities during the course of the story. The later one relates to the character that undergoes changes in personality or outlook from the beginning to the end of the
story. The changes that emerge can be positive and these are characterized by the better outlook or personality. However, it is also possible that the characters employ
negative changes because their condition becomes worse 1974: 71. A static character is a person who does not come to the development of the character although
he faces many problems in his life. On the other hand, dynamic character is based on the change of the character, whether the change of the personality or the outlooks.
Changed characters can be change in better or worse characters. William Hudson wrote an author’s success in characterization depends on his
method in giving detailed description toward his characters. In a play performance, characterization can be shown from gestures, make up, customs, and the look of the
characters. Different with novel, all those principles descriptions are based merely on orders imagination only. Thus, it is very important for an author to give vivid
description about his characters. There are two methods of characterizing characters in a story: direct or analytical and indirect or dramatic methods. In the former
method, a novelist pictures his characters from outside, gives the reader detailed information. The novelist informs their passion, motives, thought, and feeling,
explains and comments. The author also gives judgment upon his characters. In the later method, a novelist leaves the characters to reveal themselves through their
dialogues and action, and portrait of a character through comment or judgment from other characters 1958: 147.
2. Theory of Personality
