A person who has self-esteem is more confident and capable and more productive. When self-esteem is absent the individual has feelings of inferiority and
helplessness, which result in discouragement and possible neurotic behavior 1981: 372- 373.
e. Self-Actualization Needs If all the foregoing needs are sufficiently satisfied, the need for self-
actualization comes to the fore. Self- actualization is the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming. Self-
actualization is a person’s desire for self- improvement, his or her drive to make actual what he or she are potentially 1981: 373-374.
Bandura in his book entitled Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory, he claims that humans’ motivation comes from their
interpretations about stimulus events which bring them to organize the information they brought before finally derived them into beliefs that leads them doing a positive
or negative action 1986: 183. The greater effort can mobilize people into a real action if they are confident they can do it 1986: 301.
4. Theory of Loneliness
The next theories are about the types of loneliness. Robert Weiss divided loneliness into two categories with different courses of treatment. There are
emotional loneliness and social loneliness. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Emotional loneliness brought about by the loss of a significant relationship in one’s life through death or divorce. The only means by which this loneliness
can be remedied is by finding another equally important relationship to fill the void, not just by becoming socially active in a superficial, non intimate
manner Weiss, 1973: 215.
Social loneliness could happen to the person who loses his social integration in communication that he can receive from friends or his partner. It is involves
the deficiency of a social network or the absence of a place in an accepting community Weiss, 1973: 215.
The quotation above shows that loneliness comes from internal side, which is from the person himself. It also comes from the external side that is community.
People who suffer from emotional life are the people who have no families and relatives. They do not get enough affection since their families leave them or already
died. Social loneliness comes from the attitude of the society toward the individual. It seems that there is a gap between the society and the individual. Both the society and
individual can create the gap. There are nine different feelings associated to loneliness. First is pain. Cleary
the pain is one in which the lonely individual feels damaged as though someone’s spirit was crushed. Second is feel of lost, having no sense of direction. It happen
when someone feels lonely and no one around to give support to him. Third is feeling of nothingness. Basically, this is a feeling of something missing. The people’s need is
a very real need and therefore when this feeling cannot be fulfilled, the feeling of nothingness, of hunger, of avoid is bound to occur as well. The forth is a persistent
felling. In such cases, the individual develop certain mechanisms to help to cope with loneliness. They construct their own world to be isolate and lonely. The fifth is an
overwhelming feeling. There is a feeling of despair like a feeling as if one is going to break apart any minute. The sixth is feeling of having no control over loneliness. It
may be that individual is trapped in a situation they would rather not be. Such in the case of the lover who lost his or her lover; the object of affection is gone. Seventh is
feeling of no emotion. At some point in time, people may face of not to have feeling anymore, people become so overburdened with all the pain. Eight is feeling of being
scared and afraid. Ninth is feeling of anger. They feel that the world has hurt them and it makes them angry http:web.aces.uiuc.edulonelinessunderstanding_
loneliness.htm. Besides the types of loneliness, there are some causes of loneliness. People
feel lonely because they do not have the required friendship that they need. First is being abused or rejected by others. Therefore, an individual develops defensive walls
to protect from the negative environment. The second cause is being unable to fit in. Sometimes lonely individual feels that they cannot fit with the rest of the crowd.
There are feelings of wanting to be like everyone else to be normal instead of standing out and being rejected because of it. The other cause is someone who felt
broken hearted or missing someone else. Sometimes when romantic friendship has ended, there is a feeling of intense loneliness and also become the case for lonely
individual who experienced a break up with a person that they were still in love with. People have a desire to have a special person and when this special person went
away, these intense feeling of loneliness can occur http:web.aces.uiuc.edu lonelinessunderstanding_loneliness.htm.
5. The Relation between Literature and Psychology
